TY - JOUR A1 - Bonte, Dries A1 - Hovestadt, Thomas A1 - Poethke, Hans-Joachim T1 - Male-killing endosymbionts: influence of environmental conditions on persistance of host metapopulation N2 - Background: Male killing endosymbionts manipulate their arthropod host reproduction by only allowing female embryos to develop into infected females and killing all male offspring. Because of the reproductive manipulation, we expect them to have an effect on the evolution of host dispersal rates. In addition, male killing endosymbionts are expected to approach fixation when fitness of infected individuals is larger than that of uninfected ones and when transmission from mother to offspring is nearly perfect. They then vanish as the host population crashes. High observed infection rates and among-population variation in natural systems can consequently not be explained if defense mechanisms are absent and when transmission efficiency is perfect. Results: By simulating the host-endosymbiont dynamics in an individual-based metapopulation model we show that male killing endosymbionts increase host dispersal rates. No fitness compensations were built into the model for male killing endosymbionts, but they spread as a group beneficial trait. Host and parasite populations face extinction under panmictic conditions, i.e. conditions that favor the evolution of high dispersal in hosts. On the other hand, deterministic 'curing' (only parasite goes extinct) can occur under conditions of low dispersal, e.g. under low environmental stochasticity and high dispersal mortality. However, high and stable infection rates can be maintained in metapopulations over a considerable spectrum of conditions favoring intermediate levels of dispersal in the host. Conclusion: Male killing endosymbionts without explicit fitness compensation spread as a group selected trait into a metapopulation. Emergent feedbacks through increased evolutionary stable dispersal rates provide an alternative explanation for both, the high male-killing endosymbiont infection rates and the high among-population variation in local infection rates reported for some natural systems. KW - Metapopulation KW - Parasit KW - Wirt KW - Endosymbiont KW - Theoretische Ökologie KW - Host-parasite interactions KW - individual-based model Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-45344 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bonte, Dries A1 - Hovestadt, Thomas A1 - Poethke, Hans Joachim T1 - Sex-specific dispersal and evolutionary rescue in metapopulations infected by male killing endosymbionts N2 - Background: Male killing endosymbionts manipulate their arthropod host reproduction by only allowing female embryos to develop into infected females and killing all male offspring. Because the resulting change in sex ratio is expected to affect the evolution of sex-specific dispersal, we investigated under which environmental conditions strong sex-biased dispersal would emerge, and how this would affect host and endosymbiont metapopulation persistence. Results: We simulated host-endosymbiont metapopulation dynamics in an individual-based model, in which dispersal rates are allowed to evolve independently for the two sexes. Prominent male-biased dispersal emerges under conditions of low environmental stochasticity and high dispersal mortality. By applying a reshuffling algorithm, we show that kin-competition is a major driver of this evolutionary pattern because of the high within-population relatedness of males compared to those of females. Moreover, the evolution of sex-specific dispersal rescues metapopulations from extinction by (i) reducing endosymbiont fixation rates and (ii) by enhancing the extinction of endosymbionts within metapopulations that are characterized by low environmental stochasticity. Conclusion: Male killing endosymbionts induce the evolution of sex-specific dispersal, with prominent male-biased dispersal under conditions of low environmental stochasticity and high dispersal mortality. This male-biased dispersal emerges from stronger kin-competition in males compared to females and induces an evolutionary rescue mechanism. KW - Metapopulation KW - Theoretische Ökologie KW - Endosymbiont KW - Wirt KW - Parasit KW - Host-parasite interactions KW - individual-based model Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-45351 ER - TY - THES A1 - von Saint André - von Arnim, Amélie T1 - The Role of Endosymbiotic Wolbachia Bacteria in the Pathogenesis of River Blindness T1 - Die Rolle des endosymbiontischen Wolbachia Bakteriums in der Pathogenese der Flußblindheit N2 - Introduction: This study investigates the role of Wolbachia bacteria in the pathogenesis of O. volvulus keratitis in a mouse model. Wolbachia bacteria are essential symbionts of most filarial nematodes of importance for mankind. Methods: Using a mouse model for river blindness in which soluble extracts of filarial nematodes are injected in the corneal stroma, changes in stromal thickness and haze of the cornea are observed by in vivo confocal microscopy, followed by immunohistochemical staining for neutrophils and PECAM-1, as well as ELISA of corneal chemokines. Reactions to filarial extracts containing Wolbachia are compared to those without the endosymbiont. Results: The approach of characterizing Wolbachia’s role in river blindness in this study is threefold. Firstly, Wolbachia-depleted extracts from doxycycline treated onchocerciasis patients led to a diminished inflammatory response in corneas of C57BL/6 mice compared to untreated, i.e. Wolbachia containing antigen. The decreased cell recruitment observed with doxycycline treated extracts involved neutrophils, but not eosinophils. This finding demonstrated that the presence of Wolbachia increases neutrophil recruitment. Secondly, extracts from Wolbachia-containing B. malayi revealed markedly more pathology than endosymbiont-free A. viteae antigen. This again pointed at the role of Wolbachia in development of disease. Thirdly, Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) dependence was shown to exist for the inflammatory response to Wolbachia harboring O. volvulus antigen by looking at the corneal pathology in TLR4-mutant C3H/HeJ mice, compared to the wild-type C3H/HeN strain. Investigating further Wolbachia mediated mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment to the cornea, this study also showed that expression of the adhesion molecule PECAM-1 in limbal vessels, as well as upregulation of the CXC chemokines KC and MIP-2 were dependent on the presence of functional TLR4 and Wolbachia respectively. Conclusions: This study indicates that the innate immune system and Wolbachia endobacteria play an important role in the inflammatory response associated with the pathogenesis of onchocerca keratitis, suggesting a complete alteration in our understanding of the immunopathology of filariasis. N2 - Einleitung: Diese Arbeit untersucht die Rolle des Bakteriums Wolbachia in der Pathogenese der Onchozerka volvulus Keratitis anhand eines Mausmodels. Wolbachia sind essentielle endosymbiontische Bakterien, die in den meisten Filariosen, die für die Menschheit von Bedeutung sind, existieren. Methoden: Mit Hilfe eines Mausmodels für die Flußblindheit, in dem lösliche Filarienextrakte in das korneale Stroma von Mäusen injiziert werden, lassen sich Veränderungen in der Stromadicke und –durchsichtigkeit mit in vivo konfokaler Mikroskopie beobachten, gefolgt von immunhistochemischer Färbung von Neutrophilen und PECAM-1, wie auch ELISA von kornealen Chemokinen. Dabei werden Entzündungsreaktionen nach Injektion von Filarienmaterial mit oder ohne Wolbachia verglichen. Resultate: Die Untersuchung von Wolbachia's Rolle in der Flußblindheit erfolgte in drei Schritten. Zunächst führte Antigenmaterial von Wolbachia-freien, mit Doxyzyklin behandelten Onchozerkosepatienten zu geringerer Entzündungsreaktion in der Kornea von C57BL/6 Mäusen verglichen mit Wolbachia-enthaltendem Material. Die verminderte Enzündungszellzahl bei Doxyzyklin-behandelten Extrakten umfasste Neutrophile, aber nicht Eosinophile Granulozyten. Die Anwesenheit von Wolbachia führt daher zu verstärkter Neutrophileneinwanderung. Zweitens erwiesen Wolbachia-enthaltende B. malayi Extrakte eine signifikant verstärkte korneale Pathologie verglichen mit Endosymbiont-freiem A. viteae Antigen. Dieses Ergebnis deutete erneut auf die Rolle von Wolbachia in der Krankheitsentstehung. Drittens wurde anhand von Toll-like Rezeptor 4 (TLR4) mutanten C3H/HeJ Mäusen gezeigt, dass die Entzündungsreaktion, die von Wolbachia-enthaltenden O. volvulus Extrakten hervorgerufen wird, von TLR4 abhängig ist. Weitere Untersuchungen Wolbachia-abhängiger Mechanismen der Neutrophileneinwanderung in die Kornea erwiesen, dass die Expression des Adhäsionsmoleküls PECAM-1 in limbischen Gefäßen, wie auch die Hochregulation der CXC Chemokine KC und MIP-2 von TLR4 und der Anwesenheit von Wolbachia abhängig sind. Konklusion: Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass das angeborene Immunsystem und Wolbachia eine wichtige Rolle in der Pathogenese der O. volvulus Keratitis spielen, was auf eine neue Verstehensweise der Filariosenimmunpathologie hinweist. KW - Onchozerkose KW - Wolbachia KW - Endosymbiont KW - Filariose KW - Konfokale Mikroskopie KW - Doxyzyklin KW - Toll like Rezeptor 4 KW - Doxycycline KW - Toll like receptor 4 Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31560 ER -