TY - JOUR A1 - Grossheinrich, Nicola A1 - Firk, Christine A1 - Schulte-Rüther, Martin A1 - von Leupoldt, Andreas A1 - Konrad, Kerstin A1 - Huestegge, Lynn T1 - Looking while unhappy: a mood-congruent attention bias toward sad adult faces in children JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - A negative mood-congruent attention bias has been consistently observed, for example, in clinical studies on major depression. This bias is assumed to be dysfunctional in that it supports maintaining a sad mood, whereas a potentially adaptive role has largely been neglected. Previous experiments involving sad mood induction techniques found a negative mood-congruent attention bias specifically for young individuals, explained by an adaptive need for information transfer in the service of mood regulation. In the present study we investigated the attentional bias in typically developing children (aged 6–12 years) when happy and sad moods were induced. Crucially, we manipulated the age (adult vs. child) of the displayed pairs of facial expressions depicting sadness, anger, fear and happiness. The results indicate that sad children indeed exhibited a mood specific attention bias toward sad facial expressions. Additionally, this bias was more pronounced for adult faces. Results are discussed in the context of an information gain which should be stronger when looking at adult faces due to their more expansive life experience. These findings bear implications for both research methods and future interventions. KW - eye tracking KW - emotion regulation KW - mood induction KW - attention bias KW - major depression KW - adaptive role Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-177688 VL - 9 IS - 2577 ER - TY - THES A1 - Großekathöfer, Jonas David T1 - Virtually Valid? On the Importance of Ecological Validity and Virtual Reality for Social Attention Research T1 - Praktischerweise Valide? Über die Bedeutung von ökologischer Validität und virtueller Realität in der sozialen Aufmerksamkeitsforschung N2 - Gazes are of central relevance for people. They are crucial for navigating the world and communicating with others. Nevertheless, research in recent years shows that many findings from experimental research on gaze behavior cannot be transferred from the laboratory to everyday behavior. For example, the frequency with which conspecifics are looked at is considerably higher in experimental contexts than what can be observed in daily behavior. In short: findings from laboratories cannot be generalized into general statements. This thesis is dedicated to this matter. The dissertation describes and documents the current state of research on social attention through a literature review, including a meta-analysis on the /gaze cueing/ paradigm and an empirical study on the robustness of gaze following behavior. In addition, virtual reality was used in one of the first studies in this research field. Virtual reality has the potential to significantly improve the transferability of experimental laboratory studies to everyday behavior. This is because the technology enables a high degree of experimental control in naturalistic research designs. As such, it has the potential to transform empirical research in the same way that the introduction of computers to psychological research did some 50 years ago. The general literature review on social attention is extended to the classic /gaze cueing/ paradigm through a systematic review of publications and a meta-analytic evaluation (Study 1). The cumulative evidence supported the findings of primary studies: Covert spatial attention is directed by faces. However, the experimental factors included do not explain the surprisingly large variance in the published results. Thus, there seem to be further, not well-understood variables influencing these social processes. Moreover, classic /gaze cueing/ studies have limited ecological validity. This is discussed as a central reason for the lack of generalisability. Ecological validity describes the correspondence between experimental factors and realistic situations. A stimulus or an experimental design can have high and low ecological validity on different dimensions and have different influences on behavior. Empirical research on gaze following behavior showed that the /gaze cueing/ effect also occurs with contextually embedded stimuli (Study 2). The contextual integration of the directional cue contrasted classical /gaze cueing/ studies, which usually show heads in isolation. The research results can thus be transferred /within/ laboratory studies to higher ecologically valid research paradigms. However, research shows that the lack of ecological validity in experimental designs significantly limits the transferability of experimental findings to complex situations /outside/ the laboratory. This seems to be particularly the case when social interactions and norms are investigated. However, ecological validity is also often limited in these studies for other factors, such as contextual embedding /of participants/, free exploration behavior (and, thus, attentional control), or multimodality. In a first study, such high ecological validity was achieved for these factors with virtual reality, which could not be achieved in the laboratory so far (Study 3). Notably, the observed fixation patterns showed differences even under /most similar/ conditions in the laboratory and natural environments. Interestingly, these were similar to findings also derived from comparisons of eye movement in the laboratory and field investigations. These findings, which previously came from hardly comparable groups, were thus confirmed by the present Study 3 (which did not have this limitation). Overall, /virtual reality/ is a new technical approach to contemporary social attention research that pushes the boundaries of previous experimental research. The traditional trade-off between ecological validity and experimental control thus becomes obsolete, and laboratory studies can closely inherit an excellent approximation of reality. Finally, the present work describes and discusses the possibilities of this technology and its practical implementation. Within this context, the extent to which this development can still guarantee a constructive classification of different laboratory tests in the future is examined. N2 - Blicke sind für Menschen von zentraler Relevanz. Sie sind entscheidend für die Navigation in der Welt und für die Kommunikation mit Mitmenschen. Dennoch zeigt die Forschung der letzten Jahre, dass sich Erkenntnisse aus der experimentellen Forschung zu Blickverhalten vom Labor nicht in alltägliches Verhalten übertragen lassen. So ist beispielsweise die Häufigkeit, mit der Mitmenschen angeschaut werden, erheblich höher in experimentellen Kontexten als das beobachtbare alltägliche Verhalten. Kurz: Erkenntnisse aus Laboren lassen sich nicht zu allgemeinen Aussagen generalisieren. Diesem Spannungsfeld ist die hier vorliegende Arbeit gewidmet. Diese Doktorarbeit beschreibt und dokumentiert den aktuellen Forschungsstand zur sozialen Aufmerksamkeit anhand einer Literaturübersicht inklusive einer Metaanalyse zum /gaze cueing/ Paradigma sowie einer empirischen Untersuchung zur Robustheit des Blickfolgeverhaltens. Zudem wird in einer der ersten Studien in diesem Forschungsfeld virtuelle Realität eingesetzt. Virtuelle Realität hat das Potenzial, die Übertragbarkeit zwischen experimentellen Laboruntersuchungen auf alltägliches Verhalten deutlich zu verbessern. Denn die Technologie ermöglicht eine hohe experimentelle Kontrolle in naturalistischen Forschungdesigns. Damit kann sie die empirische Forschung ebenso stark verändern wie die Einführung des Computers für psychologische Forschung vor rund 50 Jahren. Die Literaturübersicht über soziale Aufmerksamkeit wurde durch eine systematische Begutachtung der Publikationen und einer meta-analystische Auswertung zum klassischen /gaze cueing/ Paradigma erweitert (Studie 1). Die kumulierte Evidenz unterstützt die Befunde primärer Studien: Verdeckte räumliche Aufmerksamkeit wird durch Gesichter gelenkt. Allerdings zeigte sich eine überraschend große Varianz in den publizierten Ergebnissen, die durch die untersuchten experimentellen Faktoren nicht erklärt werden konnte. Es scheint also noch Weitere, nicht gut verstandene Einflussgrößen auf diesen sozial-kognitiven Prozess zugeben. Klassische /gaze cueing/ Studien besitzen zudem eine eingeschränkte ökologische Validität. Diese wird als ein zentraler Grund für die fehlende Generalisierbarkeit diskutiert. Ökologische Validität beschreibt die Übereinstimmung von experimentellen Faktoren mit realistischen Situationen. Ein Stimulus oder ein experimentelles Design kann auf verschiedenen Dimensionen hohe und niedrige ökologische Validität aufweisen. Dies kann auf verschiedene Verhaltensbereiche unterschiedlichen Einfluss haben. Die empirischen Untersuchungen zum Blickfolgeverhalten zeigten, dass der /gaze cueing/ Effekt auch bei kontextuell eingebundenen Stimuli auftritt (Studie 2). Die kontextuelle Einbindung des Richtungscues stellte dabei einen Kontrast zu klassichen /gaze cueing/ Studien dar, die in der Regel Köpfe in Isolation zeigen. Die Forschungsergebnisse lassen sich also /innerhalb/ von kontrollierten Laboruntersuchungen auch auf ökologisch validere Forschungsparadigmen übertragen. Forschungsarbeiten zeigen allerdings, dass die mangelnde ökologische Validität in experimentellen Designs die Übertragbarkeit von experimentellen Befunden auf komplexe Situationen /außerhalb/ des Labors erheblich einschränken. Dies scheint insbesondere der Fall zu sein, wenn soziale Interaktionen und Normen untersucht werden. Die ökologische Validität ist in diesen Studien aber auch für weitere Faktoren häufig eingeschränkt, wie beispielsweise die kontextuelle Einbettung /von Versuchspersonen/, freies Explorationsverhalten (und damit Aufmerksamkeitssteuerung) oder Multimodalität. In einer ersten Arbeit in diesem Forschungsfeld wurde für diese Faktoren mit virtueller Realität eine hohe ökologische Validität erreicht, die so bisher nicht im Labor zu erreichen war (Studie 3). Spannenderweise zeigten sich selbst unter /ähnlichsten/ Bedingungen im Labor und in der natürlichen Umgebung Unterschiede in den beobachteten Fixationsmustern. Interessanterweise sind diese ähnlich zu Befunden, die ebenfalls aus Vergleichen von Augenbewegung im Labor und Felduntersuchung stammten. Diese Befunde, die bisher auf wenig vergleichbare Untersuchungsgruppen beruhen, wurden durch die vorliegende Studie 3 (die diese Einschränkung nicht besitzt) bestätigt. Insgesamt steht der heutigen sozialen Aufmerksamkeitsforschung mit /virtueller Realität/ ein neuer technischer Ansatz zur Verfügung, der die Grenzen bisheriger experimenteller Forschung verschiebt. Die traditionelle Abwägung zwischen ökologische Validität und experimenteller Kontrolle wird damit hinfällig und in Laboruntersuchungen kann die Realität extrem nah nachgebildet werden. Abschließend werden in dieser Arbeit die Möglichkeiten und die praktische Umsetzung dieser Technologie beschrieben und diskutiert. Dabei wird auch kritisch beleuchtet, inwiefern mit dieser Entwicklung auch in Zukunft noch eine konstruktive Einordnung von verschiedenen Laboruntersuchungen gewährleistet werden kann. KW - Aufmerksamkeit KW - Validität KW - Virtuelle Realität KW - social attention KW - ecological validity KW - virtual reality KW - eye tracking Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260417 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Käthner, Ivo A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Halder, Sebastian T1 - Comparison of eye tracking, electrooculography and an auditory brain-computer interface for binary communication: a case study with a participant in the locked-in state JF - Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation N2 - Background In this study, we evaluated electrooculography (EOG), an eye tracker and an auditory brain-computer interface (BCI) as access methods to augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). The participant of the study has been in the locked-in state (LIS) for 6 years due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. He was able to communicate with slow residual eye movements, but had no means of partner independent communication. We discuss the usability of all tested access methods and the prospects of using BCIs as an assistive technology. Methods Within four days, we tested whether EOG, eye tracking and a BCI would allow the participant in LIS to make simple selections. We optimized the parameters in an iterative procedure for all systems. Results The participant was able to gain control over all three systems. Nonetheless, due to the level of proficiency previously achieved with his low-tech AAC method, he did not consider using any of the tested systems as an additional communication channel. However, he would consider using the BCI once control over his eye muscles would no longer be possible. He rated the ease of use of the BCI as the highest among the tested systems, because no precise eye movements were required; but also as the most tiring, due to the high level of attention needed to operate the BCI. Conclusions In this case study, the partner based communication was possible due to the good care provided and the proficiency achieved by the interlocutors. To ease the transition from a low-tech AAC method to a BCI once control over all muscles is lost, it must be simple to operate. For persons, who rely on AAC and are affected by a progressive neuromuscular disease, we argue that a complementary approach, combining BCIs and standard assistive technology, can prove valuable to achieve partner independent communication and ease the transition to a purely BCI based approach. Finally, we provide further evidence for the importance of a user-centered approach in the design of new assistive devices. KW - eye tracking KW - electrooculography KW - auditory brain-computer interface Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-145305 VL - 12 IS - 76 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lischke, Alexander A1 - Herpertz, Sabine C. A1 - Berger, Christoph A1 - Domes, Gregor A1 - Gamer, Matthias T1 - Divergent effects of oxytocin on (para-)limbic reactivity to emotional and neutral scenes in females with and without borderline personality disorder JF - Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience N2 - Borderline personality disorder (BPD) patients’ hypersensitivity for emotionally relevant stimuli has been suggested be due to abnormal activity and connectivity in (para-)limbic and prefrontal brain regions during stimulus processing. The neuropeptide oxytocin has been shown to modulate activity and functional connectivity in these brain regions, thereby optimizing the processing of emotional and neutral stimuli. To investigate whether oxytocin would be capable of attenuating BPD patients’ hypersensitivity for such stimuli, we recorded brain activity and gaze behavior during the processing of complex scenes in 51 females with and 48 without BPD after intranasal application of either oxytocin or placebo. We found divergent effects of oxytocin on BPD and healthy control (HC) participants’ (para-)limbic reactivity to emotional and neutral scenes: Oxytocin decreased amygdala and insula reactivity in BPD participants but increased it in HC participants, indicating an oxytocin-induced normalization of amygdala and insula activity during scene processing. In addition, oxytocin normalized the abnormal coupling between amygdala activity and gaze behavior across all scenes in BPD participants. Overall, these findings suggest that oxytocin may be capable of attenuating BPD patients’ hypersensitivity for complex scenes, irrespective of their valence. KW - psychology KW - oxytocin KW - amygdala KW - insula KW - borderline personality disorder KW - functional magnetic resonance imaging KW - eye tracking Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-173309 VL - 12 IS - 11 ER -