TY - JOUR A1 - Palamides, Pia A1 - Jodeleit, Henrika A1 - Föhlinger, Michael A1 - Beigel, Florian A1 - Herbach, Nadja A1 - Mueller, Thomas A1 - Wolf, Eckhard A1 - Siebeck, Matthias A1 - Gropp, Roswitha T1 - A mouse model for ulcerative colitis based on NOD-scid IL2R gamma(null) mice reconstituted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from affected individuals JF - Disease Models & Mechanisms N2 - Animal models reflective of ulcerative colitis (UC) remain a major challenge, and yet are crucial to understand mechanisms underlying the onset of disease and inflammatory characteristics of relapses and remission. Mouse models in which colitis-like symptoms are induced through challenge with toxins such as oxazolone, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) have been instrumental in understanding the inflammatory processes of UC. However, these neither reflect the heterogeneous symptoms observed in the UC-affected population nor can they be used to test the efficacy of inhibitors developed against human targets where high sequence and structural similarity of the respective ligands is lacking. In an attempt to overcome these problems, we have developed a mouse model that relies on NOD-scid IL2R γnull mice reconstituted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from UC-affected individuals. Upon challenge with ethanol, mice developed colitis-like symptoms and changes in the colon architecture, characterized by influx of inflammatory cells, edema, crypt loss, crypt abscesses and epithelial hyperplasia, as previously observed in immune-competent mice. TARC, TGFβ1 and HGF expression increased in distal parts of the colon. Analysis of human leucocytes isolated from mouse spleen revealed an increase in frequencies of CD1a+, CD64+, CD163+ and TSLPR+ CD14+ monocytes, and antigen-experienced CD44+ CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in response to ethanol. Analysis of human leucocytes from the colon of challenged mice identified CD14+ monocytes and CD11b+ monocytes as the predominant populations. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis from distal parts of the colon indicated that IFNγ might be one of the cytokines driving inflammation. Treatment with infliximab ameliorated symptoms and pathological manifestations, whereas pitrakinra had no therapeutic benefit. Thus, this model is partially reflective of the human disease and might help to increase the translation of animal and clinical studies. KW - animal models KW - Ulcerative colitis KW - NSG mice KW - Infliximab KW - Pitrakinra Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-164946 VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jodeleit, Henrika A1 - Palamides, Pia A1 - Beigel, Florian A1 - Mueller, Thomas A1 - Wolf, Eckhard A1 - Siebeck, Matthias A1 - Gropp, Roswitha T1 - Design and validation of a disease network of inflammatory processes in the NSG-UC mouse model JF - Journal of Translational Medicine N2 - Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a highly progressive inflammatory disease that requires the interaction of epithelial, immune, endothelial and muscle cells and fibroblasts. Previous studies suggested two inflammatory conditions in UC-patients: ‘acute’ and ‘remodeling’ and that the design of a disease network might improve the understanding of the inflammatory processes. The objective of the study was to design and validate a disease network in the NOD-SCID IL2rγ\(^{null}\) (NSG)-UC mouse model to get a better understanding of the inflammatory processes. Methods: Leukocytes were isolated from the spleen of NSG-UC mice and subjected to flow cytometric analysis. RT-PCR and RNAseq analysis were performed from distal parts of the colon. Based on these analyses and the effects of interleukins, chemokines and growth factors described in the literature, a disease network was designed. To validate the disease network the effect of infliximab and pitrakinra was tested in the NSG-UC model. A clinical- and histological score, frequencies of human leukocytes isolated from spleen and mRNA expression levels from distal parts of the colon were determined. Results: Analysis of leukocytes isolated from the spleen of challenged NSG-UC mice corroborated CD64, CD163 and CD1a expressing CD14+ monocytes, CD1a expressing CD11b+ macrophages and HGF, TARC, IFNγ and TGFß1 mRNA as inflammatory markers. The disease network suggested that a proinflammatory condition elicited by IL-17c and lipids and relayed by cytotoxic T-cells, Th17 cells and CD1a expressing macrophages and monocytes. Conversely, the remodeling condition was evoked by IL-34 and TARC and promoted by Th2 cells and M2 monocytes. Mice benefitted from treatment with infliximab as indicated by the histological- and clinical score. As predicted by the disease network infliximab reduced the proinflammatory response by suppressing M1 monocytes and CD1a expressing monocytes and macrophages and decreased levels of IFNγ, TARC and HGF mRNA. As predicted by the disease network inflammation aggravated in the presence of pitrakinra as indicated by the clinical and histological score, elevated frequencies of CD1a expressing macrophages and TNFα and IFNγ mRNA levels. Conclusions: The combination of the disease network and the NSG-UC animal model might be developed into a powerful tool to predict efficacy or in-efficacy and potential mechanistic side effects. KW - Autoimmunity KW - Disease network KW - Inflammatory bowel disease KW - NSG KW - NSG-UC KW - Ulcerative colitis Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-225516 VL - 15 ER - TY - THES A1 - Gerke, Tobias Ulrich T1 - Inhibition des nukleären Transkriptionsfaktors kappa B (NF-Kappa B) durch die kurzkettige Fettsäure Butyrat T1 - Inhibition of the nuclear transcription factor kappa B by the short chain fatty acid butyrate N2 - Hintergrund: Durch anaerobe bakterielle Fermentation resistenter Stärke entstehen im Dickdarm des Menschen kurzkettige Fettsäuren (KKFS). Zu diesen zählt auch Butyrat, welches den Kolonepithelien als Hauptenergieträger dient. Mehrere klinische Studien konnten zeigen, daß eine lokale Therapie der Colitis ulcerosa (CU) mit Butyrat zu einer deutlichen Abnahme der Entzündungsaktivität führt. In nahezu sämtlichen entzündlichen Prozessen ist der nukleäre Faktor kappa B (NF-kappa B) an der transkriptionellen Regulation proinflammatorisch wirkender Genprodukte beteiligt. Durch Mediatoren wie TNF alpha oder IL-1 beta wird eine nukleäre Translokation von normalerweise im Zytoplasma an inhibitorische I kappa B-Proteine gebundenem NF-kappa B hervorgerufen. Im Rahmen der CU ist NF-kappa B u. a. in Lamina propria-Makrophagen (LPMNC) und intestinalen Epithelzellen (IEC) aktiviert. Zielsetzung: In Zellkulturversuchen mit Adenokarzinomzelllinien (HeLa 229, SW480, SW620) sowie an Biopsien von Patienten mit einer distalen CU sollte aufgezeigt werden, inwieweit Butyrat die Aktivierung von NF-kappa B zu inhibieren vermag und welcher Mechanismus hier möglicherweise zugrunde liegt. Ergebnisse: Nach Stimulation von HeLa 229 mit TNF alpha oder IL-1 beta kommt es in ca. 90 % der Zellen zu einer nukleären Translokation von NF-kappa B, welche mittels einer Immunfluoreszenzmarkierung nachgewiesen wurde. Durch Vorinkubation mit 2 bzw. 4 mM Butyrat über 12, 24, 36 und 48 Stunden ließ sich sowohl eine zeit- als auch dosisabhängige Inhibition dieser Translokation erzielen. Bei Anwendung von 4 mM Butyrat war, verglichen mit unbehandelten Zellen, eine signifikante Reduktion des Anteils von nukleärem NF-kappa B bereits nach einer 24stündigen Inkubation (TNF alpha; IL-1 beta: 36 h), bei 2 mM Butyrat erst nach 36 h (TNF alpha; IL-1 beta: 48 h) festzustellen. Im direkten Vergleich von 2 und 4 mM Butyrat zeigte sich nach TNF alpha-Stimulation bereits nach 24 h ein signifikanter Vorteil der höheren Dosis, bei Verwendung von IL-1 beta erst nach 36 h. Die qualitativen Ergebnisse von HeLa 229 ließen sich ebenfalls an den Zelllinien SW480 und SW620 nachweisen. Bei Untersuchung des inhibitorischen I kappa B alpha-Proteins mittels Western Blot konnte für die o. g. Zelllinien eine TNF alpha-induzierte Phosphorylierung von I kappa B alpha aufgezeigt werden. Durch eine 24stündige Präinkubation mit 4 mM Butyrat war diese effektiv hemmbar. Nachweise von Ikappa B alpha an IL-1 beta-stimulierten HeLa 229-Zellen erbrachten, gemeinsam mit den Ergebnissen zur NF-kappa B-Translokation, Hinweise auf mögliche alternative I kappa B alpha-unabhängige Wege der NF-kappa B-Aktivierung. Hinsichtlich der klinischen Anwendung von Butyrat wurden LPMNC in Biopsien von Patienten mit einer distalen CU durch eine immunhistochemische Doppelfärbung von NF-kappa B und CD68 untersucht. Bei unbehandelten Erkrankten ließ sich in nahezu 80 % der LPMNC eine nukleäre Translokation von NF-kappa B nachweisen. Eine topische Behandlung mit 100 mM Butyrat (Klysmen) führte nach 4 Wochen zu einer signifikanten Reduktion der Anzahl von aktivierten LPMNC sowohl innerhalb der Butyrat- als auch im Vergleich mit der Placebogruppe. Dieser Effekt war auch nach 8 Wochen noch nachweisbar. Zur weiteren Objektivierung der Befunde wurden die Biopsien ebenfalls histologisch untersucht. Die Dichte der neutrophilen Granulozyten im Krypten- und Oberflächenepithel wurde durch Butyrat gegenüber Placebo signifikant reduziert; alle übrigen morphologischen Entzündungsparameter änderten sich mitunter zwar deutlich, jedoch wurde hier nicht das Signifikanzniveau erreicht. Klinisch konnte unter Butyratbehandlung bereits nach 4 Wochen eine signifikante Abnahme des Disease Activity Index (DAI) festgestellt werden, nach 8 Wochen auch im Vergleich mit der Placebogruppe. Signifikante endoskopische Veränderungen ergaben sich nach einer Behandlungsdauer von 8 Wochen nur innerhalb der Butyratgruppe. Schlussfolgerung: Was die Anwendung von Butyrat in der Behandlung der CU angeht, so konnte in der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigt werden, daß mit dieser KKFS sowohl in vitro (zytokinstimulierte Adenokarzinomzelllinien als Entzündungsmodell) als auch in vivo ein potenter und gleichzeitig kostengünstiger Inhibitor der NF-kappa B-Aktivierung zur Verfügung steht. So korreliert die im klinischen Teil dieser Untersuchung nachweisbare Reduktion der Entzündungsaktivität (DAI, Endoskopie-Score) mit einer signifikanten Hemmung der NF-kappa B-Translokation in LPMNC. Dennoch erscheinen, auch vor dem Hintergrund der geringen Fallzahlen, weitere Untersuchungen zur Anwendung von Butyrat bei Patienten mit einer CU sinnvoll. N2 - Background: The short chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate as main energy source for colonocytes is produced by anaerobic bacterial fermentation of resistant starch within the colonic lumen. Several clinical trials suggest that topical treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) with butyrate can be effective in ameliorating symptoms and controlling chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) is a central mediator of inflammation and enhances the transcriptional regulation of several proinflammatory genes. In most unstimulated cells NF-kappa B is confined to the cytoplasm bound to its inhibitor I kappa B alpha. Stimuli such as TNF alpha or IL-1 beta lead to release of NF-kappa B from I kappa B alpha and nuclear translocation. In UC activated NF-kappa B was demonstated in lamina propria macrophages (LPMNC) and intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Aims: The intention was to show if butyrate is able to inhibit NF-kappa B-activation and by which mechanism this might be achieved. Cultured adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa 229, SW480, SW620) and biopsy specimens of patients suffering from distal UC were investigated. Results: Stimulation of HeLa 229 with TNF alpha or IL-1 beta caused nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B in 90 % of the cells, detected by immunofluorescence staining. Preincubation with 2 and 4 mM butyrate for 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours lead to a time and dose dependent inhibition of NF-kappa B translocation. Using 4 mM of butyrate caused a significant decrease of nuclear NF-kappa B after 24 hours of pretreatment (TNF alpha; IL-1 beta: 36 h), using 2 mM of butyrate only after 36 hours (TNF alpha; IL-1beta: 48 h) compared to untreated cells. Direct comparison of both 2 and 4 mM butyrate treatment followed by a stimulation with TNF alpha showed a significant advantage of the higher dose after 24 hours, using IL-1beta this effect was observable only after 36 hours. Qualitive results of HeLa 229 could also be achieved in SW480 and SW620 cells. The investigation of inhibitory I kappa B alpha protein in the above mentioned cells by using a western blot system showed a TNF alpha-induced phosphorylation of I kappa B alpha. A 24 hour preincubation with 4 mM butyrate achieved an actual inhibition of I kappa B alpha-phosphorylation. Investigating IL-1 beta-stimulated HeLa 229 cells revealed an alternative and I kappa B alpha-independent way of NF-kappa B activation especially in correlation to the results of NF-kappa B -translocation experiments. Regarding the clinical application of butyrate an immunohistochemical double-staining of NF-kappa B and CD68 in LPMNC was established. In untreated patients nearly 80 % of the LPMNC showed a nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B. Topical treatment with 100 mM butyrate (klysma) for 4 weeks lead to a significant reduction of activated LPMNC in the verum-group as well as compared to placebo. This effect was still detectable after 8 weeks. In addition a detailed analysis of histological changes was performed. After treatment with butyrate a significant decrease in both the number of neutrophils in crypt and surface epithelia could be observed compared to placebo; however other butyrate-related morphological changes were clearly remarkable but not significantly different to those found in placebo-treated patients. Regarding the clinical course the comparison of DAI scores after 4 weeks already revealed a significant decrease in the butyrate-treated group, as well as after 8 weeks by between-group comparison. After 8 weeks a significant reduction of the endoscopic score of mucosal inflammation could be noticed in the butyrate-treated patients as compared to entry. Conclusions: Applying butyrate to treat UC, the presented work gives evidence for this SCFA to act in vitro (cytokine stimulated adenocarcinoma cells as a model for inflammation) and in vivo as a potent and inexpensive inhibitor of NF-kappa B activation. According to these data the clinically observed reduction of inflammation (DAI, endoscopic score) is significantly correlated to inhibition of NF-kappa B translocation in LPMNC. However the clinical results are preliminary and - especially regarding the case numbers - confirmation by a larger trial on the application of butyrate to patients with UC is necessary. KW - Nukleärer Faktor kappa B KW - Butyrat KW - Kurzkettige Fettsäuren KW - Colitis ulcerosa KW - Lamina propria-Makrophagen KW - Nuclear factor kappa B KW - Butyrate KW - Short chain fatty acids KW - Ulcerative colitis KW - Lamina propria macrophages Y1 - 2003 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-9052 ER -