TY - JOUR A1 - Rauschenberger, Lisa A1 - Behnke, Jennifer A1 - Grotemeyer, Alexander A1 - Knorr, Susanne A1 - Volkmann, Jens A1 - Ip, Chi Wang T1 - Age-dependent neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in a genetic A30P/A53T double-mutated α-synuclein mouse model of Parkinson’s disease JF - Neurobiology of Disease N2 - The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is closely interwoven with the process of aging. Moreover, increasing evidence from human postmortem studies and from animal models for PD point towards inflammation as an additional factor in disease development. We here assessed the impact of aging and inflammation on dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the hm\(^{2}\)α-SYN-39 mouse model of PD that carries the human, A30P/A53T double-mutated α-synuclein gene. At 2–3 months of age, no significant differences were observed comparing dopaminergic neuron numbers of the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta of hm\(^{2}\)α-SYN-39 mice with wildtype controls. At an age of 16–17 months, however, hm\(^{2}\)α-SYN-39 mice revealed a significant loss of dopaminergic SN neurons, of dopaminergic terminals in the striatum as well as a reduction of striatal dopamine levels compared to young, 2–3 months transgenic mice and compared to 16–17 months old wildtype littermates. A significant age-related correlation of infiltrating CD4+ and CD8\(^{+}\) T cell numbers with dopaminergic terminal loss of the striatum was found in hm\(^{2}\)α-SYN-39 mice, but not in wildtype controls. In the striatum of 16–17 months old wildtype mice a slightly elevated CD8\(^{+}\) T cell count and CD11b\(^{+}\) microglia cell count was observed compared to younger aged mice. Additional analyses of neuroinflammation in the nigrostriatal tract of wildtype mice did not yield any significant age-dependent changes of CD4\(^{+}\), CD8\(^{+}\) T cell and B220\(^{+}\) B cell numbers, respectively. In contrast, a significant age-dependent increase of CD8\(^{+}\) T cells, GFAP\(^{+}\) astrocytes as well as a pronounced increase of CD11b+ microglia numbers were observed in the SN of hm\(^{2}\)α-SYN-39 mice pointing towards a neuroinflammatory processes in this genetic mouse model for PD. The findings in the hm\(^{2}\)α-SYN-39 mouse model strengthen the evidence that T cell and glial cell responses are involved in the age-related neurodegeneration in PD. The slow and age-dependent progression of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in the hm\(^{2}\)α-SYN-39 PD rodent model underlines its translational value and makes it suitable for studying anti-inflammatory therapies. KW - Parkinson's disease KW - neuroinflammation KW - neurodegeneration Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300629 VL - 171 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kline, Rachel A. A1 - Lößlein, Lena A1 - Kurian, Dominic A1 - Aguilar Martí, Judit A1 - Eaton, Samantha L. A1 - Court, Felipe A. A1 - Gillingwater, Thomas H. A1 - Wishart, Thomas M. T1 - An optimized comparative proteomic approach as a tool in neurodegenerative disease research JF - Cells N2 - Recent advances in proteomic technologies now allow unparalleled assessment of the molecular composition of a wide range of sample types. However, the application of such technologies and techniques should not be undertaken lightly. Here, we describe why the design of a proteomics experiment itself is only the first step in yielding high-quality, translatable results. Indeed, the effectiveness and/or impact of the majority of contemporary proteomics screens are hindered not by commonly considered technical limitations such as low proteome coverage but rather by insufficient analyses. Proteomic experimentation requires a careful methodological selection to account for variables from sample collection, through to database searches for peptide identification to standardised post-mass spectrometry options directed analysis workflow, which should be adjusted for each study, from determining when and how to filter proteomic data to choosing holistic versus trend-wise analyses for biologically relevant patterns. Finally, we highlight and discuss the difficulties inherent in the modelling and study of the majority of progressive neurodegenerative conditions. We provide evidence (in the context of neurodegenerative research) for the benefit of undertaking a comparative approach through the application of the above considerations in the alignment of publicly available pre-existing data sets to identify potential novel regulators of neuronal stability. KW - proteomics KW - systems biology KW - experimental design KW - neurodegeneration KW - pathway analysis KW - data filtering Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-285912 SN - 2073-4409 VL - 11 IS - 17 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Georg C. A1 - Almos, Peter A1 - McNeill, Rhiannon V. A1 - Jansch, Charline A1 - Lesch, Klaus‐Peter T1 - Cellular effects and clinical implications of SLC2A3 copy number variation JF - Journal of Cellular Physiology N2 - SLC2A3 encodes the predominantly neuronal glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3), which facilitates diffusion of glucose across plasma membranes. The human brain depends on a steady glucose supply for ATP generation, which consequently fuels critical biochemical processes, such as axonal transport and neurotransmitter release. Besides its role in the central nervous system, GLUT3 is also expressed in nonneural organs, such as the heart and white blood cells, where it is equally involved in energy metabolism. In cancer cells, GLUT3 overexpression contributes to the Warburg effect by answering the cell's increased glycolytic demands. The SLC2A3 gene locus at chromosome 12p13.31 is unstable and prone to non‐allelic homologous recombination events, generating multiple copy number variants (CNVs) of SLC2A3 which account for alterations in SLC2A3 expression. Recent associations of SLC2A3 CNVs with different clinical phenotypes warrant investigation of the potential influence of these structural variants on pathomechanisms of neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular, and immune diseases. In this review, we accumulate and discuss the evidence how SLC2A3 gene dosage may exert diverse protective or detrimental effects depending on the pathological condition. Cellular states which lead to increased energetic demand, such as organ development, proliferation, and cellular degeneration, appear particularly susceptible to alterations in SLC2A3 copy number. We conclude that better understanding of the impact of SLC2A3 variation on disease etiology may potentially provide novel therapeutic approaches specifically targeting this GLUT. KW - copy number variation KW - energy metabolism KW - glucose transporter KW - GLUT3 KW - neurodegeneration KW - neurodevelopment KW - SLC2A3 Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-218009 VL - 235 IS - 12 SP - 9021 EP - 9036 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schampel, Andrea A1 - Kuerten, Stefanie T1 - Danger: high voltage - the role of voltage-gated calcium channels in central nervous system pathology JF - Cells N2 - Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) are widely distributed within the central nervous system (CNS) and presumed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of a broad spectrum of CNS disorders including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease as well as multiple sclerosis. Several calcium channel blockers have been in clinical practice for many years so that their toxicity and side effects are well studied. However, these drugs are primarily used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and most if not all effects on brain functions are secondary to peripheral effects on blood pressure and circulation. While the use of calcium channel antagonists for the treatment of CNS diseases therefore still heavily depends on the development of novel strategies to specifically target different channels and channel subunits, this review is meant to provide an impulse to further emphasize the importance of future research towards this goal. KW - cells KW - calcium KW - calcium channel antagonists KW - CNS KW - EAE KW - neurodegeneration KW - MS KW - regeneration KW - remyelination Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-172653 VL - 6 IS - 4 ER - TY - THES A1 - Meisner, Falko T1 - Die Rolle von Dopamin in der Pathogenese der HIV-assoziierten Demenz T1 - The role of dopamine in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated dementia N2 - Die HIV-Infektion des Gehirns induzierte eine Vielzahl neurologischer und neuropsychiatrischer Veränderungen, die gemeinsam als HIV-assoziierte Demenz bezeichnet werden. Insbesondere eine Beteiligung der glutamate-vermittelten Toxizität wird im Rahmen der HIV-Demenz diskutiert. Die vorliegende Arbeit verwendete das wichtigste Tiermodell der HIV-Infektion, mit simianen Immundefizienzviren (SIV) infizierte Rhesusaffen, um die komplexen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Immunaktivierung und adaptiven Veränderungen der glutamatergen Synapse und ihrer Umgebung zu untersuchen. Mittels einer Microarrayanalyse wurden allgemein Unterscheide im Genexpressionsprofil der Basalganglien von Rhesusaffen während dem Fortschreiten der Infektion erfasst. Die Ergebnisse zeigten Unterschiede in der transkriptionalen Regulation zwischen Chinesischen und Indischen Makakkensubspezies, sowie ein einzigartig differenziertes Genexpressionsmuster als Antwort auf die SIV-Infektion selbst. Um adaptive Veränderungen in den funktionalen Elementen der glutamatergen Synapse weiter zu charakterisieren, wurde die Expression der N-methyl-D-aspartat-Rezeptoruntereinheiten gemessen, wobei ein progressiver Verlust der Untereinheitenexpression im Putamen sowie ein differenziellen Expressionsmuster in Abhängigkeit sowohl von der Makakkensubspezies sowie von der Hirnregion im Nucleus accumbens SIV-infizierter Rhesusaffen festgestellt wurde. Außerdem konnte die vorliegende Arbeite zum ersten Mal eine Störung der exzitatorischen Aminosäuretransporter, dem wichtigsten Glutamatwiederaufnahmesystem, im Putamen, aber nicht im Nucleus accumbens, während der SIV-Infektion nachweisen. Zuvor durchgeführte Arbeiten wiesen darauf hin, dass neurochemischen Dysfunktionen unter Umständen das Ergebnis einer indirekten Toxizität vermittelt durch aktivierte Mikroglia und der daraus resultierenden Ausschüttung schädlicher Faktoren sein könnten. Entsprechend zeigten unsere Daten einen Anstieg in der MHC-II- und TNF-alpha-Expression bereits während der asymptomatischen Phase, und eine noch deutlichere Heraufregulierung in AIDS-Tieren. Zusammenfassend weist die vorliegen Arbeit auf komplexe und kombinierte Mechanismen von einem Anstieg in der Glutamatkonzentration mit einer Dysregulation der NMDA-Rezeptorfunktion sowie der Glutamatwiederaufnahmesysteme verursacht durch eine Immunaktivierung hin. Außerdem konnte in Versuchen zur pharmakologischen Beeinflussung der glutamatergen Synapse mittels dopaminerger Substanzen, NMDAR-Antagonisten und Antioxidantien eine Verbesse-rung der neurochemischen Funktion durch den nichtkompetitiven Antagonisten Memantin und die Antioxidantien Melatonin sowie N-Acetylcystein gezeigt werden. Hingegen trugen die Ergebnisse mit dem MAO-B-Inhibitor Selegilin weiter zu Bedenken zur Sicherheit und Effizienz dopaminerger Substanzen in der Behandlung von HIV-Patienten bei. Außerdem zeigte die vorliegende Arbeit, dass Memantin spezifisch die mRNA- und Proteinexpression des Neurotrophins BNDF heraufregulierte und weist somit auf eine neuartige pharmakologische Wirkung Antidementivums hin. In einer ergänzenden Studie wurden Schritte zur Entwicklung und Verbesserung adeno-assoziierten viraler und foamyviraler Vektoren, die shRNAs für die effiziente Ausschaltung der Expression des murinen und humanen Dopamintransporters, durchgeführt. Es wurden verschieden virale Vektorplasmide kloniert, Effektormoleküle mit einer hohen Knockdown-Aktivität identifiziert, und infektiöse rekombinante Viren hergestellt. Zudem konnte die Expression des humanen Dopamintransporters auf Lymphozyten bestätigt werden. Diese Ergebnisse werden die Entwicklung transgener Tiere und Zelllinien erleichtern und tragen so zur Analyse der natürlichen dopaminergen Neurotransmission in der psychiatrischen Forschung bei, wobei die durch endogene Anpassungen der dopaminerge Systeme in klassischen Knockout-Systemen hervorgerufenen Schwierigkeiten umgangen werden können. N2 - HIV infection of the brain induces a wide range of neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms colletively defined as HIV-associated dementia. In particular, glutamate-mediated toxicity is discussed to be involved in neurodysfunction during HIV dementia. The present thesis used the most relevant animal model for HIV infection, the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques, to explore the complex interaction between immuneactivation and adaptive alterations of the glutamatergic synapse and its environment. A microarray analyses was performed to asses general differences in gene expression pofiling in the basal ganglia of rhesus macaques during diseases progression. The results showed considerable differences in transcriptional regulation between Chinese and Indian macaque subspecies, as well as a uniques differential gene expression pattern in response to SIV infection itself. To further characterize adaptative changes in functional elements of the glutamatergic synapse we measured expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits and found a progressive loss of subunit expression in putamen as well as a differential expression pattern with respect to macaque subspecies and brain region in nucleus accumbens of SIV-infected monkey. In addition, the current thesis demonstrated for the first time a disruption of excitatory amino acid transporters, the most important glutamate clearing system, in putamen but not in nucleus accumbens during SIV-infection. Previous studies suggested that neurochemical dysfunction may be the result of indirect toxicity mediated by activated microglia and subsequent release of ditrimental factors. Accordingly, our data demonstrated an increase in MHC-II and TNF-alpha expression during the asymptomatic stage of infection which was further upregulated in AIDS animals. Taken together the present thesis points out to complex and combined mechanisms of an increase glutamate concentration with dysregulation of NMDA receptor function and glutamate clearing system caused by immuneactivation. In addition, experiments concerning pharmacological manipulation of the glutamatergic synapse by dopaminergic drugs, N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists or antioxidant treatment revelead an improvement of neurochemical function by the uncompetitive NMDA antagonist memantine and by the antioxidants melatonin and N-acetylcysteine. In contrast, administration of the MAO-B inhibitor selegiline contributed to concerns about the saftey and efficiency of dopaminergic substances in treatment of HIV-patients. In addition, the current thesis demonstrated that memantine specifically upregulates mRNA and protein expression of the neurotrophic factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and therefore, refers to a novel pharmacological action of the antidementivum. In a complementary study we presented steps in the devolpment and improvement of adeno-associated viral and foamyviral vectors expressing short hairpin RNAs for an efficient knockdown of the murine and human dopamine transporter. We cloned different viral vector plasmids, identified effector molecues with high knockdown activity, and prepared infective recombinant viruses. In addition, we confirmed the expression of human dopamine transporter by lymphocytes. The results will facilitate the generation of transgenic animals and cell lines, and therefor contribute to the analysis of natural dopaminergic neurotransmission in psychiatric research overcoming the pitfalls of endogeneous adaptatations observerd in classical knockout technology. KW - HIV KW - HIV-Infektion KW - Demenz KW - NMDA-Rezeptor KW - Dopamin KW - Affenimmundefizienzvirus KW - Neurotoxizität KW - Neurodegeneration KW - Memantin KW - HIV-Demenz KW - neurodegeneration KW - mematine KW - HIV dementia Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-46291 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Groh, Janos A1 - Berve, Kristina A1 - Martini, Rudolf T1 - Immune modulation attenuates infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in mice before and after disease onset JF - Brain Communications N2 - Targeting neuroinflammation in models for infantile and juvenile forms of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL, CLN disease) with the clinically established immunomodulators fingolimod and teriflunomide significantly attenuates the neurodegenerative phenotype when applied preventively, i.e. before the development of substantial neural damage and clinical symptoms. Here, we show that in a mouse model for the early onset and rapidly progressing CLN1 form, more complex clinical phenotypes like disturbed motor coordination and impaired visual acuity are also ameliorated by immunomodulation. Moreover, we show that the disease outcome can be attenuated even when fingolimod and teriflunomide treatment starts after disease onset, i.e. when neurodegeneration is ongoing and clinical symptoms are detectable. In detail, treatment with either drug led to a reduction in T-cell numbers and microgliosis in the CNS, although not to the same extent as upon preventive treatment. Pharmacological immunomodulation was accompanied by a reduction of axonal damage, neuron loss and astrogliosis in the retinotectal system and by reduced brain atrophy. Accordingly, the frequency of myoclonic jerks and disturbed motor coordination were attenuated. Overall, disease alleviation was remarkably substantial upon therapeutic treatment with both drugs, although less robust than upon preventive treatment. To test the relevance of putative immune-independent mechanisms of action in this model, we treated CLN1 mice lacking mature T- and B-lymphocytes. Immunodeficient CLN1 mice showed, as previously reported, an improved neurological phenotype in comparison with genuine CLN1 mice which could not be further alleviated by either of the drugs, reflecting a predominantly immune-related therapeutic mechanism of action. The present study supports and strengthens our previous view that repurposing clinically approved immunomodulators may alleviate the course of CLN1 disease in human patients, even though diagnosis usually occurs when symptoms have already emerged. KW - attenuation of disease KW - T-lymphocytes KW - immunomodulation KW - infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis KW - neurodegeneration KW - neuroinflammation KW - preventive treatment Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260167 VL - 3 IS - 2 ER - TY - THES A1 - Cruz, Alexandre Bettencourt da T1 - Molecular and functional characterization of the swiss-cheese and olk mutants in Drosophila melanogaster : two approaches to killing neurons T1 - Molekulare und funktionelle Untersuchung der swiss-cheese und olk Mutanten in Drosophila melanogaster N2 - In this thesis two genes involved in causing neurodegenerative phenotypes in Drosophila are described. olk (omb-like), a futsch allele, is a micotubule associated protein (MAP) which is homologous to MAP1B and sws (swiss cheese) a serine esterase of yet unknown function within the nervous system. The lack of either one of these genes causes progressive neurodegeneration in two different ways. The sws mutant is characterized by general degeneration of the adult nervous system, glial hyperwrapping and neuronal apoptosis. Deletion of NTE (neuropathy target esterase), the SWS homolog in vertebrates, has been shown to cause a similar pattern of progressive neural degeneration in mice. NTE reacts with organophosphates causing axonal degeneration in humans. Inhibition of vertebrate NTE is insufficient to induce paralyzing axonal degeneration, a reaction called "aging reaction" is necessary for the disease to set in. It is hypothesized that a second "non-esterase" function of NTE is responsible for this phenomenon. The biological function of SWS within the nervous system is still unknown. To characterize the function of this protein several transgenic fly lines expressing different mutated forms of SWS were established. The controlled expression of altered SWS protein with the GAL4/UAS system allowed the analysis of isolated parts of the protein that were altered in the respective constructs. The characterization of a possible non-esterase function was of particular interest in these experiments. One previously described aberrant SWS construct lacking the first 80 amino acids (SWSΔ1-80) showed a deleterious, dominant effect when overexpressed and was used as a model for organophosphate (OP) intoxication. This construct retains part of its detrimental effect even without catalytically active serine esterase function. This strongly suggests that there is another characteristic to SWS that is not defined solely by its serine esterase activity. Experiments analyzing the lipid contents of sws mutant, wildtype (wt) and SWS overexpressing flies gave valuable insights into a possible biological function of SWS. Phosphatidylcholine, a major component of cell membranes, accumulates in sws mutants whereas it is depleted in SWS overexpressing flies. This suggests that SWS is involved in phosphatidylcholine regulation. The produced α-SWS antibody made it possible to study the intracellular localization of SWS. Images of double stainings with ER (endoplasmic reticulum) markers show that SWS is in great part localized to the ER. This is consistent with findings of SWS/ NTE localization in yeast and mouse cells. The olk mutant also shows progressive neurodegeneration but it is more localized to the olfactory system and mushroom bodies. Regarding specific cell types it seemed that specifically the projection neurons (PNs) are affected. A behavioral phenotype consisting of poor olfactory memory compared to wt is also observed even before histologically visible neurodegeneration sets in. Considering that the projection neurons connect the antennal lobes to the mushroom bodies, widely regarded as the "learning center", this impairment was expected. Three mutants where identified (olk1-3) by complementation analysis with the previously known futschN94 allele and sequencing of the coding sequence of olk1 revealed a nonsense mutation early in the protein. Consistent with the predicted function of Futsch as a microtubule associated protein (MAP), abnormalities are most likely due to a defective microtubule network and defects in axonal transport. In histological sections a modified cytoskeletal network is observed and western blots confirm a difference in the amount of tubulin present in the olk1 mutant versus the wt. The elaboration of neuronal axons and dendrites is dependent on a functional cytoskeleton. Observation of transport processes in primary neural cultures derived from olk1 mutant flies also showed a reduction of mitochondrial transport. Interaction with the fragile X mental retardation gene (dfmr1) was observed with the olk mutant. A dfmr1/ olk1 double mutant shows an ameliorated phenotype compared to the olk1 single mutant. tau, another MAP gene, was also shown to be able to partially rescue the olk1 mutant. N2 - In dieser Arbeit werden zwei neurodegenerative Mutanten in Drosophila beschrieben. Zum einen drei Allele des futsch Gens namens olk (omb-like). futsch wurde bereits als Mikrotubuli assoziertes Protein (MAP) beschrieben und ist als MAP1B Ortholog identifiziert worden. Zum anderen sws (swiss cheese), eine Serinesterase, deren Funktion im Nervensystem noch unbekannt ist. In sws mutanten Fliegen ist Vakuolisierung im gesamten Gehirn sichtbar, es handelt sich um einen generellen, progressiven, neurodegenerativen Phänotyp. Neuronale Apoptose wie auch multiple Membranhüllen um Gliazellen sind für die sws Mutanten charakteristisch. Die biologische Funktion von SWS innerhalb des Nervensystems ist bisher noch nicht geklärt. Vertebraten, die für das sws Ortholog NTE (neuropathy target esterase) mutant sind, zeigen einen ähnlichen Phänotyp wie sws mutante Fliegen. Auch Vergiftung von NTE mit Organophosphaten kann zu axonaler Degeneration führen. Dabei ist jedoch die Inhibition von NTE nicht ausreichend um die Axondegeneration hervorzurufen. Eine weitere Reaktion, die sogenannte "Aging reaction" is notwendig um die paralysierende Wirkung auszulösen. Eine These besagt, dass NTE eine zweite, von der Esterasefunktion unabhängige Funktion ("Nicht-Esterase" Funktion) besitzt, die diese Wirkung auslöst. Zur Aufklärung der physiologischen Funktion von SWS wurden verschiedene transgene Fliegenlinien etabliert. Diese produzieren verschiedene, mutierte Formen des SWS Proteins, dessen Expression mit Hilfe des GAL4/ UAS Systems genau gesteuert werden kann. Diese Methode erlaubt eine eingehende Untersuchung einzelner Proteindomänen, die in den jeweiligen Konstrukten verändert waren. Insbesondere die Charakterisierung der möglichen "Nicht-Esterase" Funktion war von Interesse. Eine bereits beschriebene mutante Form des SWS Proteins, dem die ersten 80 Aminosäuren fehlen (SWSΔ1-80), zeigte einen dominanten degenerativen Effekt. Die Überexpression von SWSΔ1-80 führt, wie auch die Vergiftung mit bestimmten Organophosphaten, zur Degeneration der betroffenen Zellen und wurde deshalb als Modell für Organophosphatvergiftung herangezogen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass dieses Konstrukt auch dann einen schädlichen Effekt zeigt, wenn die katalytische Serinesterasefähigkeit durch Mutation entfernt wurde. Dies deutet die Möglichkeit an, dass SWS eine, von der Esteraseaktivität unhabhängige, Funktion ausüben kann. Ein Vergleich des Lipidgehalts von sws Mutanten mit wt und SWS überexprimierenden Fliegen gab wertvolle Hinweise auf eine mögliche biologische Funktion von SWS. Der Gehalt an Phosphatidylcholin, ein Hauptbestandteil von Zellmembranen, scheint in sws Mutanten erhöht zu sein, während es in SWS überexprimierenden Fliegen in geringeren Mengen zu finden ist. Dies weist darauf hin, dass SWS an der Phosphatidylcholinregulation beteiligt sein könnte. Der in dieser Arbeit hergestellte α-SWS Antikörper ermöglichte eine genauere intrazelluläre Lokalisation des SWS Proteins. Doppelfärbungen mit einem ER (Endoplasmatisches Retikulum) Marker zeigen, dass ein grosser Anteil von SWS im ER zu finden ist. Dies stimmt mit den kürzlich veröffentlichten Ergebnisse zur Lokalisation von SWS/ NTE in Hefe- und Mauszellen überein. Die olk Mutante zeigt ebenfalls progressive Neurodegeneration, die Effekte sind jedoch lokaler, insbesondere das olfaktorische System und die Pilzkörper sind betroffen. Die Projektionsneurone (PN) degenerieren in dieser Mutante innerhalb von etwa 20 Tagen. Noch vor der histologisch sichtbaren Degeneration ist bereits ein Verhaltensphänotyp erkennbar, der sich in schlechter, olfaktorischen Lernleistung äussert. Projektionsneurone verbinden die Antennalloben und die Pilzkörper, die als "Lernzentren" gelten, daher entspricht ein Lerndefekt den Erwartungen. Die drei olk Mutanten (olk1-3) wurden durch Komplementationstests mit dem publizierten futschN94 Allel als weitere futsch Allele identifiziert. In olk1 zeigte die Sequenzierung der kodierenden Sequenz eine Mutation, die frühzeitig zu einem Stopcodon im Protein führt. Die Degenerationserscheinungen in der Mutanten sind vermutlich auf Defekte im Mikrotubulinetzwek und axonalen Transport zurück zu führen. In histologischen Gehirnschnitten sind Veränderungen im Zytoskelett zu beobachten und Western Blots deuten auf einen erhöhten Tubulingehalt in der olk1 Mutante hin. Für die Entwicklung von Axonen und Dendriten ist ein intaktes Zytoskelett unentbehrlich. Transportprozesse sind in olk1 Mutanten ebenso betroffen, insbesondere ist der mitochondriale Transport reduziert. Das fragile X mental retardation Gen (dfmr1) interagiert mit der olk Mutante, so dass eine dfmr1/ olk1 Doppelmutante einen weniger starken Phänotyp zeigt als die olk1 Mutante. tau, ein weiteres MAP Gen, besitzt ebenso die Fähigkeit den olk1 Phänotyp partiell zu suprimieren. KW - Taufliege KW - Nervendegeneration KW - Molekulargenetik KW - Drosophila KW - Neurodegeneration KW - futsch KW - MAP KW - swiss-cheese KW - Drosophila KW - neurodegeneration KW - futsch KW - MAP KW - swiss-cheese Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-17734 ER - TY - THES A1 - Stahl, Sonja T1 - Molekulare Mechanismen der Neurodegeneration in der Grosshirnrinde von Kathepsin B und L-Doppelknockoutmäusen T1 - Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in cathepsin B- and L- deficient brains N2 - Kathepsin B und L sind lysosomale Cysteinproteasen, die mit einer Reihe von pathologischen Prozessen, wie z. B. Cancerogenese, Tumorangiogenese und Neurodegeneration in Verbindung gebracht werden. Dennoch sind bis jetzt nur wenige Proteinsubstrate beschrieben. Ausserdem sind die Mechanismen der Regulation von Zellproliferation, -invasion und -apoptose durch Kathepsin B und L weitgehend unverstanden. Ein kombinierter Mangel beider Kathepsine führt zu einer frühzeitigen Neurodegeneration in Mäusen, die an neuronale Lipofuszinosen beim Menschen erinnert. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden Unterschiede in der Proteinzusammensetzung von wildtypischen und doppelt-defizienten Gehirnlysosomen quantifiziert. Eine Kombination von subzellulärer Fraktionierung und LC-MS/MS unter Verwendung einer isobarischen Markierung (iTraqTM) erlaubte uns die gleichzeitige Untersuchung von zerebralen Lysosomen aus Wildtyp und Kathepsin B-/-L-/- Mäusen. Ingesamt waren 19 Proteine signifikant erhöht in Kathepsin B-/-L-/- Lysosomen. Die meisten erhöhten Proteine wurden der neuronalen Biosynthese, regenerierenden bzw. endozytotischen oder lysosomalen Kompartimenten zugeordnet. Der Anstieg von Calcyon, dem Delta/Notch- verwandten epidermalen Wachstumsfaktor-Rezeptor (DNER), Neurochondrin, Phospholipase D3, Rab14, Cathepsin D und Apolipoprotein E lässt eine potentielle Rolle von Kathepsin B und L im Axonwachstum und der Synapsenbildung während der postnatalen Entwicklung des Zentralnervensystems vermuten. N2 - Cathepsins B and L are lysosomal cysteine proteases which have been implicated in a variety of pathological processes such as cancer, tumor angiogenesis, and neurodegeneration. However, only a few protein substrates have thus far been described and the mechanisms by which cathepsins B and L regulate cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis are poorly understood. Combined deficiency of both cathepsins results in early-onset neurodegeneration in mice reminiscent of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses in humans. Therefore, we intended to quantify protein changes in brain lysosomes of double deficient mice. A combination of subcellular fractionation and LC-MS/MS using isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQTM) allowed us to simultaneously assess wildtype and cathepsin B-/-L-/- cerebral lysosomes. Altogether, 19 different proteins were significantly increased in cathepsin B-/-L-/- lysosomes. Most elevated proteins had previously been localized to neuronal biosynthetic, recycling/endocytic or lysosomal compartments. The increase of calcyon, the Delta/Notch-like epidermal growth factor-related receptor, neurochondrin, phospholipase D3, Rab14, cathepsin D, and apolipoprotein E suggests a potential role for cathepsins B and L in axon outgrowth and synapse formation during postnatal development of the central nervous system. KW - Kathepsin B KW - Kathepsin L KW - Nervendegeneration KW - Kathepsin KW - Neurodegeneration KW - DNER KW - Rab14 KW - Calcyon KW - Cathepsin KW - neurodegeneration KW - DNER KW - Rab14 KW - Calcyon Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-21606 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Karikari, Akua A. A1 - McFleder, Rhonda L. A1 - Ribechini, Eliana A1 - Blum, Robert A1 - Bruttel, Valentin A1 - Knorr, Susanne A1 - Gehmeyr, Mona A1 - Volkmann, Jens A1 - Brotchie, Jonathan M. A1 - Ahsan, Fadhil A1 - Haack, Beatrice A1 - Monoranu, Camelia-Maria A1 - Keber, Ursula A1 - Yeghiazaryan, Rima A1 - Pagenstecher, Axel A1 - Heckel, Tobias A1 - Bischler, Thorsten A1 - Wischhusen, Jörg A1 - Koprich, James B. A1 - Lutz, Manfred B. A1 - Ip, Chi Wang T1 - Neurodegeneration by α-synuclein-specific T cells in AAV-A53T-α-synuclein Parkinson’s disease mice JF - Brain, Behavior, and Immunity N2 - Background Antigen-specific neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are characteristic for neuroimmunological diseases. In Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis, α-synuclein is a known culprit. Evidence for α-synuclein-specific T cell responses was recently obtained in PD. Still, a causative link between these α-synuclein responses and dopaminergic neurodegeneration had been lacking. We thus addressed the functional relevance of α-synuclein-specific immune responses in PD in a mouse model. Methods We utilized a mouse model of PD in which an Adeno-associated Vector 1/2 serotype (AAV1/2) expressing human mutated A53T-α-Synuclein was stereotactically injected into the substantia nigra (SN) of either wildtype C57BL/6 or Recombination-activating gene 1 (RAG1)\(^{-/-}\) mice. Brain, spleen, and lymph node tissues from different time points following injection were then analyzed via FACS, cytokine bead assay, immunohistochemistry and RNA-sequencing to determine the role of T cells and inflammation in this model. Bone marrow transfer from either CD4\(^{+}\)/CD8\(^{-}\), CD4\(^{-}\)/CD8\(^{+}\), or CD4\(^{+}\)/CD8\(^{+}\) (JHD\(^{-/-}\)) mice into the RAG-1\(^{-/-}\) mice was also employed. In addition to the in vivo studies, a newly developed A53T-α-synuclein-expressing neuronal cell culture/immune cell assay was utilized. Results AAV-based overexpression of pathogenic human A53T-α-synuclein in dopaminergic neurons of the SN stimulated T cell infiltration. RNA-sequencing of immune cells from PD mouse brains confirmed a pro-inflammatory gene profile. T cell responses were directed against A53T-α-synuclein-peptides in the vicinity of position 53 (68–78) and surrounding the pathogenically relevant S129 (120–134). T cells were required for α-synuclein-induced neurodegeneration in vivo and in vitro, while B cell deficiency did not protect from dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Conclusions Using T cell and/or B cell deficient mice and a newly developed A53T-α-synuclein-expressing neuronal cell culture/immune cell assay, we confirmed in vivo and in vitro that pathogenic α-synuclein peptide-specific T cell responses can cause dopaminergic neurodegeneration and thereby contribute to PD-like pathology. KW - Parkinson’s disease KW - α-synuclein-specific T cells KW - neurodegeneration Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300600 VL - 101 SP - 194 EP - 210 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grotemeyer, Alexander A1 - McFleder, Rhonda Leah A1 - Wu, Jingjing A1 - Wischhusen, Jörg A1 - Ip, Chi Wang T1 - Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease – putative pathomechanisms and targets for disease-modification JF - Frontiers in Immunology N2 - Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive and debilitating chronic disease that affects more than six million people worldwide, with rising prevalence. The hallmarks of PD are motor deficits, the spreading of pathological α-synuclein clusters in the central nervous system, and neuroinflammatory processes. PD is treated symptomatically, as no causally-acting drug or procedure has been successfully established for clinical use. Various pathways contributing to dopaminergic neuron loss in PD have been investigated and described to interact with the innate and adaptive immune system. We discuss the possible contribution of interconnected pathways related to the immune response, focusing on the pathophysiology and neurodegeneration of PD. In addition, we provide an overview of clinical trials targeting neuroinflammation in PD. KW - Parkinson’s disease KW - neuroinflammation KW - T cells KW - microglia KW - neurodegeneration KW - animal models KW - inflammatory cascades Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-274665 SN - 1664-3224 VL - 13 ER -