TY - THES A1 - Siegl, Christine T1 - Degradation of Tumour Suppressor p53 during Chlamydia trachomatis Infections T1 - Abbau des Tumorsuppressors p53 während Chlamydia trachomatis Infektionen N2 - The intracellular pathogen Chlamydia is the causative agent of millions of new infections per year transmitting diseases like trachoma, pelvic inflammatory disease or lymphogranuloma venereum. Undetected or recurrent infections caused by chlamydial persistence are especially likely to provoke severe pathologies. To ensure host cell survival and to facilitate long term infections Chlamydia induces anti-apoptotic pathways, mainly at the level of mitochondria, and restrains activity of pro-apoptotic proteins. Additionally, the pathogen seizes host energy, carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids and nucleotides to facilitate propagation of bacterial progeny and growth of the chlamydial inclusion. At the beginning of this study, Chlamydia-mediated apoptosis resistance to DNA damage induced by the topoisomerase inhibitor etoposide was investigated. In the course of this, a central cellular protein crucial for etoposide-mediated apoptosis, the tumour suppressor p53, was found to be downregulated during Chlamydia infections. Subsequently, different chlamydial strains and serovars were examined and p53 downregulation was ascertained to be a general feature during Chlamydia infections of human cells. Reduction of p53 protein level was established to be mediated by the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, activation of the E3-ubiquitin ligase HDM2 and final degradation by the proteasome. Additionally, an intriguing discrepancy between infections of human and mouse cells was detected. Both activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway as well as degradation of p53 could not be observed in Chlamydia-infected mouse cells. Recently, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and damage to host cell DNA was reported to occur during Chlamydia infection. Thus, degradation of p53 strongly contributes to the anti-apoptotic environment crucial for chlamydial infection. To verify the importance of p53 degradation for chlamydial growth and development, p53 was stabilised and activated by the HDM2-inhibiting drug nutlin-3 and the DNA damage-inducing compound etoposide. Unexpectedly, chlamydial development was severely impaired and inclusion formation was defective. Completion of the chlamydial developmental cycle was prevented resulting in loss of infectivity. Intriguingly, removal of the p53 activating stimulus allowed formation of the bacterial inclusion and recovery of infectivity. A similar observation of growth recovery was made in infected cell lines deficient for p53. As bacterial growth and inclusion formation was strongly delayed in the presence of activated p53, p53-mediated inhibitory regulation of cellular metabolism was suspected to contribute to chlamydial growth defects. To verify this, glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways were analysed revealing the importance of a functioning PPP for chlamydial growth. In addition, increased expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase rescued chlamydial growth inhibition induced by activated p53. The rescuing effect was even more pronounced in p53-deficient cells treated with etoposide or nutlin-3 revealing additional p53-independent aspects of Chlamydia inhibition. Removal of ROS by anti-oxidant compounds was not sufficient to rescue chlamydial infectivity. Apparently, not only the anti-oxidant capacities of the PPP but also provision of precursors for nucleotide synthesis as well as contribution to DNA repair are important for successful chlamydial growth. Modulation of host cell signalling was previously reported for a number of pathogens. As formation of ROS and DNA damage are likely to occur during infections of intracellular bacteria, several strategies to manipulate the host and to inhibit induction of apoptosis were invented. Downregulation of the tumour suppressor p53 is a crucial point during development of Chlamydia, ensuring both host cell survival and metabolic support conducive to chlamydial growth. N2 - Intrazellulär lebende Chlamydien führen jährlich zu Millionen an Neuinfektionen und lösen Krankheiten wie das Trachom, eine Entzündung des Auges, sowie entzündliche Beckenerkrankungen oder Lymphogranuloma venereum, eine venerische Lymphknotenentzündung, aus. Unentdeckte oder wiederkehrende Infektionen, ausgelöst durch chronisch persistierende Chlamydien, führen häufig zu schwerwiegenden Komplikationen. Um das Überleben der Wirtszelle und dauerhafte Infektionen zu ermöglichen, induzieren Chlamydien antiapoptotische Signalwege, hauptsächlich auf Höhe der Mitochondrien, und beeinträchtigen darüber hinaus die Aktivität proapoptotischer Proteine. Energie, Kohlenhydrate, Aminosäuren, Lipide und Nukleotide bezieht der Krankheitserreger vollständig aus der Wirtszelle. Erst dadurch wird sowohl die Vermehrung der Bakterien, als auch das Wachstum der chlamydialen Inklusion ermöglicht. Zu Beginn dieser Arbeit wurde die Chlamydien-vermittelte Resistenz gegenüber induziertem Zelltod nach Schädigung der DNA durch den Topoisomerase-Inhibitor Etoposid untersucht. Im Zuge dessen wurde entdeckt, dass der Tumorsuppressor p53, ein zentrales zelluläres Protein entscheidend für die Etoposid-induzierte Apoptose, während Chlamydien-Infektionen herunterreguliert wird. Nachdem verschiedene chlamydiale Stämme und Serovare untersucht wurden, konnte festgestellt werden, dass es sich bei der Herunterregulierung von p53 um ein allgemeines Merkmal chlamydialer Infektionen von humanen Zellen handelt. Die Reduzierung der Proteinmenge von p53 wird dabei durch den PI3K-Akt Signalweg, Aktivierung der E3-Ubiquitin-Ligase HDM2 und abschließendem Abbau durch das Proteasom vermittelt. Zusätzlich wurde ein interessanter Unterschied zwischen Infektionen humaner und muriner Zellen entdeckt. Sowohl Aktivierung des PI3K-Akt Weges, als auch der Abbau von p53 konnten in Chlamydien-infizierten Mauszellen nicht beobachtet werden. Kürzlich wurde darüber berichtet, dass während chlamydialer Infektionen reaktive Sauerstoffspezies produziert werden und die DNA der Wirtszelle geschädigt wird. Demnach trägt der Abbau von p53 entscheidend dazu bei, ein für chlamydiale Infektionen maßgebliches, anti-apoptotisch geprägtes Umfeld zu generieren. Um die Bedeutung des Abbaus von p53 für Wachstum und Entwicklung von Chlamydien zu ermessen, wurde p53 durch den HDM2-inhibierenden Wirkstoff Nutlin-3, sowie die DNA-Schäden induzierende Verbindung Etoposid stabilisiert bzw. aktiviert. Die Entwicklung der Chlamydien, sowie die Ausbildung der Inklusion wurden dadurch überraschenderweise stark beeinträchtigt bzw. waren fehlerhaft. Die Vollendung des chlamydialen Entwicklungszyklus wurde verhindert, was den Verlust der Infektivität nach sich zog. Interessanterweise erlaubte das Entfernen des p53-aktivierenden Stimulus die Ausbildung der bakteriellen Inklusion und die Wiedererlangung der Infektivität. Eine ähnliche Beobachtung konnte in Zelllinien mit einer p53-Defizienz gemacht werden. Da bakterielles Wachstum und Ausbildung der Inklusion durch aktiviertes p53 stark eingeschränkt war, wurde vermutet, dass p53-vermittelte Inhibierung des zellulären Metabolismus am fehlerhaften Wachstum der Chlamydien beteiligt ist. Analyse von Glykolyse und Pentosephosphatweg (PP-Weg) zeigten den Stellenwert eines funktionierenden PP-Wegs für das Wachstum der Chlamydien auf. Zusätzlich konnte durch Überexpression der Glucose-6-phosphat-Dehydrogenase das durch aktiviertes p53 gehemmte Wachstum der Chlamydien wiederhergestellt werden. Dieser Effekt war noch deutlicher in p53-defizienten Zellen, die mit Etoposid bzw. Nutlin-3 behandelt wurden. Demnach tragen auch p53-unabhängige Aspekte zur Einschränkung des chlamydialen Wachstums bei. Das Entfernen von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies durch Antioxidationsmittel war jedoch nicht ausreichend zur Wiedererlangung der chlamydialen Infektivität. Demnach sind nicht nur die anti-oxidativen Eigenschaften des PP-Wegs sondern auch das Bereitstellen von Vorläufermolekülen für die Nukleotidsynthese, sowie dessen Beitrag zur DNA-Reparatur entscheidend für erfolgreiches Wachstum von Chlamydien. Veränderung der Signaltransduktion der Wirtszelle wurde bereits bei einigen Krankheitserregern nachgewiesen. Da reaktive Sauerstoffspezies und DNA Schäden häufig bei Infektionen intrazellulärer Bakterien auftreten, entstanden unterschiedliche Strategien, den Wirt zu manipulieren und das Einleiten des Zelltodes zu verhindern. Das Herunterregulieren des Tumorsuppressors p53 ist entscheidend während der Entwicklung von Chlamydien. Sowohl das Überleben der Wirtszelle, als auch die für chlamydiales Wachstum förderliche Unterstützung durch den Stoffwechsel werden dadurch gewährleistet. KW - Chlamydia-trachomatis-Infektion KW - Protein p53 KW - metabolism KW - cancer KW - Chlamydia KW - Chlamydia-trachomatis-Infektion Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-108679 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmitz, Werner A1 - Koderer, Corinna A1 - El-Mesery, Mohamed A1 - Gobik, Sebastian A1 - Sampers, Rene A1 - Straub, Anton A1 - Kübler, Alexander Christian A1 - Seher, Axel T1 - Metabolic fingerprinting of murine L929 fibroblasts as a cell-based tumour suppressor model system for methionine restriction JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Since Otto Warburg reported in 1924 that cancer cells address their increased energy requirement through a massive intake of glucose, the cellular energy level has offered a therapeutic anticancer strategy. Methionine restriction (MetR) is one of the most effective approaches for inducing low-energy metabolism (LEM) due to the central position in metabolism of this amino acid. However, no simple in vitro system for the rapid analysis of MetR is currently available, and this study establishes the murine cell line L929 as such a model system. L929 cells react rapidly and efficiently to MetR, and the analysis of more than 150 different metabolites belonging to different classes (amino acids, urea and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycles, carbohydrates, etc.) by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) defines a metabolic fingerprint and enables the identification of specific metabolites representing normal or MetR conditions. The system facilitates the rapid and efficient testing of potential cancer therapeutic metabolic targets. To date, MS studies of MetR have been performed using organisms and yeast, and the current LC/MS analysis of the intra- and extracellular metabolites in the murine cell line L929 over a period of 5 days thus provides new insights into the effects of MetR at the cellular metabolic level. KW - methionine restriction KW - caloric restriction KW - mass spectrometry KW - LC/MS KW - liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry KW - metabolism KW - L929 KW - amino acid Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-259198 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 22 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scherer, Marc A1 - Fleishman, Sarel J. A1 - Jones, Patrik R. A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Bencurova, Elena T1 - Computational Enzyme Engineering Pipelines for Optimized Production of Renewable Chemicals JF - Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology N2 - To enable a sustainable supply of chemicals, novel biotechnological solutions are required that replace the reliance on fossil resources. One potential solution is to utilize tailored biosynthetic modules for the metabolic conversion of CO2 or organic waste to chemicals and fuel by microorganisms. Currently, it is challenging to commercialize biotechnological processes for renewable chemical biomanufacturing because of a lack of highly active and specific biocatalysts. As experimental methods to engineer biocatalysts are time- and cost-intensive, it is important to establish efficient and reliable computational tools that can speed up the identification or optimization of selective, highly active, and stable enzyme variants for utilization in the biotechnological industry. Here, we review and suggest combinations of effective state-of-the-art software and online tools available for computational enzyme engineering pipelines to optimize metabolic pathways for the biosynthesis of renewable chemicals. Using examples relevant for biotechnology, we explain the underlying principles of enzyme engineering and design and illuminate future directions for automated optimization of biocatalysts for the assembly of synthetic metabolic pathways. KW - computational KW - enzyme KW - engineering KW - design KW - biomanufacturing KW - biofuel KW - microbes KW - metabolism Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-240598 SN - 2296-4185 VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mayer, Alexander E. A1 - Löffler, Mona C. A1 - Loza Valdés, Angel E. A1 - Schmitz, Werner A1 - El-Merahbi, Rabih A1 - Trujillo-Viera, Jonathan A1 - Erk, Manuela A1 - Zhang, Thianzhou A1 - Braun, Ursula A1 - Heikenwalder, Mathias A1 - Leitges, Michael A1 - Schulze, Almut A1 - Sumara, Grzegorz T1 - The kinase PKD3 provides negative feedback on cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis by suppressing insulin signaling JF - Science Signaling N2 - Hepatic activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms by diacylglycerol (DAG) promotes insulin resistance and contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The closely related protein kinase D (PKD) isoforms act as effectors for DAG and PKC. Here, we showed that PKD3 was the predominant PKD isoform expressed in hepatocytes and was activated by lipid overload. PKD3 suppressed the activity of downstream insulin effectors including the kinase AKT and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 and 2 (mTORC1 and mTORC2). Hepatic deletion of PKD3 in mice improved insulin-induced glucose tolerance. However, increased insulin signaling in the absence of PKD3 promoted lipogenesis mediated by SREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein) and consequently increased triglyceride and cholesterol content in the livers of PKD3-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet. Conversely, hepatic-specific overexpression of a constitutively active PKD3 mutant suppressed insulin-induced signaling and caused insulin resistance. Our results indicate that PKD3 provides feedback on hepatic lipid production and suppresses insulin signaling. Therefore, manipulation of PKD3 activity could be used to decrease hepatic lipid content or improve hepatic insulin sensitivity. KW - Protein kinase D3 (PKD3) KW - cholesterol KW - diacylglycerol (DAG) KW - liver KW - metabolism Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250025 ET - accepted manuscript ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liang, Chunguang A1 - Rios-Miguel, Ana B. A1 - Jarick, Marcel A1 - Neurgaonkar, Priya A1 - Girard, Myriam A1 - François, Patrice A1 - Schrenzel, Jacques A1 - Ibrahim, Eslam S. A1 - Ohlsen, Knut A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - Staphylococcus aureus transcriptome data and metabolic modelling investigate the interplay of Ser/Thr kinase PknB, its phosphatase Stp, the glmR/yvcK regulon and the cdaA operon for metabolic adaptation JF - Microorganisms N2 - Serine/threonine kinase PknB and its corresponding phosphatase Stp are important regulators of many cell functions in the pathogen S. aureus. Genome-scale gene expression data of S. aureus strain NewHG (sigB\(^+\)) elucidated their effect on physiological functions. Moreover, metabolic modelling from these data inferred metabolic adaptations. We compared wild-type to deletion strains lacking pknB, stp or both. Ser/Thr phosphorylation of target proteins by PknB switched amino acid catabolism off and gluconeogenesis on to provide the cell with sufficient components. We revealed a significant impact of PknB and Stp on peptidoglycan, nucleotide and aromatic amino acid synthesis, as well as catabolism involving aspartate transaminase. Moreover, pyrimidine synthesis was dramatically impaired by stp deletion but only slightly by functional loss of PknB. In double knockouts, higher activity concerned genes involved in peptidoglycan, purine and aromatic amino acid synthesis from glucose but lower activity of pyrimidine synthesis from glucose compared to the wild type. A second transcriptome dataset from S. aureus NCTC 8325 (sigB\(^−\)) validated the predictions. For this metabolic adaptation, PknB was found to interact with CdaA and the yvcK/glmR regulon. The involved GlmR structure and the GlmS riboswitch were modelled. Furthermore, PknB phosphorylation lowered the expression of many virulence factors, and the study shed light on S. aureus infection processes. KW - metabolism KW - flux balance analysis KW - phosphorylation KW - regulation KW - riboswitch KW - PknB KW - Stp KW - yvcK/glmR operon Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-248459 SN - 2076-2607 VL - 9 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaltdorf, Martin A1 - Srivastava, Mugdha A1 - Gupta, Shishir K. A1 - Liang, Chunguang A1 - Binder, Jasmin A1 - Dietl, Anna-Maria A1 - Meir, Zohar A1 - Haas, Hubertus A1 - Osherov, Nir A1 - Krappmann, Sven A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - Systematic Identification of Anti-Fungal Drug Targets by a Metabolic Network Approach JF - Frontiers in Molecular Bioscience N2 - New antimycotic drugs are challenging to find, as potential target proteins may have close human orthologs. We here focus on identifying metabolic targets that are critical for fungal growth and have minimal similarity to targets among human proteins. We compare and combine here: (I) direct metabolic network modeling using elementary mode analysis and flux estimates approximations using expression data, (II) targeting metabolic genes by transcriptome analysis of condition-specific highly expressed enzymes, and (III) analysis of enzyme structure, enzyme interconnectedness (“hubs”), and identification of pathogen-specific enzymes using orthology relations. We have identified 64 targets including metabolic enzymes involved in vitamin synthesis, lipid, and amino acid biosynthesis including 18 targets validated from the literature, two validated and five currently examined in own genetic experiments, and 38 further promising novel target proteins which are non-orthologous to human proteins, involved in metabolism and are highly ranked drug targets from these pipelines. KW - metabolism KW - targets KW - antimycotics KW - modeling KW - structure KW - interaction KW - fungicide Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-147396 VL - 3 ER - TY - THES A1 - Dejure, Francesca Romana T1 - Investigation of the role of MYC as a stress responsive protein T1 - Untersuchung der Rolle von MYC als stress-reguliertes Protein N2 - The transcription factor MYC is deregulated in over 70% of all human tumors and, in its oncogenic form, plays a major role in the cancer metabolic reprogramming, promoting the uptake of nutrients in order to sustain the biosynthetic needs of cancer cells. The research presented in this work aimed to understand if MYC itself is regulated by nutrient availability, focusing on the two major fuels of cancer cells: glucose and glutamine. Initial observations showed that endogenous MYC protein levels strongly depend on the availability of glutamine, but not of glucose. Subsequent analysis highlighted that the mechanism which accounts for the glutamine-mediated regulation of MYC is dependent on the 3´-untranslated region (3´-UTR) of MYC. Enhanced glutamine utilization by tumors has been shown to be directly linked to MYC oncogenic activity and MYC-dependent apoptosis has been observed under glutamine starvation. Such effect has been described in experimental systems which are mainly based on the use of MYC transgenes that do not contain the 3´-UTR. It was observed in the present study that cells are able to survive under glutamine starvation, which leads to cell cycle arrest and not apoptosis, as previously reported. However, enforced expression of a MYC transgene, which lacks the 3´-UTR, strongly increases the percentage of apoptotic cells upon starvation. Evaluation of glutamine-derived metabolites allowed to identify adenosine nucleotides as the specific stimulus responsible for the glutamine-mediated regulation of MYC, in a 3´-UTR-dependent way. Finally, glutamine-dependent MYC-mediated effects on RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) function were evaluated, since MYC is involved in different steps of global transcriptional regulation. A global loss of RNAPII recruitment at the transcriptional start site results upon glutamine withdrawal. Such effect is overcome by enforced MYC expression under the same condition. This study shows that the 3´UTR of MYC acts as metabolic sensor and that MYC globally regulates the RNAPII function according to the availability of glutamine. The observations presented in this work underline the importance of considering stress-induced mechanisms impinging on the 3´UTR of MYC. N2 - In über 70% aller Krebserkrankungen ist der Transkriptionsfaktor MYC dereguliert. Dabei spielt onkogenes MYC unter anderem eine wichtige Rolle bei der Umprogrammierung metabolischer Prozesse indem es z.B. die Aufnahme von Nährstoffen wie Glutamin oder Glukose fördert, um den veränderten Bedürfnissen an den Stoffwechsel der Krebszellen Rechnung zu tragen. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erzielten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass auch das MYC-Protein selbst durch die Verfügbarkeit von Nährstoffen in der Zelle reguliert werden kann. Erste Beobachtungen zeigten, dass die endogenen MYC Proteinlevel stark von der Verfügbarkeit von Glutamin, jedoch nicht von Glucose, abhängen. Weiterführende Experimente ergaben außerdem, dass der Mechanismus, der der Glutamin vermittelten Regulation von MYC zugrunde liegt, abhängig von der 3´-untranslatierten Region (3´-UTR) der MYC-mRNA ist. Es konnte bereits gezeigt werden, dass in Tumoren die verstärkte Nutzung von Glutamin in direktem Zusammenhang mit der onkogenen Aktivität von MYC steht und Zellen unter Glutaminentzug MYC-abhängig Apoptose einleiten. Diese Effekte wurden in experimentellen Systemen beschrieben, die auf einer Überexpression eines MYCTransgenes basierten, welches keine 3´-UTR enthält. In dieser Arbeit konnte jedoch beobachtet werden, dass Zellen, die ohne Glutamin kultiviert wurden, in der Lage waren zu überleben, da entgegen den Resultaten vorausgegangener Studien, ein Arrest des Zellzyklus und nicht Apoptose eingeleitet wurde. Die verstärkte Expression eines MYCTransgenes ohne 3´-UTR, erhöhte jedoch auch unter diesen Bedingungen die Anzahl apoptotischer Zellen. Weiterhin war es möglich Adenosin, für dessen Biosynthese Glutamin notwendig ist, als Stimulus zu identifizieren, der für die 3´-UTR abhängige Regulation von MYC verantwortlich ist. Da MYC in verschiedene Schritte der globalen Regulation der Transkription eingebunden ist, wurden abschließend die durch MYC vermittelten Glutaminabhängigen Effekte auf die RNA-Polymerase II (RNAPII) untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass es nach Glutaminentzug zu einem globalen Verlust der Rekrutierung von RNAPII zu den Transkriptionsstartstellen kommt, was durch eine verstärkte MYC-Expression wieder aufgehoben werden kann. Zusammenfassend konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass die 3´-UTR von MYC als metabolischer Sensor fungiert und dass MYC in Abhängigkeit der Verfügbarkeit von Glutamin global die RNAPII Funktion reguliert. Diese Studie hebt weiterhin die Bedeutung der 3´-UTR von MYC für die Vermittlung stressinduzierter Feedback-Mechanismen hervor. KW - cancer KW - metabolism KW - MYC KW - Myc KW - Stress KW - Metabolismus KW - Genregulation KW - Glutamin Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158587 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Fieselmann, Astrid A1 - Popp, Jasmin A1 - Hensel, Michael T1 - Salmonella enterica: a surprisingly well-adapted intracellular lifestyle JF - Frontiers in Microbiology N2 - The infectious intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella enterica relies on the adaptation to nutritional conditions within the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) in host cells. We summarize latest results on metabolic requirements for Salmonella during infection. This includes intracellular phenotypes of mutant strains based on metabolic modeling and experimental tests, isotopolog profiling using (13)C-compounds in intracellular Salmonella, and complementation of metabolic defects for attenuated mutant strains towards a comprehensive understanding of the metabolic requirements of the intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella. Helpful for this are also genomic comparisons. We outline further recent studies and which analyses of intracellular phenotypes and improved metabolic simulations were done and comment on technical required steps as well as progress involved in the iterative refinement of metabolic flux models, analyses of mutant phenotypes, and isotopolog analyses. Salmonella lifestyle is well-adapted to the SCV and its specific metabolic requirements. Salmonella metabolism adapts rapidly to SCV conditions, the metabolic generalist Salmonella is quite successful in host infection. KW - Salmonella enterica KW - metabolism KW - Salmonella-containing vacuole KW - regulation KW - virulence Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123135 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Fieselmann, Astrid A1 - Fischer, Eva A1 - Popp, Jasmin A1 - Hensel, Michael A1 - Noster, Janina T1 - Salmonella—how a metabolic generalist adopts an intracellular lifestyle during infection JF - Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology N2 - The human-pathogenic bacterium Salmonella enterica adjusts and adapts to different environments while attempting colonization. In the course of infection nutrient availabilities change drastically. New techniques, “-omics” data and subsequent integration by systems biology improve our understanding of these changes. We review changes in metabolism focusing on amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, the adaptation process is associated with the activation of genes of the Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs). Anti-infective strategies have to take these insights into account and include metabolic and other strategies. Salmonella infections will remain a challenge for infection biology. KW - regulation KW - virulence KW - "-omics" KW - metabolism KW - Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-120686 SN - 2235-2988 VL - 4 IS - 191 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Fieselmann, Astrid A1 - Fischer, Eva A1 - Popp, Jasmin A1 - Hensel, Michael A1 - Noster, Janina T1 - Salmonella - how a metabolic generalist adopts an intracellular lifestyle during infection JF - Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology N2 - The human-pathogenic bacterium Salmonella enterica adjusts and adapts to different environments while attempting colonization. In the course of infection nutrient availabilities change drastically. New techniques, "-omics" data and subsequent integration by systems biology improve our understanding of these changes. We review changes in metabolism focusing on amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, the adaptation process is associated with the activation of genes of the Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs). Anti-infective strategies have to take these insights into account and include metabolic and other strategies. Salmonella infections will remain a challenge for infection biology. KW - enterica serovar Typhimurium KW - bacterial invasion KW - mouse model KW - defenses KW - regulation KW - "-omics" KW - virulence KW - Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) KW - metabolism KW - nitric oxide Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149029 VL - 4 IS - 191 ER -