TY - JOUR A1 - Weiße, Sebastian A1 - Heddergott, Niko A1 - Heydt, Matthias A1 - Pflästerer, Daniel A1 - Maier, Timo A1 - Haraszti, Tamas A1 - Grunze, Michael A1 - Engstler, Markus A1 - Rosenhahn, Axel T1 - A Quantitative 3D Motility Analysis of Trypanosoma brucei by Use of Digital In-line Holographic Microscopy JF - PLoS One N2 - We present a quantitative 3D analysis of the motility of the blood parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Digital in-line holographic microscopy has been used to track single cells with high temporal and spatial accuracy to obtain quantitative data on their behavior. Comparing bloodstream form and insect form trypanosomes as well as mutant and wildtype cells under varying external conditions we were able to derive a general two-state-run-and-tumble-model for trypanosome motility. Differences in the motility of distinct strains indicate that adaption of the trypanosomes to their natural environments involves a change in their mode of swimming. KW - african trypanosomes KW - actin cortex KW - flagellum KW - tracking KW - surface KW - models Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-130666 VL - 7 IS - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Timmermans, Wim J. A1 - van der Tol, Christiaan A1 - Timmermans, Joris A1 - Ucer, Murat A1 - Chen, Xuelong A1 - Alonso, Luis A1 - Moreno, Jose A1 - Carrara, Arnaud A1 - Lopez, Ramon A1 - Fernando de la Cruz, Tercero A1 - Corcoles, Horacio L. A1 - de Miguel, Eduardo A1 - Sanchez, Jose A. G. A1 - Perez, Irene A1 - Belen, Perez A1 - Munoz, Juan-Carlos J. A1 - Skokovic, Drazen A1 - Sobrino, Jose A1 - Soria, Guillem A1 - MacArthur, Alasdair A1 - Vescovo, Loris A1 - Reusen, Ils A1 - Andreu, Ana A1 - Burkart, Andreas A1 - Cilia, Chiara A1 - Contreras, Sergio A1 - Corbari, Chiara A1 - Calleja, Javier F. A1 - Guzinski, Radoslaw A1 - Hellmann, Christine A1 - Herrmann, Ittai A1 - Kerr, Gregoire A1 - Lazar, Adina-Laura A1 - Leutner, Benjamin A1 - Mendiguren, Gorka A1 - Nasilowska, Sylwia A1 - Nieto, Hector A1 - Pachego-Labrador, Javier A1 - Pulanekar, Survana A1 - Raj, Rahul A1 - Schikling, Anke A1 - Siegmann, Bastian A1 - von Bueren, Stefanie A1 - Su, Zhongbo (Bob) T1 - An Overview of the Regional Experiments for Land-atmosphere Exchanges 2012 (REFLEX 2012) Campaign JF - Acta Geophysica N2 - The REFLEX 2012 campaign was initiated as part of a training course on the organization of an airborne campaign to support advancement of the understanding of land-atmosphere interaction processes. This article describes the campaign, its objectives and observations, remote as well as in situ. The observations took place at the experimental Las Tiesas farm in an agricultural area in the south of Spain. During the period of ten days, measurements were made to capture the main processes controlling the local and regional land-atmosphere exchanges. Apart from multi-temporal, multi-directional and multi-spatial space-borne and airborne observations, measurements of the local meteorology, energy fluxes, soil temperature profiles, soil moisture profiles, surface temperature, canopy structure as well as leaf-level measurements were carried out. Additional thermo-dynamical monitoring took place at selected sites. After presenting the different types of measurements, some examples are given to illustrate the potential of the observations made. KW - multi scale heterogeneity KW - quantitative remote sensing KW - remote KW - evapotranspiration KW - validation KW - issues KW - energy KW - models KW - water KW - flux KW - land-atmosphere interaction KW - turbulence KW - calibration and validation Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-136491 VL - 63 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Karl, Stefan A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - Convergence behaviour and control in non-linear biological networks JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Control of genetic regulatory networks is challenging to define and quantify. Previous control centrality metrics, which aim to capture the ability of individual nodes to control the system, have been found to suffer from plausibility and applicability problems. Here we present a new approach to control centrality based on network convergence behaviour, implemented as an extension of our genetic regulatory network simulation framework Jimena (http://stefan-karl.de/jimena). We distinguish three types of network control, and show how these mathematical concepts correspond to experimentally verified node functions and signalling pathways in immunity and cell differentiation: Total control centrality quantifies the impact of node mutations and identifies potential pharmacological targets such as genes involved in oncogenesis (e.g. zinc finger protein GLI2 or bone morphogenetic proteins in chondrocytes). Dynamic control centrality describes relaying functions as observed in signalling cascades (e.g. src kinase or Jak/Stat pathways). Value control centrality measures the direct influence of the value of the node on the network (e.g. Indian hedgehog as an essential regulator of proliferation in chondrocytes). Surveying random scale-free networks and biological networks, we find that control of the network resides in few high degree driver nodes and networks can be controlled best if they are sparsely connected. KW - complex networks KW - control profiles KW - differentiation KW - pathways KW - tumors KW - models KW - centrality KW - chondrosarcoma KW - transcriptional regulation KW - regulatory networks Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148510 VL - 5 IS - 09746 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grabenhenrich, Linus B. A1 - Reich, Andreas A1 - Fischer, Felix A1 - Zepp, Fred A1 - Forster, Johannes A1 - Schuster, Antje A1 - Bauer, Carl-Peter A1 - Bergmann, Renate L. A1 - Bergmann, Karl E. A1 - Wahn, Ulrich A1 - Keil, Thomas A1 - Lau, Susanne T1 - The Novel 10-Item Asthma Prediction Tool: External Validation in the German MAS Birth Cohort JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Background: A novel non-invasive asthma prediction tool from the Leicester Cohort, UK, forecasts asthma at age 8 years based on 10 predictors assessed in early childhood, including current respiratory symptoms, eczema, and parental history of asthma. Objective: We aimed to externally validate the proposed asthma prediction method in a German birth cohort. Methods: The MAS-90 study (Multicentre Allergy Study) recorded details on allergic diseases prospectively in about yearly follow-up assessments up to age 20 years in a cohort of 1,314 children born 1990. We replicated the scoring method from the Leicester cohort and assessed prediction, performance and discrimination. The primary outcome was defined as the combination of parent-reported wheeze and asthma drugs (both in last 12 months) at age 8. Sensitivity analyses assessed model performance for outcomes related to asthma up to age 20 years. Results: For 140 children parents reported current wheeze or cough at age 3 years. Score distribution and frequencies of later asthma resembled the Leicester cohort: 9% vs. 16% (MAS-90 vs. Leicester) of children at low risk at 3 years had asthma at 8 years, at medium risk 45% vs. 48%. Performance of the asthma prediction tool in the MAS-90 cohort was similar (Brier score 0.22 vs. 0.23) and discrimination slightly better than in the original cohort (area under the curve, AUC 0.83 vs. 0.78). Prediction and discrimination were robust against changes of inclusion criteria, scoring and outcome definitions. The secondary outcome 'physicians' diagnosed asthma at 20 years' showed the highest discrimination (AUC 0.89). Conclusion: The novel asthma prediction tool from the Leicester cohort, UK, performed well in another population, a German birth cohort, supporting its use and further development as a simple aid to predict asthma risk in clinical settings. KW - disease KW - models KW - symptoms KW - risk KW - early-life KW - young children KW - preschool children KW - sample KW - wheeze KW - age Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-114202 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 9 IS - 12 ER - TY - THES A1 - Forster, Wilhelmina Alison T1 - Mechanisms of cuticular uptake of xenobiotics into living plants T1 - Mechanismen der kutikulären Xenobiotika-Aufnahme in lebende Pflanzen N2 - The objective of this Thesis was to progress the understanding of the mechanisms of cuticular uptake into living plant foliage, thereby enabling uptake of important compounds such as pesticides and pollutants to be modelled. The uptake of three model compounds, applied in the presence and absence of surfactants, into the leaves of three plant species (Chenopodium album L., Hedera helix L. and Stephanotis floribunda Brongn) was determined. The results with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (DOG), 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D) and epoxiconazole in the presence of surfactants (the polyethylene glycol monododecyl ethers C12EO3, C12EO6, C12EO10, and a trisiloxane ethoxylate with mean ethylene oxide (EO) content of 7.5, all used at one equimolar concentration) illustrated that the initial dose (nmol mm-2) of xenobiotic applied to plant foliage was a strong positive determinant of uptake. Using this new approach for whole plant uptake, uptake on a per unit area basis was found to be related to initial dose of xenobiotic applied, by an equation of the form: Uptake(nmol mm-2) = a [ID]b at time t = 24 hours, where ID is the initial dose or the mass of xenobiotic applied per unit area (M(nmol xenobiotic applied)/A(droplet spread area)). Total mass uptake can then be calculated from an equation of the form: Total Uptake(nmol) = a [ID]b.A. In order to verify this relationship, further studies determined the uptake of three pesticides, applied as commercial and model formulations in the presence of a wide range of surfactants, into the leaves of three plant species (bentazone into Chenopodium album L. and Sinapis alba L., epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin into Triticum aestivum L.). The results confirmed that the initial dose (nmol mm-2) of xenobiotic applied to plant foliage is a strong, positive determinant of uptake. In a novel approach, further studies used this relationship (nmol mm-2 uptake versus ID; termed the uptake ratio) to establish the relative importance of species, active ingredient (AI), AI concentration (g L-1) and surfactant to uptake. Species, AI, its concentration, and surfactant all significantly affected the uptake ratio. Overall, 88% of the deviance could be explained. More useful was the analysis of the individual xenobiotics, where the models explained 83%, 85%, and 94% of the variance in uptake ratio for DOG, 2,4-D, and epoxiconazole, respectively. In all cases, species, surfactant, and AI concentration significantly affected the uptake ratio. However, there were differences in the relative importance of these factors among the xenobiotics studied. Concentration of AI increased in importance with increasing lipophilicity of AI, while species was much less important for the most lipophilic compound. Surfactant became less important with increasing AI lipophilicity, although it was always important. The preceding studies considered uptake at only one time interval (24 hours). Total uptake after 24 hours can be the same for a compound formulated with different surfactants, but rates of uptake (and therefore rain-fastness and subsequent translocation to target sites) can be quite different. Therefore, there was a requirement to be able to model uptake over time into whole plants. Hence, the objective of further studies was to determine whether a logistic-kinetic penetration model, developed using isolated plant cuticles, could be applied to whole plant uptake. Uptake over 24 hours was determined for three model compounds, applied in the presence and absence of surfactants, into the leaves of two plant species. Overall, the model fitted the whole plant uptake data well. Using the equations developed, based on initial dose, to calculate uptake at 24 hours, in conjunction with the logistic-kinetic model, has significantly progressed our understanding and ability to model uptake. The advantages of the models and equations described are that few variables are required, and they are simple to measure. N2 - Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war es, das Verständnis der Mechanismen der Aufnahme von Wirkstoffen über die Kutikula in die Blätter einer lebenden Pflanze zu verbessern und es dadurch möglich zu machen, die Aufnahme von wichtigen Verbindungen wie z.B. von Pestiziden und Schadstoffen zu modellieren. Es wurde die Aufnahme von drei Modellverbindungen ermittelt, die in Anwesenheit und Abwesenheit von oberflächenaktiven Stoffen in die Blätter von drei Pflanzenarten (Chenopodium album L., Hedera helix L. und Stephanotis floribunda Brongn.) aufgetragen wurden. Das Ergebnis mit 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose (DOG), 2,4-Dichlorphenoxy-Essigsäure (2,4-D) und Epoxiconazol in Anwesenheit der oberflächenaktiven Stoffe (die Polyethylenglycolmonododecylether C12EO3, C12EO6, C12EO10, und ein Trisiloxanethoxylat mit einem EO-Mittelwert von 7,5; wobei alle in einer äquimolaren Konzentration und daher in verschiedenen prozentualen Konzentrationen verwendet wurden) zeigte, dass die auf die Pflanzenblätter aufgetragene anfängliche Dosis (nmol mm-2) an Xenobiotikum ein starker, positiv bestimmender Faktor für die Aufnahme war. Verwendet man diese neue Beschreibung der Aufnahme von Xenobiotica in ganze Pflanzen, so kann man feststellen, dass die Aufnahme pro Einheitsfläche von der anfänglichen Dosis von aufgetragenem Xenobiotikum abhängig ist, und zwar nach folgender Gleichung: Aufnahme(nmol mm-2) = a [ID]b bei einer Zeit t = 24 Stunden, wobei ID für die anfängliche Dosis oder die Masse an pro Einheitsfläche aufgetragenem Xenobiotikum steht (M(nmol aufgetragenes Xenobiotikum)/A(Tropfenausbreitungsbereich)). Die Gesamtaufnahme der Masse kann dann aus einer Gleichung der Formel: Gesamtaufnahme(nmol) = a [ID]b.A errechnet werden. Um diese Beziehung zu bestätigen, wurde in zusätzlichen Studien die Aufnahme von drei Pestiziden ermittelt, die als gewerbliche und Modellformulierungen in Anwesenheit einer großen Auswahl von oberflächenaktiven Stoffen in die Blätter von drei Pflanzenarten (Bentazon in Chenopodium album L. und Sinapis alba L., Epoxiconazol und Pyraclostrobin in Triticum aestivum L.) aufgetragen wurden. Die Ergebnisse bestätigten die Feststellung, dass die anfängliche, auf die Pflanzenblätter aufgetragene Dosis (nmol mm-2) an Xenobiotikum ein starker, positiv bestimmender Faktor der Aufnahme ist. Bei einem neuartigen Ansatz verwendeten zusätzliche Studien dieses Verhältnis (nmol mm-2 Aufnahme pro ID; genannt Aufnahmeverhältnis), um die relative Bedeutung der Arten, der Wirksubstanz (AI), der AI-Konzentrationen (g L-1) und der oberflächenaktiven Stoffe für die Aufnahme zu ermitteln. Die Art, AI, ihre Konzentration und die oberflächenaktiven Stoffe hatten alle einen erheblichen Einfluss auf das Aufnahmeverhältnis. Insgesamt konnte 88 % der Abweichung erklärt werden. Noch nützlicher war die Analyse der einzelnen Xenobiotika, bei denen die Modelle 83 %, 85 % und 94 % der Varianz im Aufnahmeverhältnis jeweils für DOG, 2,4-D und Epoxiconazol erklärten. In allen Fällen hatten die Arten, der oberflächenaktive Stoff und die AI-Konzentration einen erheblichen Einfluss auf das Aufnahmeverhältnis. Es gab jedoch Unterschiede bei der relativen Bedeutung dieser Faktoren unter den untersuchten Xenobiotika. Die Konzentration von AI gewann größere Bedeutung mit einer erhöhten Fettlöslichkeit von AI, während die Art eine weit geringere Rolle für die meisten lipophilen Verbindungen spielte. Oberflächenaktive Stoffe verloren an Bedeutung mit zunehmender AI-Fettlöslichkeit, obwohl diese stets von Bedeutung waren. Die bisher dargestellten Studien zogen die Aufnahme bei nur einem Uhrzeitintervall (24 Stunden) in Betracht. Die Gesamtaufnahme nach 24 Stunden kann zwar bei einer Verbindung, die mit verschiedenen oberflächenaktiven Stoffen formuliert ist, die gleiche sein, die Aufnahmeraten (und daher die Regenfestigkeit und anschließende Translokation an Zielstellen) können dabei jedoch völlig verschieden sein. Es bestand daher die Notwendigkeit, die Aufnahme in vollständigen Pflanzen im Zeitablauf modellieren zu können. Infolgedessen war es das Ziel zusätzlicher Studien festzustellen, ob ein logistisch-kinetisches Penetrationsmodell, das unter Anwendung isolierter pflanzlicher Kutikeln entwickelt wurde, bei der Gesamtpflanzenaufnahme zum Einsatz kommen könnte. Die Aufnahme über 24 Stunden wurde für drei Modellverbindungen ermittelt, die in Anwesenheit und Abwesenheit von oberflächenaktiven Stoffen in die Blätter von zwei Pflanzenarten aufgetragen wurden. Insgesamt gesehen entsprach das Modell den Pflanzenaufnahmedaten sehr gut. KW - Kutikula KW - Xenobiotikum KW - Modelle KW - kutikuläre Aufnahme KW - Pestizide KW - oberflächenaktive Stoffe KW - lebende Pflanzen KW - models KW - cuticular uptake KW - pesticides KW - surfactants KW - living plants Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-21240 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dürig, Tobias A1 - Gudmundsson, Magnús Tumi A1 - Karmann, Sven A1 - Zimanowski, Bernd A1 - Dellino, Pierfrancesco A1 - Rietze, Martin A1 - Büttner, Ralf T1 - Mass eruption rates in pulsating eruptions estimated from video analysis of the gas thrust-buoyancy transition-a case study of the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland JF - Earth, Planets and Space N2 - The 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajokull volcano was characterized by pulsating activity. Discrete ash bursts merged at higher altitude and formed a sustained quasi-continuous eruption column. High-resolution near-field videos were recorded on 8-10 May, during the second explosive phase of the eruption, and supplemented by contemporary aerial observations. In the observed period, pulses occurred at intervals of 0.8 to 23.4 s (average, 4.2 s). On the basis of video analysis, the pulse volume and the velocity of the reversely buoyant jets that initiated each pulse were determined. The expansion history of jets was tracked until the pulses reached the height of transition from a negatively buoyant jet to a convective buoyant plume about 100 m above the vent. Based on the assumption that the density of the gas-solid mixture making up the pulse approximates that of the surrounding air at the level of transition from the jet to the plume, a mass flux ranging between 2.2 and 3.5 . 10\(^4\) kg/s was calculated. This mass eruption rate is in good agreement with results obtained with simple models relating plume height with mass discharge at the vent. Our findings indicate that near-field measurements of eruption source parameters in a pulsating eruption may prove to be an effective monitoring tool. A comparison of the observed pulses with those generated in calibrated large-scale experiments reveals very similar characteristics and suggests that the analysis of near-field sensors could in the future help to constrain the triggering mechanism of explosive eruptions. KW - image KW - dynamics KW - infrasound KW - entrainment KW - jets KW - plumes KW - source parameters KW - Eyjafjallajökull 2010 KW - pulsating explosive eruptions KW - near-field monitoring KW - eruption rate KW - volcano KW - energy KW - models KW - explosive volcanism KW - mass Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-138635 VL - 67 IS - 180 ER -