TY - JOUR A1 - Ghirardo, Andrea A1 - Nosenko, Tetyana A1 - Kreuzwieser, Jürgen A1 - Winkler, J. Barbro A1 - Kruse, Jörg A1 - Albert, Andreas A1 - Merl-Pham, Juliane A1 - Lux, Thomas A1 - Ache, Peter A1 - Zimmer, Ina A1 - Alfarraj, Saleh A1 - Mayer, Klaus F. X. A1 - Hedrich, Rainer A1 - Rennenberg, Heinz A1 - Schnitzler, Jörg-Peter T1 - Protein expression plasticity contributes to heat and drought tolerance of date palm JF - Oecologia N2 - Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of warming and drought periods around the globe, currently representing a threat to many plant species. Understanding the resistance and resilience of plants to climate change is, therefore, urgently needed. As date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) evolved adaptation mechanisms to a xeric environment and can tolerate large diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations, we studied the protein expression changes in leaves, volatile organic compound emissions, and photosynthesis in response to variable growth temperatures and soil water deprivation. Plants were grown under controlled environmental conditions of simulated Saudi Arabian summer and winter climates challenged with drought stress. We show that date palm is able to counteract the harsh conditions of the Arabian Peninsula by adjusting the abundances of proteins related to the photosynthetic machinery, abiotic stress and secondary metabolism. Under summer climate and water deprivation, these adjustments included efficient protein expression response mediated by heat shock proteins and the antioxidant system to counteract reactive oxygen species formation. Proteins related to secondary metabolism were downregulated, except for the P. dactylifera isoprene synthase (PdIspS), which was strongly upregulated in response to summer climate and drought. This study reports, for the first time, the identification and functional characterization of the gene encoding for PdIspS, allowing future analysis of isoprene functions in date palm under extreme environments. Overall, the current study shows that reprogramming of the leaf protein profiles confers the date palm heat- and drought tolerance. We conclude that the protein plasticity of date palm is an important mechanism of molecular adaptation to environmental fluctuations. KW - abiotic stress KW - isoprene KW - proteomics KW - photosynthesis KW - Phoenix dactylifera Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-308075 SN - 0029-8549 SN - 1432-1939 VL - 197 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Büdel, Burkhard A1 - Vivas, Mercedes A1 - Lange, Otto L. T1 - Lichen species dominance and the resulting photosynthetic behavior of sonoran desert soil crust types (Baja California, Mexico) JF - Ecological Processes N2 - Introduction: Lichen dominated biological soil crusts (BSCs) occur over large areas in the Sonoran Desert of the southwestern USA and northwest Mexico. In Baja California BSCs show a distinct patchiness and several types can be distinguished. Two chlorolichen- and two cyanolichen-dominated BSCs were selected. We hypothesize that patchiness and the resulting domination of certain functional lichen groups will result in patchiness of photosynthetic CO2-uptake related to environmental factors as well. Methods: Four different soil crust samples were placed in cuvettes and their CO2 exchange was recorded in an open system with an infrared gas analyzer. Air blown over the BSCs had a controlled CO2 content of 350 ppm. Four cuvettes were operated in parallel. Photosynthetic CO2 exchange was continually recorded throughout the experiment. Results: Besides the dominating chlorolichens Psora decipiens and Placidium squamulosum and the cyanolichens Peltula patellata and P. richardsii, several other lichen species and 12 cyanobacterial species were found in the biological soil crusts sampled. The chlorolichen BSCs already gained positive net photosynthesis with high air humidity alone, while the cyanolichen types did not, but showed smaller CO2-uptake depression after water suprasaturation. Such specific net photosynthesis responses to mode of hydration and to crust water content seem to correlate with precipitation characteristics of their habitat. Conclusions: Species specific photosynthetic performance related to activation of respiration and net photosynthesis as well as to crust water content help to explain niche occupation and species composition of BSCs. Different functional types have to be considered when they have a patchy distribution. KW - patchiness KW - cyanobacterium KW - desert soil KW - dominance KW - lichen KW - photosynthesis KW - reactivation KW - soil crust KW - Baja California [(PNN) Mexico] KW - Mexico [North America] KW - Sonoran Desert KW - cyanobacteria KW - peltula patellata KW - placidium KW - psora decipiens Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-131878 VL - 2 IS - 6 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schmidt, Gerold T1 - Plant size and intraspecific variability in vascular epiphytes T1 - Pflanzengröße und intraspezifische Variabilität bei vaskulären Epiphyten N2 - A central objective of many ecophysiological investigations is the establishment of mechanistic explanations for plant distributions in time and space. The important, albeit mostly ignored, question arises as to the nature of the organisms that should be used as representative in pertinent experiments. I suggest that it is essential to use a “demographic approach” in physiological ecology, because physiological parameters such as photosynthetic capacity (PC, determined under non-limiting conditions with the oxygen electrode) may change considerably with plant size. Moreover, as shown for nine epiphyte species covering the most important taxonomic groups, the intraspecific variability in PC was almost always higher than the interspecific variability when comparing only large individuals. In situ studies with the epiphytic bromeliad V. sanguinolenta revealed that besides physiological parameters (such as PC) almost all morphological, anatomical and other physiological leaf parameters studied changed with plant size as well. Likewise, important processes proved to be size-dependent on whole-plant level. For example, long-term water availability was clearly improved in large specimens compared to smaller conspecifics due to the increased efficiency of the tanks to bridge rainless periods. As model calculations on whole-plant level for V. sanguinolenta under natural conditions have shown photosynthetic leaf carbon gain as well as respiratory losses of heterotrophic plant parts scaled with plant size. The resulting area related annual carbon balances were similar for plants of varying size, which corresponded to observations of size-independent (and low) relative growth rates in situ. Under favorable conditions in the greenhouse, however, small V. sanguinolenta exhibited surprisingly high relative growth rates, similar to annuals, which clearly contradicts the prevalent, but barely tested notion of epiphytes as inherently slow growing plants and simultaneously illustrates the profound resource limitations that epiphytes are subjected to in the canopy of a seasonal rain forest. From habitat conditions it seems that size-related differences in water availability are the driving force behind the observed size-dependent ecophysiological changes: the larger an epiphyte grows the more independent it is with regard to precipitation patterns. In conclusion, the results strongly emphasize the need to treat plant size as an important source of intraspecific variability and thus urge researchers to consider plant size in the design of ecophysiological experiments with vascular epiphytes. N2 - Eines der Hauptziele zahlreicher ökophysiologischer Studien ist eine mechanistische Erklärungen für Pflanzenverteilungen in Raum und Zeit. Eine für diese Zielsetzung zentrale Frage, nämlich nach den Pflanzen, die in entsprechenden Experimenten als Repräsentanten einer Art verwendet werden sollen, wurde bisher allerdings meist vernachlässigt. Den Resultaten dieser Dissertation folgend, ist bei Arbeiten mit vaskulären Epiphyten eine „demographische Herangehensweise“ auch für Belange der Ökophysiologie notwendig, da sich z.B. physiologische Parameter wie Photosynthesekapazität (PC, unter nicht limitierenden Bedingungen in der Sauerstoffelektrode gemessen) regelhaft mit der Pflanzengröße änderten. Darüber hinaus war die intraspezifische Variabilität von PC meist höher als zwischenartliche Unterschiede, wie für neun Epiphyten aus den wichtigsten taxonomischen Gruppen gezeigt wurde. In situ Studien mit der epiphytischen Tankbromelie Vriesea sanguinolenta ergaben, dass sich neben physiologischen Parametern wie PC fast alle untersuchten morphologischen, anatomischen und anderen physiologischen Blattparameter mit der Pflanzengröße ändern. Auch auf der Ebene gesamter Pflanzen erwiesen sich wichtige Prozesse als stark größenabhängig. Zum Beispiel war die Wasserverfügbarkeit aufgrund einer steigenden Effizienz der Wassertanks für große Individuen deutlich verbessert gegenüber kleineren Artgenossen. Desweiteren ergaben Modellberechnungen für V. sanguinolenta unter natürlichen Bedingungen, dass der photosynthetischen Kohlenstoffgewinn der Blätter, ebenso wie Respirationsverluste heterotropher Organe regelhaft mit der Pflanzengröße anstiegen. Die resultierenden Blattflächen bezogenen Jahreskohlenstoffbilanzen waren für Pflanzen verschiedener Größen ungefähr gleich, was Beobachtungen von größenunabhängigen (und niedrigen) relativen Wachstumsraten in situ entsprach. Unter günstigen Bedingungen im Gewächshaus stiegen die relativen Wachstumsraten kleiner V. sanguinolenta auf ein überraschend hohes Niveau, vergleichbar dem von terrestrischen, anuellen Pflanzen. Dies widerspricht klar der gängigen, aber kaum belegten Vorstellung von Epiphyten als inherent langsam wachsende Organismen und zeigen gleichzeitig auf, dass Epiphyten im Kronenraum eines saisonalen Regenwaldes aufgrund erheblicher Ressourcenlimitierung ihr Wachstumspotential bei weitem nicht ausschöpfen können. Von den Habitatsbedingungen scheint der systematische Unterschied in der Wasserverfügbarkeit bei verschieden großen Artgenossen die treibende Kraft für die beobachteten größenabhängigen Veränderungen zu sein: Je größer eine Pflanze wird, desto weniger wird sie von unterschiedlichen Niederschlagsmustern beeinflusst. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen den nachhaltigen Einfluss von Pflanzengröße auf die intraspezifische Variabilität ökophysiologischer Parameter und unterstreichen somit die Dringlichkeit Pflanzengröße in experimentellen Designs von ökophysiologischen Studien mit vaskulären Epiphyten zu integrieren. KW - Gefäßpflanzen KW - Epiphyten KW - Autökologie KW - Pflanzenwachstum KW - Pflanzengröße KW - Epiphyten KW - Ökophysiologie KW - Photosynthese KW - Wasserhaushalt KW - plant size KW - epiphytes KW - ecophysiology KW - photosynthesis KW - water relations Y1 - 2000 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-2000 ER -