TY - THES A1 - Camargo Molina, José Eliel T1 - Vacuum stability of models with many scalars T1 - Vakuumstabilität von Modellen mit vielen Skalaren N2 - One of the most popular extensions of the SM is Supersymmetry (SUSY). It is a symmetry relating fermions and bosons and also the only feasible extension to the symmetries of spacetime. With SUSY it is then possible to explain some of the open questions left by the SM while at the same time opening the possibility of gauge unification at a high scale. SUSY theories require the addition of new particles, in particular an extra Higgs doublet and at least as many new scalars as fermions in the SM. Much in the same way that the Higgs boson breaks SU (2)L symmetry, these new scalars can break any symmetry for which they carry a charge through spontaneous symmetry breaking. Let us assume there is a local minimum of the potential that reproduces the correct phenomenol- ogy for a parameter point of a given model. By exploring whether there are other deeper minima with VEVs that break symmetries we want to conserve, like SU (3)C or U (1)EM , it is possible to exclude regions of parameter space where that happens. The local minimum with the correct phenomenology might still be metastable, so it is also necessary to calculate the probability of tunneling between minima. In this work we propose and apply a framework to constrain the parameter space of models with many scalars through the minimization of the one-loop eff e potential and the calculation of tunneling times at zero and non zero temperature.After a brief discussion about the shortcomings of the SM and an introduction of the basics of SUSY, we introduce the theory and numerical methods needed for a successful vacuum stability analysis. We then present Vevacious, a public code where we have implemented our proposed framework. Afterwards we go on to analyze three interesting examples. For the constrained MSSM (CMSSM) we explore the existence of charge- and color- breaking (CCB) minima and see how it constraints the phenomenological relevant region of its parameter space at T = 0. We show that the regions reproducing the correct Higgs mass and the correct relic density for dark matter all overlap with regions suffering from deeper CCB minima. Inspired by the results for the CMSSM, we then consider the natural MSSM and check the region of parameter space consistent with the correct Higgs mass against CCB minima at T /= 0. We find that regions of parameter space with CCB minima overlap significantly with that reproducing the correct Higgs mass. When thermal eff are considered the majority of such points are then found to have a desired symmetry breaking minimum with very low survival probability. In both these studies we find that analytical conditions presented in the literature fail in dis- criminating regions of parameter space with CCB minima. We also present a way of adapting our framework so that it runs quickly enough for use with parameter fit studies. Lastly we show a different example of using vacuum stability in a phenomenological study. For the BLSSM we investigate the violation of R-parity through sneutrino VEVs and where in parameter space does this happen. We find that previous analyses in literature fail to identify regions with R-parity conservation by comparing their results to our full numerical analysis. N2 - Eine der populärsten Erweiterungen des SM ist die Supersymmetrie (SUSY). Dies ist eine Symmetrie, die Bosonen und Fermionen in Beziehung setzt und auch die einzige machbare Erweiterung der Raumzeitsymmetrien. SUSY kann einige offene Fragen des SM erklären und eröffnet die Möglichkeit einer Vereinheitlichung der Eichwechselwirkungen bei einer hohen Skala. Supersymmetrische Theorien erfordern das Hinzufügen neuer Teilchen, insbesondere eines zusätzlichen Higgs-Dubletts und zumindest eines Skalars für jedes Fermion im SM. So wie im SM das Higgs-Boson die SU (2)L-Symmetrie bricht, können diese neuen Skalare jede Symmetrie, deren Ladung sie tragen, spontan brechen. Angenommen, es gibt ein lokales Minimum des Potentials, das die korrekte Phänomenologie für einen Parameterraumpunkt eines Modells erzeugt: Durch die Suche nach anderen tieferen Minima mit Vakuumerwartungswerten, die gewünschte Symmetrien wie SU (3) oder U (1)EM brechen, ist es möglich Parameterraumpunkte, in denen dies passiert, auszuschliessen. Das lokale Minimum mit der korrekten Phänomenologie kann immernoch metastabil sein, weshalb es auch notwendig ist, die Tunnelwahrscheinlichkeit zwischen zwei Minima zu berechnen. In dieser Arbeit legen wir eine Prozedur vor und wenden sie an, um den Parameterraum von Modellen mit vielen Skalaren durch die Minimierung des effektiven Ein-Schleifen-Potentials und durch die Berechnung seiner Lebensdauer sowohl bei T = 0 und bei T /= 0 einzuschränken. Nach einer kurzen Diskussion der Unzulänglichkeiten des SM und Einführung der Grundlagen von SUSY erläutern wir die Theorie und die die nötigen numerischen Methoden für eine erfolgreiche Analyse der Vakuumstabilitaet. Danach präsentieren wir Vevacious, ein öffentliches Programmpaket, in das wir unsere Prozedur implementiert haben. Daraufhin analysieren wir drei interessante Beispiele. Für das Constrained MSSM (CMSSM) untersuchen wir die die Existenz von Minima, in denen die Farb- oder elektrische Ladung nicht erhalten ist (CCB-Minima), und wie dessen phänomenologisch relevante Region des Parameter- raums dadurch bei T = 0 eingeschränkt wird. Wir zeigen, dass die Regionen, die die korrekte Higgsmasse und die richtige Relikt-Dichte für die Dunkle Materie reproduzieren, mit Regionen, die tiefere CCB-Minima aufweisen, überlappen. Inspiriert durch die Ergebnisse für das CMSSM betrachten wir dann das Natural MSSM und prüfen die Parameterraumregion mit der korrekten Higgsmasse auf CCB-Minima bei T /= 0.Wir finden, dass die Region des Parameterraums mit CCB-Minima deutlich mit denen mit einer korrekten Higgsmasse überlappt. Bei Berücksichtigung von thermalen Effekten hat ein Großteil der bei T = 0 langlebigen Punkte ein gewünschtes symmetriebrechendes Minimum mit einer sehr geringen Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit bei T /= 0. In beiden Studien finden wir, dass die analytischen Bedingungen, die bisher in der Literatur präsentiert wurden, nicht ausreichen, um Bereiche des Parameterraums mit CCB-Minima auszuweisen. Wir präsentieren einen Weg, unsere Prozedur für die Nutzung in Parameterraum-Fit-Studien zu beschleunigen. Zuletzt zeigen wir ein weiteres Beispiel. Für das BLSSM untersuchen wir die Verletzung der R-Parität durch Sneutrino- VEVs und in welchen Parameterraumbereichen dies geschieht. Wir stellen durch Vergleich mit unserer kompletten numerischen Analyse heraus, dass frühere Analysen in der Literatur darin fehlschlagen, diese Bereiche mit Erhaltung der R-Parität zu identifizieren. KW - Supersymmetry KW - Vacuum stability KW - Supersymmetry KW - Beyond Standard Model Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-112755 ER - TY - THES A1 - Lang, Melanie T1 - Valence Shell Photoionization of Soot Precursors with Synchrotron Radiation T1 - Valenzschalen-Photoionisation von Rußvorläufern mit Synchrotron-Strahlung N2 - A series of combustion relevant species like radicals, carbenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were characterized in the gas phase by vacuum UV synchrotron radiation and their ionization energies (IE) and further spectroscopic details of the respective cations were retrieved from threshold photoelectron spectra. The reactive intermediates were generated by flash vacuum pyrolysis from stable precursor molecules. Furthermore three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were investigated by threshold photoelectron spectroscopy, too. The experiment was performed at the VUV beamline of the Swiss Light Source in Villigen/Switzerland and the iPEPICO (imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence) setup was applied to correlate ions and electrons from the same ionization event. From the threshold photoelectron spectra and from quantum chemical computations the vibrational structure of the molecule cations and the geometry changes upon ionization were assigned. The ionization energies of the two C4H5 isomers 2-butyn-1-yl and 1-butyn-3-yl were assigned to 7.94±0.02 eV and 7.97±0.02 eV, respectively. The isomerization between the two isomers was computed to have a barrier of 2.20 eV, so a rearrangement between the two radicals cannot be excluded. From the threshold photoelectron spectra of the two constitutional C4H7 isomers 1-methylallyl and 2-methylallyl the ionization energies were assigned to 7.48±0.02 eV and to 7.59±0.02 eV for 1-E-methylallyl and 1-Z-methylallyl, as well as to 7.88±0.01 eV for 2-methylallyl. The two radicals 9-fluorenyl, C13H9, and benzhydryl, C13H11, were observed to ionize at 7.01±0.02 eV and 6.7 eV. The threshold photoelectron spectrum of benzhydryl also incorporated the signal of the diphenylmethyl carbene, C13H10, which has an IE at 6.8 eV. In addition, the head-to-head dimers of 9-fluorenyl and benzhydryl were observed as products in the pyrolysis. C26H18 has an IE at 7.69±0.04 eV and C26H22 has an IE at 8.13±0.04 eV. The three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon DHP (C14H16) 1-PEN (C18H22) and THCT (C22H16) were investigated in an effusive beam. The ionization energies were determined to IE(DHP)= 7.38±0.02 eV, IE(1-PEN)=7.58±0.05 eV and IE(THCT)=6.40±0.02 eV. Furthermore the thermal decomposition and the dissociative photoionization of diazomeldrum’s acid was investigated. The pyrolysis products yielded beside several other products the two not yet (by photoelectron spectroscopy) characterized molecules E-formylketene, C3O2H2 and 2-diazoethenone, N2C2O. The dissociative photoionization showed the Wolff rearrangement to occur at higher internal energies. N2 - Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit VUV Valenz-Photoionisations-Experimenten, welche in der Gasphase an verschiedenen Kohlenwasserstoffradikalen und drei polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlen- wasserstoffen (PAH) durchgeführt wurde. Des Weiteren wurden die Pyrolyseprodukte der Dia- zomeldrumsäure mit dem genannten Experiment untersucht. Die reaktiven Intermediate wurden im Vakuum mittels Flash-Pyrolyse aus stabilen Vorläufermolekülen erzeugt. Die meisten dieser waren kommerziell erhältlich, wobei auch einige Moleküle selbst im Würzburger Chemielabor synthetisiert wurden. Die erzeugten Radikale und Carbene wurden in einem kontinuierlichen Molekularstrahl ex- pandiert. Um den Vorläufer in die Gasphase zu überführen, wurden verschiedene Molekular-Quellen eingesetzt. Die Auswahl erfolgte dabei in Abhängigkeit des Dampfdrucks des Vorläufermoleküls. Die Polyzyklischen Aromaten (PAH) wurden in der Arbeitsgruppe von Prof. Dr. Anke Krüger im Insti- tut für Organische Chemie der Universität Würzburg synthetisiert. Die PAH wurden in einer Fest- stoffmolekularquelle geheizt und in einem effusiven Molekularstrahl expandiert. Die Ionisation aller Spezies erfolgte mit monochromatischem VUV-Synchrotronlicht, das an der Bending-Magnet Beam- line an der Swiss Light Source in Villigen/Schweiz erzeugt wird. Das Schwellenphotoelektronen- Photoionen-Koinzidenz (TPEPICO) Experiment wurde zur Detektion und Analyse der Ionisation- sprozesse angewendet. Dieses Experiment ermöglicht es massenselektierte Ionen und Schwellen- photoelektronen des selben Ionisationsereignisses zu korrelieren. Die Ionen wurden in einem Time- of-Flight Massenspektrometer detektiert. Durch Integration des Massensignals und anschließende Auswertung des zugeordneten Schwellenphotoelektronen-Signals erhält man das Schwellenphotoelek- tronen-Spektrum (TPES) des Moleküls bzw. Fragments. Aus den TPE-Spektren konnten Ion- isierungsenergien bestimmt werden und mit Hilfe von Franck-Condon-Simulationen sowohl die Schwin- gungsstruktur im Kation, als auch die Geometrieänderung, hervorgerufen durch die Ionisation, analysiert werden. Berechnete Ionisierungsenergien wurden zusätzlich mit den experimentellen Daten verglichen. Im Folgenden werden die einzelnen Ergebnisse aufgelistet. ... KW - Ultraviolett-Photoelektronenspektroskopie KW - photoelectron-photoion coincidence KW - Photoelektronen-Photoionen-Koinzidenz KW - reactive intermediates KW - pyrolysis KW - reaktive Intermediate KW - Pyrolyse KW - Fotoionisation Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117038 ER - TY - THES A1 - Hain, Johannes T1 - Valuation Algorithms for Structural Models of Financial Networks T1 - Algorithmen zur Bestimmung von Gleichgewichtslösungen in Finanzsystemen mit Kapitalverflechtung N2 - The thesis focuses on the valuation of firms in a system context where cross-holdings of the firms in liabilities and equities are allowed and, therefore, systemic risk can be modeled on a structural level. A main property of such models is that for the determination of the firm values a pricing equilibrium has to be found. While there exists a small but growing amount of research on the existence and the uniqueness of such price equilibria, the literature is still somewhat inconsistent. An example for this fact is that different authors define the underlying financial system on differing ways. Moreover, only few articles pay intense attention on procedures to find the pricing equilibria. In the existing publications, the provided algorithms mainly reflect the individual authors' particular approach to the problem. Additionally, all existing methods do have the drawback of potentially infinite runtime. For these reasons, the objects of this thesis are as follows. First, a definition of a financial system is introduced in its most general form in Chapter 2. It is shown that under a fairly mild regularity condition the financial system has a unique existing payment equilibrium. In Chapter 3, some extensions and differing definitions of financial systems that exist in literature are presented and it is shown how these models can be embedded into the general model from the proceeding chapter. Second, an overview of existing valuation algorithms to find the equilibrium is given in Chapter 4, where the existing methods are generalized and their corresponding mathematical properties are highlighted. Third, a complete new class of valuation algorithms is developed in Chapter 4 that includes the additional information whether a firm is in default or solvent under a current payment vector. This results in procedures that are able find the solution of the system in a finite number of iteration steps. In Chapter 5, the developed concepts of Chapter 4 are applied to more general financial systems where more than one seniority level of debt is present. Chapter 6 develops optimal starting vectors for non-finite algorithms and Chapter 7 compares the existing and the new developed algorithms concerning their efficiency in an extensive simulation study covering a wide range of possible settings for financial systems. N2 - Die vorliegende Dissertation hat die Unternehmensbewertung in Finanzsystemen mit Fremd- und Eigenkapitalverflechtung zum Thema. Die zentrale Eigenschaft dieser Modelle ist, dass zur Bestimmung der Firmenwerte eine Gleichgewichtslösung ermittelt werden muss. Die Zahl der Veröffentlichungen mit dem Schwerpunkt des Nachweises von Existenz- und Eindeutigkeitsaussagen der Gleichgewichte steigt zwar stetig an, allerdings ist die Fachliteratur in diesem Bereich teilweise noch sehr inkonsistent. Beispielsweise existieren je nach Autor unterschiedliche Vorgehensweisen, das zugrunde liegende Finanzsystem zu definieren. Darüber hinaus schenken nur wenige Fachartikel der Frage Beachtung, wie die Lösungsgleichgewichte genau bestimmt werden können. Zuletzt weisen die bereits entwickelten Verfahren den Nachteil auf, dass Sie womöglich unendlich viele Iterationsschritte benötigen bis die gesuchte Lösung exakt erreicht wird. Aus diesen Gründen beinhaltet die vorliegende Dissertation folgende Themen. Im ersten Schritt wird in Kapitel 2 eine möglichst allgemeine Definition eines Finanzsystems eingeführt. Es wird gezeigt dass unter nicht allzu strengen Voraussetzungen die Gleichgewichtslösung dieses Systems eindeutig bestimmt ist. In Kapitel 3 werden in der Fachliteratur zu diesem Thema zu findende Erweiterungen und abweichende Definitionen des Systems vorgestellt und wie diese in das allgemeine Modell aus dem vorherigen Kapitel eingebettet werden können. Danach wird in Kapitel 4 ein Überblick über bereits entwickelte Lösungsverfahren gegeben, wobei die existierenden Prozeduren in ihrem Vorgehen verallgemeinert und deren zugehörige mathematische Eigenschaften aufgezeigt werden. Des weiteren wird im gleichen Kapitel eine komplett neue Klasse von Lösungsverfahren entwickelt, die noch die zusätzliche Information verarbeiten, ob eine Firma für einen gegebenen Zahlungsvektor solvent oder insolvent ist. Als Folge dieses Ansatzes sind diese Algorithmen in der Lage, die exakte Gleichgewichtslösung des Systems in endlich vielen Schritten zu finden. In Kapitel 5 werden die entworfenen Konzepte dann für Finanzsysteme angewendet, in denen mehr als nur eine Schulden-Seniorität berücksichtigt wird. Kapitel 6 leitet optimale Startvektoren der nicht-endlichen Verfahren her und Kapitel 7 vergleicht die bereits existierenden und alle neu entwickelten Lösungsverfahren bezüglich ihrer Laufzeiteffizienz im Rahmen einer ausführlichen Simulationsstudie. KW - Risikomanagement KW - Finanzmathematik KW - Financial Networks KW - Counterparty Risk KW - Numerical Asset Valuation KW - Systemic Risk KW - Structrual Model KW - Unternehmensbewertung KW - Kapitalverflechtung KW - Finanzielle Netzwerke KW - Systemisches Risiko Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-128108 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Juhasz, Gabriella A1 - Gonda, Xenia A1 - Hullam, Gabor A1 - Eszlari, Nora A1 - Kovacs, David A1 - Lazary, Judit A1 - Pap, Dorottya A1 - Petschner, Peter A1 - Elliott, Rebecca A1 - Deakin, John Francis William A1 - Muir Anderson, Ian A1 - Antal, Peter A1 - Lesch, Klaus-Peter A1 - Bagdy, Gyorgy T1 - Variability in the effect of 5-HTTLPR on depression in a large European population: the role of age, symptom profile, type and intensity of life stressors JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Background Although 5-HTTLPR has been shown to influence the risk of life stress-induced depression in the majority of studies, others have produced contradictory results, possibly due to weak effects and/or sample heterogeneity. Methods In the present study we investigated how age, type and intensity of life-stressors modulate the effect of 5-HTTLPR on depression and anxiety in a European population cohort of over 2300 subjects. Recent negative life events (RLE), childhood adversity (CHA), lifetime depression, Brief Symptoms Inventory (BSI) depression and anxiety scores were determined in each subject. Besides traditional statistical analysis we calculated Bayesian effect strength and relevance of 5-HTTLPR genotypes in specified models. Results The short (s) low expressing allele showed association with increased risk of depression related phenotypes, but all nominally significant effects would turn to non-significant after correction for multiple testing in the traditional analysis. Bayesian effect strength and relevance analysis, however, confirmed the role of 5-HTTLPR. Regarding current (BSI) and lifetime depression 5-HTTLPR-by-RLE interactions were confirmed. Main effect, with other words direct association, was supported with BSI anxiety. With more frequent RLE the prevalence or symptoms of depression increased in ss carriers. Although CHA failed to show an interaction with 5-HTTLPR, in young subjects CHA sensitized towards the depression promoting effect of even mild RLE. Furthermore, the direct association of anxiety with the s allele was driven by young (\(\leq\)30) individuals. Limitations Our study is cross-sectional and applies self-report questionnaires. Conclusions Albeit 5-HTTLPR has only weak/moderate effects, the s allele is directly associated with anxiety and modulates development of depression in homogeneous subgroups. KW - serotonin transporter gene KW - environment interaction KW - polymorphism KW - events KW - moderation KW - CB1 receptor antagonists KW - s allele KW - association KW - anxiety KW - metaanalysis Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143703 VL - 10 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eder, Andreas B. A1 - Deutsch, Roland T1 - Watch the target! Effects in the affective misattribution procedure become weaker (but not eliminated) when participants are motivated to provide accurate responses to the target JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Previous research showed that priming effects in the affective misattribution procedure (AMP) are unaffected by direct warnings to avoid an influence of the primes. The present research examined whether a priming influence is diminished by task procedures that encourage accurate judgments of the targets. Participants were motivated to categorize the affective meaning of nonsense targets accurately by being made to believe that a true word was presented in each trial and by providing feedback on (allegedly) incorrect responses. This condition produced robust priming effects. Priming was however reduced and less reliable relative to more typical AMP conditions in which participants guessed the meaning of openly presented nonsense targets. Affective judgments of nonsense targets were not affected by advance knowledge of the response mapping during the priming phase, which argues against a response-priming explanation of AMP effects. These findings show that affective primes influence evaluative judgments even in conditions in which the motivation to provide accurate responses is high and a priming of motor responses is not possible. Priming effects were however weaker with high accuracy motivation, suggesting that a focus on accurate judgments is an effective strategy to control for an unwanted priming influence in the AMP. KW - implicit attitude measurement KW - accuracy motivation KW - affect misattribution procedure KW - response priming Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125982 VL - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mergl, Roland A1 - Koburger, Nicole A1 - Heinrichs, Katherina A1 - Székely, András A1 - Tóth, Mónika Ditta A1 - Coyne, James A1 - Quintão, Sónia A1 - Arensman, Ella A1 - Coffey, Claire A1 - Maxwell, Margaret A1 - Värnik, Airi A1 - van Audenhove, Chantal A1 - McDaid, David A1 - Sarchiapone, Marco A1 - Schmidtke, Armin A1 - Genz, Axel A1 - Gusmão, Ricardo A1 - Hegerl, Ulrich T1 - What Are Reasons for the Large Gender Differences in the Lethality of Suicidal Acts? An Epidemiological Analysis in Four European Countries JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Background In Europe, men have lower rates of attempted suicide compared to women and at the same time a higher rate of completed suicides, indicating major gender differences in lethality of suicidal behaviour. The aim of this study was to analyse the extent to which these gender differences in lethality can be explained by factors such as choice of more lethal methods or lethality differences within the same suicide method or age. In addition, we explored gender differences in the intentionality of suicide attempts. Methods and Findings Methods. Design: Epidemiological study using a combination of self-report and official data. Setting: Mental health care services in four European countries: Germany, Hungary, Ireland, and Portugal. Data basis: Completed suicides derived from official statistics for each country (767 acts, 74.4% male) and assessed suicide attempts excluding habitual intentional self-harm (8,175 acts, 43.2% male). Main Outcome Measures and Data Analysis. We collected data on suicidal acts in eight regions of four European countries participating in the EU-funded "OSPI-Europe"-project (www.ospi-europe.com). We calculated method-specific lethality using the number of completed suicides per method * 100 /(number of completed suicides per method + number of attempted suicides per method). We tested gender differences in the distribution of suicidal acts for significance by using the \(\chi\)\(^{2}\)-test for two-by-two tables. We assessed the effect sizes with phi coefficients (φ). We identified predictors of lethality with a binary logistic regression analysis. Poisson regression analysis examined the contribution of choice of methods and method-specific lethality to gender differences in the lethality of suicidal acts. Findings Main Results Suicidal acts (fatal and non-fatal) were 3.4 times more lethal in men than in women (lethality 13.91% (regarding 4106 suicidal acts) versus 4.05% (regarding 4836 suicidal acts)), the difference being significant for the methods hanging, jumping, moving objects, sharp objects and poisoning by substances other than drugs. Median age at time of suicidal behaviour (35-44 years) did not differ between males and females. The overall gender difference in lethality of suicidal behaviour was explained by males choosing more lethal suicide methods (odds ratio (OR) = 2.03; 95% CI = 1.65 to 2.50; p < 0.000001) and additionally, but to a lesser degree, by a higher lethality of suicidal acts for males even within the same method (OR = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.32 to 2.02; p = 0.000005). Results of a regression analysis revealed neither age nor country differences were significant predictors for gender differences in the lethality of suicidal acts. The proportion of serious suicide attempts among all non-fatal suicidal acts with known intentionality (NFSAi) was significantly higher in men (57.1%; 1,207 of 2,115 NFSAi) than in women (48.6%; 1,508 of 3,100 NFSAi) (\(\chi\)\(^{2}\) = 35.74; p < 0.000001). Main limitations of the study Due to restrictive data security regulations to ensure anonymity in Ireland, specific ages could not be provided because of the relatively low absolute numbers of suicide in the Irish intervention and control region. Therefore, analyses of the interaction between gender and age could only be conducted for three of the four countries. Attempted suicides were assessed for patients presenting to emergency departments or treated in hospitals. An unknown rate of attempted suicides remained undetected. This may have caused an overestimation of the lethality of certain methods. Moreover, the detection of attempted suicides and the registration of completed suicides might have differed across the four countries. Some suicides might be hidden and misclassified as undetermined deaths. Conclusions Men more often used highly lethal methods in suicidal behaviour, but there was also a higher method-specific lethality which together explained the large gender differences in the lethality of suicidal acts. Gender differences in the lethality of suicidal acts were fairly consistent across all four European countries examined. Males and females did not differ in age at time of suicidal behaviour. Suicide attempts by males were rated as being more serious independent of the method used, with the exceptions of attempted hanging, suggesting gender differences in intentionality associated with suicidal behaviour. These findings contribute to understanding of the spectrum of reasons for gender differences in the lethality of suicidal behaviour and should inform the development of gender specific strategies for suicide prevention. KW - case fatality rates KW - behavior KW - multicenter KW - depression KW - deaths KW - alliance KW - states Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151547 VL - 10 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Topolinski, Sascha A1 - Zürn, Michael A1 - Schneider, Iris K. T1 - What's in and what's out in branding? A novel articulation effect for brand names JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - The present approach exploits the biomechanical connection between articulation and ingestion-related mouth movements to introduce a novel psychological principle of brand name design. We constructed brand names for diverse products with consonantal stricture spots either from the front to the rear of the mouth, thus inwards (e.g., BODIKA), or from the rear to the front, thus outwards (e.g., KODIBA). These muscle dynamics resemble the oral kinematics during either ingestion (inwards), which feels positive, or expectoration (outwards), which feels negative. In 7 experiments (total N = 1261), participants liked products with inward names more than products with outward names (Experiment 1), reported higher purchase intentions (Experiment 2), and higher willingness-to-pay (Experiments 3a-3c, 4, 5), with the price gain amounting to 4-13% of the average estimated product value. These effects occurred across English and German language, under silent reading, for both edible and non-edible products, and even in the presence of a much stronger price determinant, namely fair-trade production (Experiment 5). KW - phonetic symbolism KW - moderating role KW - judgements KW - behavior KW - phonation KW - branding KW - articulation KW - sound symbolism KW - embodiment KW - phasic affective modulation KW - processing fluency KW - semantic coherence KW - affective consequences KW - consumers KW - intuition Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-143036 VL - 6 IS - 585 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Shen, Yingjia A1 - Maurus, Katja A1 - Walter, Ron A1 - Tomlinson, Chad A1 - Wilson, Richard K. A1 - Postlethwait, John A1 - Warren, Wesley C. T1 - Whole body melanoma transcriptome response in medaka JF - PLoS ONE N2 - The incidence of malignant melanoma continues to increase each year with poor prognosis for survival in many relapse cases. To reverse this trend, whole body response measures are needed to discover collaborative paths to primary and secondary malignancy. Several species of fish provide excellent melanoma models because fish and human melanocytes both appear in the epidermis, and fish and human pigment cell tumors share conserved gene expression signatures. For the first time, we have examined the whole body transcriptome response to invasive melanoma as a prelude to using transcriptome profiling to screen for drugs in a medaka (Oryzias latipes) model. We generated RNA-seq data from whole body RNA isolates for controls and melanoma fish. After testing for differential expression, 396 genes had significantly different expression (adjusted p-value <0.02) in the whole body transcriptome between melanoma and control fish; 379 of these genes were matched to human orthologs with 233 having annotated human gene symbols and 14 matched genes that contain putative deleterious variants in human melanoma at varying levels of recurrence. A detailed canonical pathway evaluation for significant enrichment showed the top scoring pathway to be antigen presentation but also included the expected melanocyte development and pigmentation signaling pathway. Results revealed a profound down-regulation of genes involved in the immune response, especially the innate immune system. We hypothesize that the developing melanoma actively suppresses the immune system responses of the body in reacting to the invasive malignancy, and that this mal-adaptive response contributes to disease progression, a result that suggests our whole-body transcriptomic approach merits further use. In these findings, we also observed novel genes not yet identified in human melanoma expression studies and uncovered known and new candidate drug targets for further testing in this malignant melanoma medaka model. KW - metastatic melanoma KW - expression KW - fish KW - cancer KW - stage III KW - melanogenesis KW - genome cells KW - gene KW - contributes Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144714 VL - 10 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Briese, Michael A1 - Saal, Lena A1 - Appenzeller, Silke A1 - Moradi, Mehri A1 - Baluapuri, Apoorva A1 - Sendtner, Michael T1 - Whole transcriptome profiling reveals the RNA content of motor axons JF - Nucleic Acids Research N2 - Most RNAs within polarized cells such as neurons are sorted subcellularly in a coordinated manner. Despite advances in the development of methods for profiling polyadenylated RNAs from small amounts of input RNA, techniques for profiling coding and non-coding RNAs simultaneously are not well established. Here, we optimized a transcriptome profiling method based on double-random priming and applied it to serially diluted total RNA down to 10 pg. Read counts of expressed genes were robustly correlated between replicates, indicating that the method is both reproducible and scalable. Our transcriptome profiling method detected both coding and long non-coding RNAs sized >300 bases. Compared to total RNAseq using a conventional approach our protocol detected 70% more genes due to reduced capture of ribosomal RNAs. We used our method to analyze the RNA composition of compartmentalized motoneurons. The somatodendritic compartment was enriched for transcripts with post-synaptic functions as well as for certain nuclear non-coding RNAs such as 7SK. In axons, transcripts related to translation were enriched including the cytoplasmic non-coding RNA 7SL. Our profiling method can be applied to a wide range of investigations including perturbations of subcellular transcriptomes in neurodegenerative diseases and investigations of microdissected tissue samples such as anatomically defined fiber tracts. KW - RNA KW - motor axons Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126800 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rutkowski, Andrzej J. A1 - Erhard, Florian A1 - L'Hernault, Anne A1 - Bonfert, Thomas A1 - Schilhabel, Markus A1 - Crump, Colin A1 - Rosenstiel, Philip A1 - Efstathiou, Stacey A1 - Zimmer, Ralf A1 - Friedel, Caroline C. A1 - Dölken, Lars T1 - Widespread disruption of host transcription termination in HSV-1 infection JF - Nature Communications N2 - Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is an important human pathogen and a paradigm for virus-induced host shut-off. Here we show that global changes in transcription and RNA processing and their impact on translation can be analysed in a single experimental setting by applying 4sU-tagging of newly transcribed RNA and ribosome profiling to lytic HSV-1 infection. Unexpectedly, we find that HSV-1 triggers the disruption of transcription termination of cellular, but not viral, genes. This results in extensive transcription for tens of thousands of nucleotides beyond poly(A) sites and into downstream genes, leading to novel intergenic splicing between exons of neighbouring cellular genes. As a consequence, hundreds of cellular genes seem to be transcriptionally induced but are not translated. In contrast to previous reports, we show that HSV-1 does not inhibit co-transcriptional splicing. Our approach thus substantially advances our understanding of HSV-1 biology and establishes HSV-1 as a model system for studying transcription termination. KW - herpes simplex virus KW - RNA polymerase II KW - gene expression KW - alpha-globin KW - motif discovery KW - regulatory protein ICP27 KW - poly(A) site usage KW - pre-messenger RNA KW - splicing inhibition KW - type 1 ICP27 Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148643 VL - 6 IS - 7126 ER -