TY - THES A1 - Franz, Anemone T1 - Determining the prevalence and morbidity of \(Schistosoma\), soil-transmitted-helminths and intestinal protozoa in orphans and street children in Mwanza city, Northern Tanzania T1 - Prävalenz von Schistosomiasis, Soil-transmitted helminths und Protozoen bei Strassen- und Waisenkindern in Mwanza city, Tanzania N2 - The present study investigates the infection rates of parasites, morbidity, and the living conditions of street children and orphans in Mwanza city, northern Tanzania. A high percentage of orphans and street children in Mwanza city is infected with one or more parasites. A significantly higher rate of infections with S. mansoni in street children as compared with orphans could be observed. The prevalence of S. mansoni determined by POC CCA test was 65.9% for orphans and 94.5% for street children. 19.2% of the orphans tested positive for S. mansoni in Kato Katz. Of the street children, 77.1% showed positive test results in Kato-Katz. Only 1.3% of the orphans stated in the questionnaire that they use the lake to wash, whereas 91.1% of the street children named the lake as at least one of their options for washing. Protozoal infections used as a marker for hygiene were at a comparable level for both groups. Microscopy showed positive results for G. intestinalis in 8.2% and for E. histolytica/dispar in 23% of orphans and 8.1% for G. intestinalis, and 23.8% for E. histolytica/dispar in street children. Through ultrasonography, we observed no signs of severe PPF and only a few mild PPF patterns. Most street children use the lake to wash and often do not have access to adequate sanitation. However, everyone in the study group indicated having access to safe drinking water. Overall, we found the general hygienic conditions for both groups to be inadequate. With the help of simple public health measures, like improve sanitation and regular mass drug administration, the overall situation would likely be considerably improved. N2 - Die vorliegende Studie untersucht Infektionen mit verschiedenen Parasiten, die Morbidität und Lebensbedingungen von Straßenkindern und Waisen in Mwanza, einer Stadt im Norden Tansanias. Ein hoher Prozentsatz von Waisen und Straßenkindern in Mwanza leidet an Infektionen mit einem oder mehreren Parasiten. Es konnte eine signifikant höhere Rate von Infektionen mit S. mansoni bei Straßenkindern im Vergleich zu Waisen festgestellt werden. Die Prävalenz von Infektionen mit S. mansoni, ermittelt durch POC-CCA-Tests, betrug 65,9% bei Waisen und 94,5% bei Straßenkindern. 19,2% der Waisen waren im Kato-Katz- Test S. mansoni positiv. Bei den Straßenkindern zeigten 77,1% positive Testergebnisse im Kato-Katz-Test. Nur 1,3% der Waisen gaben in dem Fragebogen an, den See zum Waschen zu benutzen, während es 91,1% bei den Straßenkindern waren. Protozoeninfektionen, die als Marker für die Hygieneumstände, unter denen die Kinder leben verwendet wurden, waren bei beiden Gruppen auf vergleichbarem Niveau. Die Mikroskopie zeigte positive Ergebnisse für G. intestinalis bei 8,2% und für E. histolytica/dispar bei 23% der Waisen und bei 8,1% für G. intestinalis und 23,8% für E. histolytica/dispar bei den Straßenkindern. Durch Ultraschall konnten keine Anzeichen für schwere PPF festgestellt werden, und nur bei wenigen Kindern zeigten sich leichte PPF-Muster. Die meisten Straßenkinder benutzen den See um sich zu waschen und haben oft keinen Zugang zu angemessener Sanitärversorgung. Alle Teilnehmer der Studie gaben jedoch an, Zugang zu sicherem Trinkwasser zu haben. Insgesamt stellten wir fest, dass die allgemeinen hygienischen Bedingungen für beide Gruppen unzureichend sind. Mit Hilfe einfacher öffentlicher Gesundheitsmaßnahmen, wie bessere sanitäre Einrichtungen und regelmäßige Entwurmung, könnte die Gesamtsituation für Straßen- und Waisenkinder erheblich verbessert werden. KW - Schistosomiasis KW - Soil-transmitted helminths KW - Protozoa KW - Street children KW - Orphans KW - Tanzania KW - Bilharziose KW - Protozoen Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-329487 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seitzer, Moritz A1 - Klapper, Sylvia A1 - Mazigo, Humphrey D. A1 - Holzgrabe, Ulrike A1 - Mueller, Andreas T1 - Quality and composition of Albendazole, Mebendazole and Praziquantel available in Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana and Tanzania JF - PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases N2 - Background Even though the international combat against Neglected Tropical Diseases such as schistosomiasis or soil-transmitted helminthiases depends on reliable therapeutics, anthelminthic pharmacovigilance has been neglected on many national African drug markets. Therefore, quality and composition of Albendazole, Mebendazole and Praziquantel locally collected in Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana and Tanzania were analysed. Methods Samples of 88 different batches were obtained from randomly selected facilities. Sampling took place in Northwest Tanzania, Western Burkina Faso, Southeast Côte d’Ivoire and Southwest Ghana. Visual examination of both packaging and samples was performed according to the WHO ‘Be Aware’ tool. Products were then screened with the GPHF Minilab, consisting of tests of mass uniformity, disintegration times and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Confirmatory tests were performed according to international pharmacopoeiae, applying assays for dissolution profiles and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Findings Despite minor irregularities, appearance of the products did not hint at falsified medicines. However, 19.6% of the brands collected in Ghana and Tanzania were not officially licensed for sale. Mass uniformity was confirmed in 53 out of 58 brands of tablets. 41 out of 56 products passed disintegration times; 10 out of the 15 failing products did not disintegrate at all. Evaluating TLC results, only 4 out of 83 batches narrowly missed specification limits, 18 batches slightly exceeded them. Not more than 46.3% (31 / 67) of the tablets assayed passed the respective pharmaceutical criteria for dissolution. HPLC findings confirmed TLC results despite shifted specification limits: 10 out of 83 tested batches contained less than 90%, none exceeded 110%. Conclusion In the four study countries, no falsified anthelminthic medicine was encountered. The active pharmaceutical ingredient was not found to either exceed or fall below specification limits. Galenic characteristics however, especially dissolution profiles, revealed great deficits. KW - thin-layer chromatography KW - high performance liquid chromatography KW - Schistosomiasis KW - acetonitrile KW - acetic acid KW - Tanzania KW - veterinarians KW - veterinary medicine Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-270434 VL - 15 IS - 1 ER -