TY - JOUR A1 - Adolfi, Mateus C. A1 - Herpin, Amaury A1 - Martinez-Bengochea, Anabel A1 - Kneitz, Susanne A1 - Regensburger, Martina A1 - Grunwald, David J. A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - Crosstalk Between Retinoic Acid and Sex-Related Genes Controls Germ Cell Fate and Gametogenesis in Medaka JF - Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology N2 - Sex determination (SD) is a highly diverse and complex mechanism. In vertebrates, one of the first morphological differences between the sexes is the timing of initiation of the first meiosis, where its initiation occurs first in female and later in male. Thus, SD is intimately related to the responsiveness of the germ cells to undergo meiosis in a sex-specific manner. In some vertebrates, it has been reported that the timing for meiosis entry would be under control of retinoic acid (RA), through activation of Stra8. In this study, we used a fish model species for sex determination and lacking the stra8 gene, the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), to investigate the connection between RA and the sex determination pathway. Exogenous RA treatments act as a stress factor inhibiting germ cell differentiation probably by activation of dmrt1a and amh. Disruption of the RA degrading enzyme gene cyp26a1 induced precocious meiosis and oogenesis in embryos/hatchlings of female and even some males. Transcriptome analyzes of cyp26a1–/–adult gonads revealed upregulation of genes related to germ cell differentiation and meiosis, in both ovaries and testes. Our findings show that germ cells respond to RA in a stra8 independent model species. The responsiveness to RA is conferred by sex-related genes, restricting its action to the sex differentiation period in both sexes. KW - sex determination KW - retinoic acid KW - meiosis KW - gametogenesis KW - medaka Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-222669 SN - 2296-634X VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biscotti, Maria Assunta A1 - Adolfi, Mateus Contar A1 - Barucca, Marco A1 - Forconi, Mariko A1 - Pallavicini, Alberto A1 - Gerdol, Marco A1 - Canapa, Adriana A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - A comparative view on sex differentiation and gametogenesis genes in lungfish and coelacanths JF - Genome Biology and Evolution N2 - Gonadal sex differentiation and reproduction are the keys to the perpetuation of favorable gene combinations and positively selected traits. In vertebrates, several gonad development features that differentiate tetrapods and fishes are likely to be, at least in part, related to the water-to-land transition. The collection of information from basal sarcopterygians, coelacanths, and lungfishes, is crucial to improve our understanding of the molecular evolution of pathways involved in reproductive functions, since these organisms are generally regarded as “living fossils” and as the direct ancestors of tetrapods. Here, we report for the first time the characterization of >50 genes related to sex differentiation and gametogenesis in Latimeria menadoensis and Protopterus annectens. Although the expression profiles of most genes is consistent with the intermediate position of basal sarcopterygians between actinopterygian fish and tetrapods, their phylogenetic placement and presence/absence patterns often reveal a closer affinity to the tetrapod orthologs. On the other hand, particular genes, for example, the male gonad factor gsdf (Gonadal Soma-Derived Factor), provide examples of ancestral traits shared with actinopterygians, which disappeared in the tetrapod lineage. KW - sex differentiation KW - Latimeria menadoensis KW - Protopterus annectens KW - evolution KW - testis KW - gametogenesis KW - ovary Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-176774 VL - 10 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ngwa, Che Julius A1 - Scheuermayer, Matthias A1 - Mair, Gunnar Rudolf A1 - Kern, Selina A1 - Brügl, Thomas A1 - Wirth, Christine Clara A1 - Aminake, Makoah Nigel A1 - Wiesner, Jochen A1 - Fischer, Rainer A1 - Vilcinskas, Andreas A1 - Pradel, Gabriele T1 - Changes in the transcriptome of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum during the initial phase of transmission from the human to the mosquito JF - BMC Genomics N2 - Background: The transmission of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum from the human to the mosquito is mediated by dormant sexual precursor cells, the gametocytes, which become activated in the mosquito midgut. Because gametocytes are the only parasite stages able to establish an infection in the mosquito, they play a crucial role in spreading the tropical disease. The human-to-mosquito transmission triggers important molecular changes in the gametocytes, which initiate gametogenesis and prepare the parasite for life-cycle progression in the insect vector. Results: To better understand gene regulations during the initial phase of malaria parasite transmission, we focused on the transcriptome changes that occur within the first half hour of parasite development in the mosquito. Comparison of mRNA levels of P. falciparum gametocytes before and 30 min following activation using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) identified 126 genes, which changed in expression during gametogenesis. Among these, 17.5% had putative functions in signaling, 14.3% were assigned to cell cycle and gene expression, 8.7% were linked to the cytoskeleton or inner membrane complex, 7.9% were involved in proteostasis and 6.4% in metabolism, 12.7% were cell surface-associated proteins, 11.9% were assigned to other functions, and 20.6% represented genes of unknown function. For 40% of the identified genes there has as yet not been any protein evidence. For a subset of 27 genes, transcript changes during gametogenesis were studied in detail by real-time RT-PCR. Of these, 22 genes were expressed in gametocytes, and for 15 genes transcript expression in gametocytes was increased compared to asexual blood stage parasites. Transcript levels of seven genes were particularly high in activated gametocytes, pointing at functions downstream of gametocyte transmission to the mosquito. For selected genes, a regulated expression during gametogenesis was confirmed on the protein level, using quantitative confocal microscopy. Conclusions: The obtained transcriptome data demonstrate the regulations of gene expression immediately following malaria parasite transmission to the mosquito. Our findings support the identification of proteins important for sexual reproduction and further development of the mosquito midgut stages and provide insights into the genetic basis of the rapid adaption of Plasmodium to the insect vector. KW - parasitophorous vacuole KW - sexual development KW - gametocyte KW - transcriptome KW - signal peptide peptidase KW - host cell interface KW - alpha-tubulin-II KW - life-cycle KW - protein kinases KW - in-vitro KW - erythroyte invation KW - blocking antibodies KW - malaria KW - plasmodium falciparum KW - gametogenesis KW - mosquito KW - transmission Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121905 SN - 1471-2164 VL - 14 IS - 256 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kühn, Andrea T1 - The molecular interplay of proteins expressed in the sexual stages and the induction of gamete formation in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum T1 - Molekulare Wechselwirkungen in den Sexualstadien exprimierter Proteine und die Induktion der Gametenbildung im Malariaerreger Plasmodium falciparum N2 - Transmission of the malaria parasite from man to the mosquito requires the formation of sexual parasite stages, the gametocytes. The gametocytes are the only parasite stage that is able to survive in the mosquito midgut and to undergo further development – gamete formation and fertilization. Numerous sexual stage-specific proteins have been discovered, some of which play crucial roles for parasite transmission. However, the functions of many sexual stage proteins remain elusive. Amongst the sexual stage-specific proteins are the proteins of the PfCCp proteins family, which exhibit numerous adhesion domains in their protein structures. For four members of the protein family, PfCCp1 to PfCCp4 gene-disruptant parasite lines had been already studied. Amongst these, PfCCp2 and PfCCp3 showed an important role for development of the parasites in the mosquito. In the present work the study of gene-disrupted parasites of the PfCCp Protein family was completed. PfCCp5-KO and PfFNPA-KO parasite lines were characterized to a great extent and many properties were similar to those of other PfCCp proteins. The co-dependent expression previously reported to be a phenomenon of PfCCp proteins was also observed in these two mutants, although to lesser extent. When either PfCCp5 or PfFNPA were absent, all other proteins were detected in reduced abundance only. Co-dependent expression manifests exclusively on the protein level. Transcript levels were not altered as RT-PCR showed. Amongst PfCCp proteins numerous proteinproteins interactions are taking place. The previously described multimeric protein complexes also include further sexual stage-specific proteins like Pfs230, Pfs48/45 and Pfs25. Recently, a new component of PfCCp-based multimeric protein complexes had been identified. The protein was named PfWLP1 (WD repeat protein-like protein 1) due to its possession of several WD40 repeats. In the present study expression of this uncharacterized protein was investigated via indirect IFA. It was expressed in asexual blood stages and gametocytes. Upon gamete formation and fertilization its expression ceased. Another sexual stage protein studied in this work was PfactinII. It was shown to be exclusively expressed in sexual stages. In gametocytes it co-localizes with Pfs230 and correct localization of PfactinII depends on presence of Pfs230. Transcript analysis by means of RT-PCR revealed the expression of several components of the IMC in gametocytes. Furthermore, five or six myosin genes encoded in the P. falciparum genome were detected in gametocytes. Gametocyte egress was studied on the ultrastructural level via transmission electron microscopy and an inside-out type of egress was observed. Firstly, the membrane of the parasitophorous vacuole (PVM) was lysed and only thereafter the membrane of the red blood cell (RBCM) ruptured. Furthermore, a new inductor of gametogenesis was identified: The K+/H+ ionophore nigericin induced gametocytes activation in the absence of xanthurenic acid (XA), which is responsible for gamtetocyte activation in the mosquito midgut. Selective permeabilization of RBCM and PVM by the mild detergent saponin, showed that in the absence of these membranes male gametocytes were still able to perceive both XA and the drop in temperature. Thus, the receptors for both factors signaling the parasite transmission to the mosquito, seem to be of parasitic origin. LC/MS/MS analysis confirmed the ability of RBCs to take up XA. With malaria eradication on the agenda of malaria research targeting the sexual stages becomes a crucial part of intervention strategies. The sexual stages are especially attractive target as they represent a population bottleneck. The here reported findings on P. falciparum gametocytes provide several potential candidate proteins for developing tools to interrupt transmission from man to mosquito. Such tools might include Transmission blocking vaccines and drugs. N2 - Die Übertragung der Malaria vom menschlichen Wirt auf die Überträgermücke erfordert die Bildung von Sexualstadien, der Gametozyten. Dieses Parasitenstadium ist in der Lage im Mitteldarm der Mücke zu überleben und sich zu Gameten zu entwickeln, gefolgt von Befruchtung und ygotenbildung. Eine Vielzahl von in den Sexualstadien exprimierter Proteine wurde bereits entdeckt. Einige von diesen haben essentielle Funktionen für die Transmission der Parasiten auf die Mücke. Die Rolle der meisten dieser spezifisch exprimierter Protein ist jedoch ungeklärt. Zu den sexualstadienspezifischen Proteinen gehören die Proteine der PfCCp-Proteinfamilie. Für vier Proteine diese Proteinfamilie wurden bereits KO-Mutanten untersucht. Zwei Mutanten, PfCCp2-KO und PfCCp3-KO besitzen eine wichtige Funktion während der Entwicklung der Parasiten in der Mücke. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Studie der PfCCp-Proteine komplettiert. PfCCp5- und PfFNPA-defiziente Parasitenlinien wurden zu einem Großteil charakterisiert. Viele Eigenschaften dieser beiden Parasitenlinien wiesen Ähnlichkeiten zu den bisher untersuchten PfCCp-KO-Mutanten auf. Die ko-abhängige Expression welche in der PfCCp-Proteinfamilie vorkommt, wurde auch in diesen beiden Mutanten beobachtet, wenngleich in geringerem Ausmaß. In den Mutanten, in welchem entweder PfCCp5 oder PfFNPA fehlten, waren alle übrigen PfCCp-Proteine nur in reduzierter Menge nachzuweisen. Diese ko-abhängige Expression ist ausschließlich auf dem Proteinlevel zu beobachten. Die Transkription der jeweiligen Gene hingegen ist unbeeinflusst. Zahlreiche Protein-Protein-Interaktionen finden zwischen den Proteinen der Proteinfamilie statt. The zuvor beschriebenen multimeren Proteinkomplexe schließen auch weitere sexualstadienspezifische Proteine ein, wie Pfs230, Pfs48/45 und Pfs25. Kürzlich wurde eine neue Komponente der PfCCp-basierten Multiproteinkomplexe identifiziert. Dieses Protein wurde PfWLP1 (WD repeat protein-like protein 1) genannt, da es mehrere WD40 repeat Domänen besitzt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das bisher unbeschriebene Protein mittels indirekter immunfluoreszenzstudien charakterisiert. PfWLP1 ist sowohl in asexuellen Blutstadien als auch in Gametozyten exprimiert. Nach der Gametenbildung und Fertilisation nimmt die Expression des Proteins ab. Ein weiteres Protein der Sexualstadien, welches in dieser Arbeit untersucht wurde, ist PfactinII. Es wurde gezeigt, dass dieses Protein ausschließlich in den Sexualstadien vorliegt. In Gametozyten ko-lokalisiert es mit Pfs230 und die korrekte Lokalisierung ist abhängig von der Anwesenheit von Pfs230. Mittels RT-PCR wurden mehrere Komponenten des inneren Membrankomplexes in Gametozyten nachgewiesen. Weiterhin wurden Transkripte für fünf der sechs Myosin-Gene, welche im Genom von P. falciparum exprimiert sind, nachgewiesen. Der Austritt der Gametozyten aus der Wirtszelle wurde auf ultrastruktureller Ebene mittels Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie untersucht. Hierbei wurde gezeigt, dass die Lyse der den Parasiten umgebenden Membranen von innen nach außen geschieht. Das heißt, dass zunächst die Membran der parasitophoren Vakuole (PVM) lysiert wird, und erst anschließend die Erythrozyten-Plasmamembran (RBCM). Als neuer Induktor der Gametozytenaktivierung wurde Nigericin identifiziert. Nigericin ist ein K+/H+-Ionophor, welcher in Abwesenheit von XA in der Lage ist, die Gametenbildung zu identifizieren. Die selektive Permeabilisierung der beiden den Gametozyten umgebenden Membranen, PVM und RBCM, zeigte, dass männliche Gametozyten nach Entfernung der beiden Membranen, in der Lage sind, den Temperaturabfall und XA zu perzipieren. Somit kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass die Rezeptoren beider Stimuli parasitischen Ursprungs sind. LC/MS/MS-Analysen bestätigten, dass Erythrozyten in der Lage sind, XA aufzunehmen. Die Sexualstadien des Malariaparasiten nehmen mehr und mehr an Bedeutung zu, da langfristig nicht nur eine Eindämmung der Malaria in endemischen Gebieten sondern die Auslöschung der Malaria angestrebt wird. Die Sexualstadien sind ein attraktiver Angriffspunkt aufgrund ihrer Bedeutung für die Transmission der Krankheit. Zum anderen ist die auf den Vektor übertragene Parasitenanzahl vergleichsweise gering. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen mehrere potentielle Kandidatenproteine auf, welche für die Entwicklung von Interventionsstrategien von Bedeutung sein könnten. Als Interventionsstrategien wären sowohl transmissionsblockierenden Vakzine als auch transmissionsblockierende Wirkstoffe denkbar. KW - Malaria KW - Multiproteinkomplex KW - Gametocyt KW - Gametogenese KW - Plasmodium falciparum KW - malaria KW - Plasmodium falciparum KW - gametogenesis KW - co-dependent expression KW - gametocyt Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-98028 ER -