TY - JOUR A1 - Heydarian, Motaharehsadat A1 - Rühl, Eva A1 - Rawal, Ravisha A1 - Kozjak-Pavlovic, Vera T1 - Tissue models for Neisseria gonorrhoeae research — from 2D to 3D JF - Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology N2 - Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a human-specific pathogen that causes gonorrhea, the second most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Disease progression, drug discovery, and basic host-pathogen interactions are studied using different approaches, which rely on models ranging from 2D cell culture to complex 3D tissues and animals. In this review, we discuss the models used in N. gonorrhoeae research. We address both in vivo (animal) and in vitro cell culture models, discussing the pros and cons of each and outlining the recent advancements in the field of three-dimensional tissue models. From simple 2D monoculture to complex advanced 3D tissue models, we provide an overview of the relevant methodology and its application. Finally, we discuss future directions in the exciting field of 3D tissue models and how they can be applied for studying the interaction of N. gonorrhoeae with host cells under conditions closely resembling those found at the native sites of infection. KW - ex vivo KW - biomimetic tissue models KW - Neisseria gonorrhoeae KW - in vivo KW - in vitro Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-263046 SN - 2235-2988 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Link, Fabian A1 - Borges, Alyssa R. A1 - Jones, Nicola G. A1 - Engstler, Markus T1 - To the Surface and Back: Exo- and Endocytic Pathways in Trypanosoma brucei JF - Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology N2 - Trypanosoma brucei is one of only a few unicellular pathogens that thrives extracellularly in the vertebrate host. Consequently, the cell surface plays a critical role in both immune recognition and immune evasion. The variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coats the entire surface of the parasite and acts as a flexible shield to protect invariant proteins against immune recognition. Antigenic variation of the VSG coat is the major virulence mechanism of trypanosomes. In addition, incessant motility of the parasite contributes to its immune evasion, as the resulting fluid flow on the cell surface drags immunocomplexes toward the flagellar pocket, where they are internalized. The flagellar pocket is the sole site of endo- and exocytosis in this organism. After internalization, VSG is rapidly recycled back to the surface, whereas host antibodies are thought to be transported to the lysosome for degradation. For this essential step to work, effective machineries for both sorting and recycling of VSGs must have evolved in trypanosomes. Our understanding of the mechanisms behind VSG recycling and VSG secretion, is by far not complete. This review provides an overview of the trypanosome secretory and endosomal pathways. Longstanding questions are pinpointed that, with the advent of novel technologies, might be answered in the near future. KW - cell surface KW - African trypanosomes KW - endocytosis KW - exocytosis KW - membrane recycling KW - Rab KW - clathrin Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-244682 SN - 2296-634X VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Graus, Dorothea A1 - Li, Kunkun A1 - Rathje, Jan M. A1 - Ding, Meiqi A1 - Krischke, Markus A1 - Müller, Martin J. A1 - Cuin, Tracey Ann A1 - Al‐Rasheid, Khaled A. S. A1 - Scherzer, Sönke A1 - Marten, Irene A1 - Konrad, Kai R. A1 - Hedrich, Rainer T1 - Tobacco leaf tissue rapidly detoxifies direct salt loads without activation of calcium and SOS signaling JF - New Phytologist N2 - Salt stress is a major abiotic stress, responsible for declining agricultural productivity. Roots are regarded as hubs for salt detoxification, however, leaf salt concentrations may exceed those of roots. How mature leaves manage acute sodium chloride (NaCl) stress is mostly unknown. To analyze the mechanisms for NaCl redistribution in leaves, salt was infiltrated into intact tobacco leaves. It initiated pronounced osmotically‐driven leaf movements. Leaf downward movement caused by hydro‐passive turgor loss reached a maximum within 2 h. Salt‐driven cellular water release was accompanied by a transient change in membrane depolarization but not an increase in cytosolic calcium ion (Ca\(^{2+}\)) level. Nonetheless, only half an hour later, the leaves had completely regained turgor. This recovery phase was characterized by an increase in mesophyll cell plasma membrane hydrogen ion (H\(^{+}\)) pumping, a salt uptake‐dependent cytosolic alkalization, and a return of the apoplast osmolality to pre‐stress levels. Although, transcript numbers of abscisic acid‐ and Salt Overly Sensitive pathway elements remained unchanged, salt adaptation depended on the vacuolar H\(^{+}\)/Na\(^{+}\)‐exchanger NHX1. Altogether, tobacco leaves can detoxify sodium ions (Na\(^{+}\)) rapidly even under massive salt loads, based on pre‐established posttranslational settings and NHX1 cation/H+ antiport activity. Unlike roots, signaling and processing of salt stress in tobacco leaves does not depend on Ca\(^{2+}\) signaling. KW - calcium signaling KW - cytosolic pH KW - leaf response KW - NaCl transport KW - NHX1 KW - osmotic effects KW - Salt Overly Sensitive pathway KW - salt stress Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312152 VL - 237 IS - 1 SP - 217 EP - 231 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kato, Hiroki A1 - Lu, Qiping A1 - Rapaport, Doron A1 - Kozjak-Pavlovic, Vera T1 - Tom70 Is Essential for PINK1 Import into Mitochondria JF - PLoS ONE N2 - PTEN induced kinase 1 (PINK1) is a serine/threonine kinase in the outer membrane of mitochondria (OMM), and known as a responsible gene of Parkinson's disease (PD). The precursor of PINK1 is synthesized in the cytosol and then imported into the mitochondria via the translocase of the OMM (TOM) complex. However, a large part of PINK1 import mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we examined using cell-free system the mechanism by which PINK1 is targeted to and assembled into mitochondria. Surprisingly, the main component of the import channel, Tom40 was not necessary for PINK1 import. Furthermore, we revealed that the import receptor Tom70 is essential for PINK1 import. In addition, we observed that although PINK1 has predicted mitochondrial targeting signal, it was not processed by the mitochondrial processing peptidase. Thus, our results suggest that PINK1 is imported into mitochondria by a unique pathway that is independent of the TOM core complex but crucially depends on the import receptor Tom70. KW - binding KW - outer-membrane proteins KW - Parkinsons diesease KW - intracellular membranes KW - quality control KW - pathway KW - recruitment KW - biogenesis KW - mechanisms KW - complex Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-131061 VL - 8 IS - 3 ER - TY - THES A1 - Liang, Chunguang T1 - Tools for functional genomics applied to Staphylococci, Listeriae, Vaccinia virus and other organisms N2 - Genome sequence analysis A combination of genome analysis application has been established here during this project. This offers an efficient platform to interactively compare similar genome regions and reveal loci differences. The genes and operons can be rapidly analyzed and local collinear blocks (LCBs) categorized according to their function. The features of interests are parsed, recognized, and clustered into reports. Phylogenetic relationships can be readily examined such as the evolution of critical factors or a certain highly-conserved region. The resulting platform-independent software packages (GENOVA and inGeno), have been proven to be efficient and easy to handle in a number of projects. The capabilities of the software allowed the investigation of virulence factors, e.g., rsbU, strains’ biological design, and in particular pathogenicity feature storage and management. We have successfully investigated the genomes of Staphylococcus aureus strains (COL, N315, 8325, RN1HG, Newman), Listeria spp. (welshimeri, innocua and monocytogenes), E.coli strains (O157:H7 and MG1655) and Vaccinia strains (WR, Copenhagen, Lister, LIVP, GLV-1h68 and parental strains). Metabolic network analysis Our YANAsquare package offers a workbench to rapidly establish the metabolic network of such as Staphylococcous aureus bacteria in genome-scale size as well as metabolic networks of interest such as the murine phagosome lipid signalling network. YANAsquare recruits reactions from online databases using an integrated KEGG browser. This reduces the efforts in building large metabolic networks. The involved calculation routines (METATOOL-derived wrapper or native Java implementation) readily obtain all possible flux modes (EM/EP) for metabolite fluxes within the network. Advanced layout algorithms visualize the topological structure of the network. In addition, the generated structure can be dynamically modified in the graphic interface. The generated network as well as the manipulated layout can be validated and stored (XML file: scheme of SBML level-2). This format can be further parsed and analyzed by other systems biology software, such as CellDesigner. Moreover, the integrated robustness-evaluation routine is able to examine the synthesis rates affected by each single mutation throughout the whole network. We have successfully applied the method to simulate single and multiple gene knockouts, and the affected fluxes are comprehensively revealed. Recently we applied the method to proteomic data and extra-cellular metabolite data of Staphylococci, the physiological changes regarding the flux distribution are studied. Calculations at different time points, including different conditions such as hypoxia or stress, show a good fit to experimental data. Moreover, using the proteomic data (enzyme amounts) calculated from 2D-Gel-EP experiments our study provides a way to compare the fluxome and the enzyme expression. Oncolytic vaccinia virus (VACV) We investigated the genetic differences between the de novo sequence of the recombinant oncolytic GLV-1h68 and other related VACVs, including function predictions for all found genome differences. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that GLV-1h68 is closest to Lister strains but has lost several ORFs present in its parental LIVP strain, including genes encoding CrmE and a viral Golgi anti-apoptotic protein, v-GAAP. Functions of viral genes were either strain-specific, tissue-specific or host-specific comparing viral genes in the Lister, WR and COP strains. This helps to rationally design more optimized oncolytic virus strains to benefit cancer therapy in human patients. Identified differences from the comparison in open reading frames (ORFs) include genes for host-range selection, virulence and immune modulation proteins, e.g. ankyrin-like proteins, serine proteinase inhibitor SPI-2/CrmA, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor homolog CrmC, semaphorin-like and interleukin-1 receptor homolog proteins. The contribution of foreign gene expression cassettes in the therapeutic and oncolytic virus GLV-1h68 was studied, including the F14.5L, J2R and A56R loci. The contribution of F14.5L inactivation to the reduced virulence is demonstrated by comparing the virulence data of GLV-1h68 with its F14.5L-null and revertant viruses. The comparison suggests that insertion of a foreign gene expression cassette in a nonessential locus in the viral genome is a practical way to attenuate VACVs, especially if the nonessential locus itself contains a virulence gene. This reduces the virulence of the virus without compromising too much the replication competency of the virus, the key to its oncolytic activity. The reduced pathogenicity of GLV-1h68 was confirmed by our experimental collaboration partners in male mice bearing C6 rat glioma and in immunocompetent mice bearing B16-F10 murine melanoma. In conclusion, bioinformatics and experimental data show that GLV-1h68 is a promising engineered VACV variant for anticancer therapy with tumor-specific replication, reduced pathogenicity and benign tissue tropism. N2 - Genom Sequenz Analyse Im Zuge der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit wurden verschiedene Programme zur Genomanalyse kombiniert, um eine effiziente Plattform zum interaktiven Vergleich lokaler Ähnlichkeiten bzw. Unterschiede in Genomen bereitzustellen. Damit können Gene und Operons schnell untersucht und “local collinear blocks” entsprechend ihrer Funktion kategorisiert werden. Phylogenetische Beziehungen, wie beispielsweise die Evolution spezifischer Elemente oder stark konservierter Regionen können leicht überprüft werden. Die hierfür entwickelte plattformunabhängige Software (GENOVA und inGeno) hat sich in mehreren Projekten als effizient und leicht handhabbar bewährt. Die Programme erlauben die Untersuchung von Virulenzfaktoren auf Sequenz- oder Annotationsebene. Während der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit konnten so die Genome von verschiedenen Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria spp., Escherichia coli und Vaccinia Stämmen untersucht werden. Metabolische Netzwerk Analyse Unser “YANAsquare” Programmpaket bietet eine Oberfläche um schnell metabolische Netzwerke vom genomweiten Anzatz bis hinunter zum Einzelnetzwerk zu analysieren. Dafür greift YANA mit Hilfe des integrierten KEGG-Browsers auf Onlinedatenbanken zu, um die notwendigen Informationen zum metabolischen Reaktionsweg bereitzustellen und reduziert so maßgeblich den Arbeitsaufwand beim Beschreiben von Netzwerke. Die implementierten Methoden zur Berechnung (METATOOL, eigene Implementation in Java) des Netzwerkes liefern exakt alle die möglichen Elementarmoden (EM/EP) für die Metabolite zurück. Durch den Einsatz von fortgeschrittenen Layout Algorithmen wird anschliessend die Darstellung der Netzwerktopologie möglich. Außerdem kann in der grafischen Darstellung das generierte Netzwerklayout dynamisch verändert werden. Das Speichern der Daten erfolgt im XML (SBML level-2) Format und erlaubt so die Weiterverwendung in anderen systembiologischen Programmen, wie dem “CellDesigner”. Mit Hilfe einer gen-Knockout Simulations Methode kann der Einfluss von einzelnen Mutationen im gesamten Netzwerk auf die Syntheseraten untersucht werden. Wir konnten mit dieser Methode Einzel- sowie Mehrfachgenknockouts und deren Effekte auf die Elementarmoden analysieren. Die Methode wurde ebenfalls auf Proteomdaten und extrazelluläre Metabolite von Staphylokokken angewandt, um Änderungen bezüglich der Flussverteilung zu untersuchen. Die Simulationen zu verschieden Zeitpunkten und unter verschiedenen Stessbedingungen zeigen große Übereinstimmung mit experimentell erhobenen Daten. Onkolytischer Vaccinia Virus (VACV) Wir haben die genetischen Unterschiede zwischen der de novo Sequenz des rekombinanten onkolytischen Virus GLV-1h68 und anderen VACVs untersucht und gefundene Unterschiede funktionell charakterisiert. Die phylogenetische Analyse zeigt das GLV-1h68 mit dem Lister Stamm am nächsten verwandt ist. Auffällig ist dabei der Verlust von einigen open reading frames (ORFs), die noch im Eltern LIVP Stamm vorhanden sind (CrmE, v-GAAP). Beim Vergleich der Funktion viraler Gene aus Lister, WR und COP Stämmen treten stamm-, gewebe- und wirtsspezifische Gene auf. Diese Tatsache ermöglicht die Optimierung der onkolytischen Virusstämme für den Einsatz bei humanen Krebstherapien. Die beim Vergleich identifizierten Unterschiede zwischen den ORFs enthalten Gene für die Wirtsselektion, Virulenz und immunmodulierende Proteine (Ankyrin ähnliche Proteine, Serine-Proteinasen Inhibitor SPI-2/CrmA, Tumor Nekrose Faktor (TNF) Rezeptorhomolog CrmC, semaphorinähnliche und Interleukin-1 rezeptorhomologe Proteine). An den Loki F14.5L, J2R und A56R des GLV-1h68 Virus wurden die Vorteile der eingesetzten fremden Genexpressionskassetten untersucht. So zeigt GLV-1h68 mit F14.5L-Inaktivierung gegenüber der F14.5L-Revertanten Viren eine reduzierte Virulenz. Das erlaubt die Schlussfolgerung, dass die Insertion von fremden Genexpressionskassetten in nicht-essentielle Loki zur Verminderung der Virulenz von VACVs führt, besonders, wenn der nicht-essentielle Lokus selbst ein Virulenzgen enthält. Das Replikationsvermögen, welches ausschlaggebend für die onkolytische Aktivität des Virus ist, wird trotz der verminderten Virulenz nicht eingeschränkt. Die reduzierte Pathogenität des GLV-1h68 Virus wurde durch experimentelle Daten unserer Kollaborationspartner in männlichen Mäusen mit Ratten C6 Gliom und in immunokompetenten Mäusen mit B16-F10 Mausmelanom nachgewiesen. Zusammenfassend zeigen experimentelle und bioinformatisch gewonnene Daten, dass GLV-1h68 eine vielversprechende VACV Variante für die Krebstherapie mit tumorspezifischer Replikation, verringerter Pathogenität und hoher Gewebsspezifität ist. KW - Genanalyse KW - Bioinformatik KW - Systembiologie KW - bacterial KW - virulence KW - systems biologie KW - genomic KW - algorithm KW - metabolic KW - network KW - pathway KW - flux KW - Bacterial KW - genomics KW - algorithm KW - tool KW - metabolic Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48051 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Osmanoglu, Özge A1 - Khaled AlSeiari, Mariam A1 - AlKhoori, Hasa Abduljaleel A1 - Shams, Shabana A1 - Bencurova, Elena A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Naseem, Muhammad T1 - Topological Analysis of the Carbon-Concentrating CETCH Cycle and a Photorespiratory Bypass Reveals Boosted CO\(_2\)-Sequestration by Plants JF - Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology N2 - Synthetically designed alternative photorespiratory pathways increase the biomass of tobacco and rice plants. Likewise, some in planta–tested synthetic carbon-concentrating cycles (CCCs) hold promise to increase plant biomass while diminishing atmospheric carbon dioxide burden. Taking these individual contributions into account, we hypothesize that the integration of bypasses and CCCs will further increase plant productivity. To test this in silico, we reconstructed a metabolic model by integrating photorespiration and photosynthesis with the synthetically designed alternative pathway 3 (AP3) enzymes and transporters. We calculated fluxes of the native plant system and those of AP3 combined with the inhibition of the glycolate/glycerate transporter by using the YANAsquare package. The activity values corresponding to each enzyme in photosynthesis, photorespiration, and for synthetically designed alternative pathways were estimated. Next, we modeled the effect of the crotonyl-CoA/ethylmalonyl-CoA/hydroxybutyryl-CoA cycle (CETCH), which is a set of natural and synthetically designed enzymes that fix CO₂ manifold more than the native Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle. We compared estimated fluxes across various pathways in the native model and under an introduced CETCH cycle. Moreover, we combined CETCH and AP3-w/plgg1RNAi, and calculated the fluxes. We anticipate higher carbon dioxide–harvesting potential in plants with an AP3 bypass and CETCH–AP3 combination. We discuss the in vivo implementation of these strategies for the improvement of C3 plants and in natural high carbon harvesters. KW - CO2-sequestration KW - photorespiration KW - elementary modes KW - synthetic pathways KW - carboxylation KW - metabolic modeling KW - CETCH cycle Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-249260 SN - 2296-4185 VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schairer, H. U. A1 - Hoppe, J. A1 - Sebald, Walter A1 - Friedl, P. T1 - Topological and functional aspects of the proton conductor, F\(_0\), of the Escherichia coli ATP-synthase N2 - The isolated H\(^+\) conductor, F\(_0\) , of the Escherichia co1i ATP-synthase consists of three subunits, a, b, and c. H\(^+\) -permeable liposomes can be reconstit~ted with F\(_0\) and lipids; addition of F\(_1\)-ATPase reconstitutes a functional ATP-synthase. Mutants with altered or misslng F\(_0\) subunits are defective in H\(^+\) conduction. Thus, all three subunits are necessary for the expression of H\(^+\) conduction. The subunits a and b contain binding sites for F\(_1\)• Computer calculations, cross-links, membrane-permeating photo-reactive labels, and proteases were used to develop tentative structural models for the individual F\(_0\) subunits. KW - Biochemie Y1 - 1982 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62721 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoppe, J. A1 - Sebald, Walter T1 - Topological studies suggest that the pathway of the protons through F\(_0\) is provided by amino acid residues accessible from the lipid phase N2 - The structure of the F0 part of ATP synthases from E. coli and Neurospora crassa was analyzed by hydrophobic surface labeling with [125I]TID. In the E. co/i F0 all three subunits were freely accessible to the reagent, suggesting that these subunits are independently integrated in the membrane. Labeted amino acid residues were identified by Edman degradation of the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide binding (DCCD) proteins from E. coli and Neurospora crassa. The very similar patterns obtained with the two homologaus proteins suggested the existence of tightly packed cx-helices. The oligomeric structure of the DCCD binding protein appeared to be very rigid since little, if any, change in the labeling patternwas observed upon addition of oligomycin or DCCD to membranes from Neurospora crassa. When membrancs were pretrcated with DCCD prior to the reaction with [125I]TID an additionally labeled amino acid appeared at the position of Glu·65 which binds DCCD covalently, indicating the Jocation of this inhibitor on the outside of the oligomer. It is suggested that proton conduction occurs at the surface of the oligomer of the DCCD binding protein. Possibly this oligomer rotates against the subunit a or b and thus enables proton translocation. Conserved residues in subunit a, probably located in the Iipid bilayer, might participate in the pro· ton translocation mechanism. N2 - La structure de la partie F0 de l'ATP synthase a ete analysee au moyen de marquage par /e reactif hydrophobe TJD[125 I]. Les trois sous-unites de E. coli F0 sont accessibles au reactif ce qui semble indiquer que ces sous-unites sont integrees dans Ia membrane defaron independante. Les amino-acides marques ont ete identifies par Ia degradation d'Edman des profeines d'E. coli et de Neurospora associees au dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). L 'analogie des courbes obtenues pour /es deux proteines homologues suggere l'existence d'a-helices rangees de faron serree. La structure oligomerique de Ia proreine associee au DCCD semble etre tres rigide puisque pratiquement aucun changement dans /e marquage n 'a ete observe par addition d'oligomycine ou de DCCD aux membranes de Neurospora crassa. Quand /es membranes sont traitees avec /e DCCD avant Ia reaction avec TJD[125 I], un amino-acide additionnellement marque apparait a Ia position Glu·65 et forme avec le DCCD une Iiaison covalente. Ce dernier resu/tat indique Ia localisation de cet inhibiteur a /'exterieur de J'oligo· mere. II semble donc que Ia conduction des protons ait lieu a Ia surface de /'oligomere de Ia proteine associee au DCCD. II serait possib/e que l'o/igomere se retourne contre Ia sous-unite a ou b, permettunt de ce fait Ia translocation des protons. Les residus conserves de Ia sous-unite a, probab/ement Jocalises dans Ia double couche lipidique, pourraient participer au mecanisme de translocation des protons. KW - Biochemie KW - conduction de protons KW - proteines membranaires KW - carbenes KW - proton conduction KW - membrane proteins KW - carbenes Y1 - 1986 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-62602 ER - TY - THES A1 - Griffoni, Chiara T1 - Towards advanced immunocompetent skin wound models for in vitro drug evaluation T1 - Auf dem Weg zu fortschrittlichen immunkompetenten Hautwundmodellen für die in vitro-Medikamentenbewertung N2 - Current preclinical models used to evaluate novel therapies for improved healing include both in vitro and in vivo methods. However, ethical concerns related to the use of animals as well as the poor physiological translation between animal and human skin wound healing designate in vitro models as a highly relevant and promising platforms for healing investigation. While current in vitro 3D skin models recapitulate a mature tissue with healing properties, they still represent a simplification of the in vivo conditions, where for example the inflammatory response originating after wound formation involves the contribution of immune cells. Macrophages are among the main contributors to the inflammatory response and regulate its course thanks to their plasticity. Therefore, their implementation into in vitro skin could greatly increase the physiological relevance of the models. As no full-thickness immunocompetent skin model containing macrophages has been reported so far, the parameters necessary for a successful triple co-culture of fibroblasts, keratinocytes and macrophages were here investigated. At first, cell source and culture timed but also an implementation strategy for macrophages were deter-mined. The implementation of macrophages into the skin model focused on the minimization of the culture time to preserve immune cell viability and phenotype, as the environment has a major influence on cell polarization and cytokine production. To this end, incorporation of macrophages in 3D gels prior to the combination with skin models was selected to better mimic the in vivo environment. Em-bedded in collagen hydrogels, macrophages displayed a homogeneous cell distribution within the gel, preserving cell viability, their ability to respond to stimuli and their capability to migrate through the matrix, which are all needed during the involvement of macrophages in the inflammatory response. Once established how to introduce macrophages into skin models, different culture media were evaluated for their effects on primary fibroblasts, keratinocytes and macrophages, to identify a suitable medium composition for the culture of immunocompetent skin. The present work confirmed that each cell type requires a different supplement combination for maintaining functional features and showed for the first time that media that promote and maintain a mature skin structure have negative effects on primary macrophages. Skin differentiation media negatively affected macrophages in terms of viability, morphology, ability to respond to pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli and to migrate through a collagen gel. The combination of wounded skin equivalents and macrophage-containing gels con-firmed that culture medium inhibits macrophage participation in the inflammatory response that oc-curs after wounding. The described macrophage inclusion method for immunocompetent skin creation is a promising approach for generating more relevant skin models. Further optimization of the co-cul-ture medium will potentially allow mimicking a physiological inflammatory response, enabling to eval-uate the effects novel drugs designed for improved healing on improved in vitro models. N2 - Aktuelle präklinische Modelle zur Bewertung neuartiger Therapien für eine verbesserte Heilung um- fassen sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo Methoden. Ethische Bedenken im Zusammenhang mit der Ver- wendung von Tieren sowie die schlechte physiologische Übersetzung zwischen tierischer und mensch- licher Hautwundheilung bezeichnen In-vitro-Modelle jedoch als hochrelevante und vielversprechende Plattformen für die Heilungsforschung. Während die aktuellen in vitro 3D-Hautmodelle ein reifes Ge- webe mit heilenden Eigenschaften rekapitulieren, stellen sie dennoch eine Vereinfachung der in vivo- Bedingungen dar, bei denen beispielsweise die nach der Wundbildung entstehende Entzündungsreak- tion den Beitrag von Immunzellen beinhaltet. Makrophagen gehören zu den Hauptverursachern der Entzündungsreaktion und regulieren ihren Verlauf durch ihre Plastizität. Daher könnte ihre Implemen- tierung in die in vitro Haut die physiologische Relevanz der Modelle deutlich erhöhen. Da bisher kein volldickes, immunkompetentes Hautmodell mit Makrophagen berichtet wurde, wurden hier die für eine erfolgreiche Dreifach-Cokultur von Fibroblasten, Keratinozyten und Makrophagen notwendigen Parameter untersucht. Zuerst wurden die Zellquelle und die Kultur zeitlich festgelegt, aber auch eine Implementierungsstrategie für Makrophagen festgelegt. Die Implementierung von Makrophagen in das Hautmodell konzentrierte sich auf die Minimierung der Kultivierungszeit, um die Lebensfähigkeit und den Phänotyp der Immunzellen zu erhalten, da die Umgebung einen großen Einfluss auf die Zell- polarisation und Zytokinproduktion hat. Zu diesem Zweck wurde die Integration von Makrophagen in 3D-Gelen vor der Kombination mit Hautmodellen ausgewählt, um die in vivo-Umgebung besser nach- ahmen zu können. Eingebettet in Kollagenhydrogele zeigten Makrophagen eine homogene Zellvertei- lung im Gel, die die Zelllebensfähigkeit bewahrt, auf Reize reagiert und durch die Matrix wandert, die alle bei der Beteiligung von Makrophagen an der Entzündungsreaktion benötigt werden. Nachdem festgestellt worden war, wie Makrophagen in Hautmodelle eingeführt werden können, wurden ver- schiedene Kulturmedien hinsichtlich ihrer Auswirkungen auf Primärfibroblasten, Keratinozyten und Makrophagen untersucht, um eine geeignete Medienzusammensetzung für die Kultur immunkompe- tenter Haut zu identifizieren. Die vorliegende Arbeit bestätigte, dass jeder Zelltyp eine andere Supple- mentkombination zur Aufrechterhaltung der Funktionsmerkmale benötigt und zeigte erstmals, dass Medien, die eine reife Hautstruktur fördern und aufrechterhalten, negative Auswirkungen auf die pri- mären Makrophagen haben. Hautdifferenzierungsmedien wirkten sich negativ auf die Makrophagen in Bezug auf Lebensfähigkeit, Morphologie, Fähigkeit, auf pro- und antiinflammatorische Reize zu rea- gieren und durch ein Kollagengel zu wandern aus. Die Kombination aus verwundeten Hautäquivalen- ten und makrophagenhaltigen Gelen bestätigte, dass das Kulturmedium die Teilnahme der Makro- phage an der Entzündungsreaktion, die nach der Wunde auftritt, hemmt. Die beschriebene Makrophagen-Einschlussmethode zur immunkompetenten Hautbildung ist ein vielversprechender An- satz zur Generierung relevanterer Hautmodelle. Eine weitere Optimierung des Co-Kulturmediums wird es möglicherweise ermöglichen, eine physiologische Entzündungsreaktion nachzuahmen und die Aus- wirkungen neuartiger Medikamente zur verbesserten Heilung auf verbesserte In-vitro-Modelle zu be- werten. KW - skin model KW - macrophages KW - wound healing KW - immunocompetent skin KW - Haut KW - In vitro KW - Wundheilung Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-192125 ER - TY - THES A1 - Michels, Birgit T1 - Towards localizing the Synapsin-dependent olfactory memory trace in the brain of larval Drosophila T1 - Lokalisierung einer Synapsinabhängigen Duft-Gedächtnisspur im Gehirn von Drosophila Larven N2 - Animals need to adapt and modify their behaviour according to a changing environment. In particular, the ability to learn about rewarding or punishing events is crucial for survival. One key process that underlies such learning are modifications of the synaptic connection between nerve cells. This Thesis is concerned with the genetic determinants of such plasticity, and with the site of these modifications along the sensory-to-motor loops in Drosophila olfactory learning. I contributed to the development and detailed parametric description of an olfactory associative learning paradigm in larval fruit flies (Chapter I.1.). The robustness of this learning assay, together with a set of transgenic Drosophila strains established during this Thesis, enabled me to study the role for Synapsin, a presynaptic phosphoprotein likely involved in synaptic plasticity, in this form of learning (Chapter I.2.), and to investigate the cellular site of the corresponding Synapsin-dependent memory trace (Chapter I.3.). These data provide the first comprehensive account to-date of the neurogenetic bases of learning in larval Drosophila. The role for Synapsin was also analyzed with regard to pain-relief learning in adult fruit flies (Chapter II.1.); that is, if an odour precedes an electric shock during training, flies subsequently avoid that odour (‘punishment learning’), whereas presentation of the odour upon the cessation of shock subsequently leads to approach towards the odour (‘relief larning’). Such pain-relief learning was also the central topic of a study concerning the white gene (Chapter II.2.), which as we report does affect pain-relief as well as punishment learning in adult flies, but leaves larval odour-food learning unaffected. These studies regarding pain-relief learning provide the very first hints, in any experimental system, concerning the genetic determinants of this form of learning. N2 - Tiere müssen sich den wechselnden Umweltbedingungen anpassen und ihr Verhalten dementsprechend ändern. Insbesondere ist die Fähigkeit bestrafende und belohnende Ereignisse zu lernen wesentlich für das Überleben. Ein Schlüssel-Prozess, der solchem Lernen unterliegt, sind Veränderungen in der synaptischen Verbindung zwischen Nervenzellen. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den genetischen Bestimmungsgrößen solcher Plastizität und mit dem Ort an, dem diese Veränderungen entlang der sensorisch-motorischen Nervenbahn des olfaktorischen Lernens in Drosophila stattfinden. Ich habe an der Planung und der Festlegung der Parameter eines olfaktorischen assoziativen Lernparadigmas von Drosophila Larven mitgewirkt (Kapitel I.1.). Die Robustheit dieses Lernparadigmas, zusammen mit einer Anzahl an genetisch veränderten Drosophila Stämmen, die ich während dieser Arbeit entwickelt habe, ermöglichte es mir, die Rolle des Synapsins zu untersuchen. Synapsin ist ein präsynaptisches Phosphoprotein und wahrscheinlich an synaptischer Plastizität beteiligt, welche bei dieser Art von Lernen eine Rolle spielt (Kapitel I.2.). Außerdem ermöglichte es mir den zellulären Ort der Synapsinabhängigen Gedächtnisspur zu untersuchen (Kapitel I.3.) Diese Daten liefern den ersten umfassenden Wissensstand über neuro-genetische Grundlagen des larvalen Lernens. Die Rolle des Synapsin wurde auch im „Erleichterungslernen“ in adulten Fliegen analysiert (Kapitel II.1.). Wenn während des Trainings ein Duft einem elektrischem Schock vorausgeht, vermeiden Fliegen danach diesen Duft („Beschtrafungslernen“), wohingegen die Verabreichung des Duftes nach dem Ende des Schocks anschließend zu einer Annäherung in Richtung Duft führt („Erleichterungslernen“). Solches „Erleichterungslernen“ war auch der Schwerpunkt einer Reihe von Experimenten, die sich mit dem „White“-Gen beschäftigten (Kapitel II.2.). Wie gezeigt beeinflusst dieses Gen sowohl das „Erleichterungs“- als auch das „Bestrafungs“- Lernen in adulten Fliegen; jedoch hat es keine Auswirkungen auf das Duft-Futter-Lernen in Larven. Diese Experimente, die sich mit „Erleichterungslernen“ beschäftigen, liefern die neuesten Hinweise in Systemen, die sich mit den genetischen Bestimmungsgrößen dieser Form von Lernen beschäftigen. KW - Taufliege KW - olfaktorisches Lernen KW - Synapsin KW - Larve KW - drosophila larva KW - olfactory learning KW - Synapsin Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-36338 ER -