TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dembek, Marcin
A1  - Barquist, Lars
A1  - Boinett, Christine J.
A1  - Cain, Amy K.
A1  - Mayho, Matthew
A1  - Lawley, Trevor D.
A1  - Fairweather, Neil F.
A1  - Fagan, Robert P.
T1  - High-throughput analysis of gene essentiality and sporulation in Clostridium difficile
JF  - mBio
N2  - Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated intestinal infections and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Infection with C. difficile requires disruption of the intestinal microbiota, most commonly by antibiotic usage. Therapeutic intervention largely relies on a small number of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which further exacerbate intestinal dysbiosis and leave the patient acutely sensitive to reinfection. Development of novel targeted therapeutic interventions will require a detailed knowledge of essential cellular processes, which represent attractive targets, and species-specific processes, such as bacterial sporulation. Our knowledge of the genetic basis of C. difficile infection has been hampered by a lack of genetic tools, although recent developments have made some headway in addressing this limitation. Here we describe the development of a method for rapidly generating large numbers of transposon mutants in clinically important strains of C. difficile. We validated our transposon mutagenesis approach in a model strain of C. difficile and then generated a comprehensive transposon library in the highly virulent epidemic strain R20291 (027/BI/NAP1) containing more than 70,000 unique mutants. Using transposon-directed insertion site sequencing (TraDIS), we have identified a core set of 404 essential genes, required for growth in vitro. We then applied this technique to the process of sporulation, an absolute requirement for C. difficile transmission and pathogenesis, identifying 798 genes that are likely to impact spore production. The data generated in this study will form a valuable resource for the community and inform future research on this important human pathogen.
KW  - Bacillus subtilis
KW  - expression
KW  - spores
KW  - toxin
KW  - transcription
KW  - germination
KW  - transposition
KW  - metabolism
KW  - infection
KW  - in vitro
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143745
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  - 
TY  - CHAP
A1  - Hammann, W.
A1  - Heunisch, C.
A1  - Schüssler, Ulrich
T1  - Organische Mikrofossilien (Chlorophyta, Acritarcha, Sporae diversae, Scolecodonten) aus den Schichten des Streichengrundes, Unterdevon, im Raum Guttenberg-Kupferberg des Frankenwaldes.
N2  - Aus einer SE von Guttenberg im Frankenwald auftretenden Abfolge von bisher zur ordovizischen Randschieferserie gezählten grauen Schiefern und Tuffiten, den "Streichengrund-Schichten", wird eine reiche Assoziation organischer Mikrofossilien mit einem unterdevonisehen (Unter-Ems) Ablagerungsalter und mit aufgearbeitetem Unterordovizium (Ober-Arenig) beschrieben. Diese umfaßt 11 Arten der Chlorophyten, 44 Arten der Acritarchen - davon neu Uncillisphaera spinifurcillata 11. sp., sowie 42 Taxa der Sporae dispersae und Scolecodonten. Die somit als tektonische Schuppe innerhalb der ordovizischen Randschieferserie liegenden Streichengrund-Schichten stellen eine im Frankenwald bisher unbekannte Fazieseinheit des Unterdevon dar, die mit ihren vulkanischen Anteilen bayerische, mit ihren klastischen Anteilen thüringische Züge besitzt. Lithologische Vergleiche mit den in streichender Verlängerung nach S hin auftretenden dunklen Schiefern der stratiformen Lagerstätte von Kupferberg legen ein Unterdevon-Alter auch für diese Einheit nahe.
N2  - From aseries of grey shales and tuffites, the "Streichengrund beds" whieh erop out SE of Guttenberg in the Frankenwald, a rieh assodation of organic microfossils is described. It comprises 11 species of chlorophytes, 44 species of acritarchs, including the new species Uncinisphaera spinifurcillata n. sp., 41 taxa of the Sporae dispersae, and scolecodonts. The mieroflora of the Streichengrund beds, which were considered so far to represent apart of the Ordovician Randschiefer, indicates a Lower Devonian (early Emsian) age of deposition and also contains reworked Lower Ordovician (Upper Arenigian) components. Therefore the Streichengrund beds occur within the Randschiefer as a tectonically isolated wedge. They represent a lithologie unit unknown so far in the Lower Devonian of the Frankenwald and can be considered to be a transitional fades between the vo\canically influenced Bavarian and the siliciclastic Thuringian Lower Devonian facies of the Frankenwald. Because the dark shales containing the stratiform ore deposit of Kupferberg are situated in the prolongation of a strike of and are lithologically very comparable to the Streichengrund beds, a Lower Devonian age is inferred for these deposits, too.
KW  - Frankenwald
KW  - Unterdevon
KW  - Ordovizium
KW  - Acritarchen
KW  - Sporen
KW  - Lower Devonian
KW  - Ordovician
KW  - acritarchs
KW  - spores
Y1  - 1989
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-39152
ER  -