TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wu, Lingdan
A1  - Winkler, Markus H.
A1  - Wieser, Matthias J.
A1  - Andreatta, Marta
A1  - Li, Yonghui
A1  - Pauli, Paul
T1  - Emotion regulation in heavy smokers: experiential, expressive and physiological consequences of cognitive reappraisal
JF  - Frontiers in Psychology
N2  - Emotion regulation dysfunctions are assumed to contribute to the development of tobacco addiction and relapses among smokers attempting to quit. To further examine this hypothesis, the present study compared heavy smokers with non-smokers (NS) in a reappraisal task. Specifically, we investigated whether non-deprived smokers (NDS) and deprived smokers (DS) differ from non-smokers in cognitive emotion regulation and whether there is an association between the outcome of emotion regulation and the cigarette craving. Sixty-five participants (23 non-smokers, 22 NDS, and 20 DS) were instructed to down-regulate emotions by reappraising negative or positive pictorial scenarios. Self-ratings of valence, arousal, and cigarette craving as well as facial electromyography and electroencephalograph activities were measured. Ratings, facial electromyography, and electroencephalograph data indicated that both NDS and DS performed comparably to nonsmokers in regulating emotional responses via reappraisal, irrespective of the valence of pictorial stimuli. Interestingly, changes in cigarette craving were positively associated with regulation of emotional arousal irrespective of emotional valence. These results suggest that heavy smokers are capable to regulate emotion via deliberate reappraisal and smokers' cigarette craving is associated with emotional arousal rather than emotional valence. This study provides preliminary support for the therapeutic use of reappraisal to replace maladaptive emotion-regulation strategies in nicotine addicts.
KW  - negative affect
KW  - regulation strategies
KW  - positive emotions
KW  - craving
KW  - late positive potential
KW  - nicotine addiction
KW  - smoking
KW  - emotion regulation
KW  - reappraisal
KW  - facial electromyography
KW  - brain reactivity
KW  - down regulation
KW  - unpleasant pictures
KW  - anxiety sensitivity
KW  - facial expressions
KW  - cigarette smokers
KW  - smoking motives
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-145225
VL  - 6
IS  - 1555
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wieser, Matthias J.
A1  - Reicherts, Philipp
A1  - Juravle, Georgiana
A1  - von Leupoldt, Andreas
T1  - Attention mechanisms during predictable and unpredictable threat - a steady-state visual evoked potential approach
JF  - NeuroImage
N2  - Fear is elicited by imminent threat and leads to phasic fear responses with selective attention, whereas anxiety is characterized by a sustained state of heightened vigilance due to uncertain danger. In the present study, we investigated attention mechanisms in fear and anxiety by adapting the NPU-threat test to measure steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs). We investigated ssVEPs across no aversive events (N), predictable aversive events (P), and unpredictable aversive events (U), signaled by four-object arrays (30 s). In addition, central cues were presented during all conditions but predictably signaled imminent threat only during the P condition. Importantly, cues and context events were flickered at different frequencies (15 Hz vs. 20 Hz) in order to disentangle respective electrocortical responses. The onset of the context elicited larger electrocortical responses for U compared to P context. Conversely, P cues elicited larger electrocortical responses compared to N cues. Interestingly, during the presence of the P cue, visuocortical processing of the concurrent context was also enhanced. The results support the notion of enhanced initial hypervigilance to unpredictable compared to predictable threat contexts, while predictable cues show electrocortical enhancement of the cues themselves but additionally a boost of context processing.
KW  - Event-related potential
KW  - Contextual fear
KW  - Conditioning evidence
KW  - Sustained attention
KW  - Selective attention
KW  - Aversive events
KW  - Time-course
KW  - Virtual-reality
KW  - Anxiety
KW  - Humans
Y1  - 2016
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-187365
VL  - 139
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wieser, Matthias J.
A1  - Moscovitch, David A.
T1  - The effect of affective context on visuocortical processing of neutral faces in social anxiety - An ERP study
JF  - Frontiers in Psychology
N2  - It has been demonstrated that verbal context information alters the neural processing of ambiguous faces such as faces with no apparent facial expression. In social anxiety, neutral faces may be implicitly threatening for socially anxious individuals due to their ambiguous nature, but even more so if these neutral faces are put in self-referential negative contexts. Therefore, we measured event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in response to neutral faces which were preceded by affective verbal information (negative, neutral, positive). Participants with low social anxiety (LSA; n = 23) and high social anxiety (HSA; n = 21) were asked to watch and rate valence and arousal of the respective faces while continuous EEG was recorded. ERP analysis revealed that HSA showed elevated P100 amplitudes in response to faces, but reduced structural encoding of faces as indexed by reduced N170 amplitudes. In general, affective context led to an enhanced early posterior negativity (EPN) for negative compared to neutral facial expressions. Moreover, HSA compared to LSA showed enhanced late positive potentials (LPP) to negatively contextualized faces, whereas in LSA this effect was found for faces in positive contexts. Also, HSA rated faces in negative contexts as more negative compared to LSA. These results point at enhanced vigilance for neutral faces regardless of context in HSA, while structural encoding seems to be diminished (avoidance). Interestingly, later components of sustained processing (LPP) indicate that LSA show enhanced visuocortical processing for faces in positive contexts (happy bias), whereas this seems to be the case for negatively contextualized faces in HSA (threat bias). Finally, our results add further new evidence that top-down information in interaction with individual anxiety levels can influence early-stage aspects of visual perception.
KW  - context effects
KW  - face processing
KW  - social anxiety
KW  - ERPs (Event-Related Potentials)
KW  - EEG/ERP
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125148
VL  - 6
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wieser, Matthias J.
A1  - Gerdes, Antje B. M.
A1  - Reicherts, Philipp
A1  - Pauli, Paul
T1  - Mutual influences of pain and emotional face processing
JF  - Frontiers in Psychology
N2  - The perception of unpleasant stimuli enhances whereas the perception of pleasant stimuli decreases pain perception. In contrast, the effects of pain on the processing of emotional stimuli are much less known. Especially given the recent interest in facial expressions of pain as a special category of emotional stimuli, a main topic in this research line is the mutual influence of pain and facial expression processing. Therefore, in this mini-review we selectively summarize research on the effects of emotional stimuli on pain, but more extensively turn to the opposite direction namely how pain influences concurrent processing of affective stimuli such as facial expressions. Based on the motivational priming theory one may hypothesize that the perception of pain enhances the processing of unpleasant stimuli and decreases the processing of pleasant stimuli. This review reveals that the literature is only partly consistent with this assumption: pain reduces the processing of pleasant pictures and happy facial expressions, but does not – or only partly – affect processing of unpleasant pictures. However, it was demonstrated that pain selectively enhances the processing of facial expressions if these are pain-related (i.e., facial expressions of pain). Extending a mere affective modulation theory, the latter results suggest pain-specific effects which may be explained by the perception-action model of empathy. Together, these results underscore the important mutual influence of pain and emotional face processing.
KW  - emotion
KW  - facial expression
KW  - ERPs
KW  - perception-action
KW  - pain
Y1  - 2014
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-118446
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 5
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wieser, Matthias J.
A1  - Flaisch, Tobias
A1  - Pauli, Paul
T1  - Raised Middle-Finger: Electrocortical Correlates of Social Conditioning with Nonverbal Affective Gestures
N2  - Humans form impressions of others by associating persons (faces) with negative or positive social outcomes. This learning process has been referred to as social conditioning. In everyday life, affective nonverbal gestures may constitute important social signals cueing threat or safety, which therefore may support aforementioned learning processes. In conventional aversive conditioning, studies using electroencephalography to investigate visuocortical processing of visual stimuli paired with danger cues such as aversive noise have demonstrated facilitated processing and enhanced sensory gain in visual cortex. The present study aimed at extending this line of research to the field of social conditioning by pairing neutral face stimuli with affective nonverbal gestures. To this end, electro-cortical processing of faces serving as different conditioned stimuli was investigated in a differential social conditioning paradigm. Behavioral ratings and visually evoked steady-state potentials (ssVEP) were recorded in twenty healthy human participants, who underwent a differential conditioning procedure in which three neutral faces were paired with pictures of negative (raised middle finger), neutral (pointing), or positive (thumbs-up) gestures. As expected, faces associated with the aversive hand gesture (raised middle finger) elicited larger ssVEP amplitudes during conditioning. Moreover, theses faces were rated as to be more arousing and unpleasant. These results suggest that cortical engagement in response to faces aversively conditioned with nonverbal gestures is facilitated in order to establish persistent vigilance for social threat-related cues. This form of social conditioning allows to establish a predictive relationship between social stimuli and motivationally relevant outcomes.
KW  - analysis of variance
KW  - face
KW  - behavioral conditioning
KW  - conditioned response
KW  - semiotics
KW  - non-verbal communication
KW  - amygdala
KW  - human learning
Y1  - 2014
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-113061
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Wieser, Matthias J.
T1  - Der Einfluss von emotionalem Gesichtsausdruck und Blickkontakt auf visuelle Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse bei sozialer Ängstlichkeit - Empirische Studien zu Augenbewegungen und Peripherphysiologie
T1  - The influence of facial expression and gaze contact on visual attention in social anxiety - Empirical evidence from eyetracking and physiological data
N2  - Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit war der Einfluss von emotionalem Gesichtsausdruck und wahrgenommener Blickrichtung auf die visuelle Aufmerksamkeitsausrichtung bei sozialer Ängstlichkeit. Dabei wurde zum einen die so genannte Hypervigilanz-Vermeidungs-Hypothese getestet (Experimente 1 und 2), wonach Hoch-Sozialängstliche (HSÄ) Personen ärgerliche Gesichter initial häufiger anschauen und im weiteren Verlauf vermeiden. Zum anderen wurde überprüft, ob soziale Ängstlichkeit mit einem Vermeiden von Blickkontakt und gleichzeitiger erhöhter physiologischer Erregung assoziiert ist (Experiment 3). Im ersten Experiment wurde das experimentelle Design zur Messung der visuellen Aufmerksamkeitsausrichtung mittels Eye-Tracking etabliert. HSÄ zeigten beim Betrachten zweier gleichzeitig präsentierter Gesichter (emotional vs. neutral) eine Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrung für emotionale Gesichter, die allerdings noch durch das Geschlecht moduliert wurde. HSÄ schauten initial vor allem häufiger auf weibliche freundliche und auf männliche ärgerliche Gesichter. Außerdem tendierten HSÄ dazu, emotionale Gesichter zwischen 1 s und 1.5 s nach Bild-Onset weniger lange anzuschauen, was auf ein Vermeidungsverhalten hindeuten könnte. Im zweiten Experiment wurde dieses Paradigma um eine emotionale Antisakkadenaufgabe erweitert, mit der die willentliche Inhibition der reflexiven Aufmerksamkeitsausrichtung auf soziale Stimuli überprüft werden sollte. Außerdem erfolgte hier eine Selektion von Probanden anhand der Fragebogenscores in einem Screening zur sozialen Ängstlichkeit, um extremere Gruppen zu erhalten. HSÄ zeigten in der freien Bildbetrachtung einen initialen Aufmerksamkeitsbias für freundliche Gesichter und mehr Fehler in der Antisakkadenaufgabe auf alle Gesichtsausdrücke, was auf eine generell verminderte Fähigkeit, die reflexive Aufmerksamkeit auf soziale Stimuli willentlich zu hemmen, hinweist. Die Befunde deuten zum einen auf einen Aufmerksamkeitsverzerrung hin zu freundlichen Gesichtern bei sozialer Ängstlichkeit hin, was als Konsequenz eine Modifizierung der Hypervigilanz-Vermeidungs-Hypothese notwendig erscheinen lässt. Zum anderen zeigen die Ergebnisse der Antisakkadenaufgabe, dass soziale Ängstlichkeit möglicherweise mit einer grundsätzlich verminderten Aufmerksamkeitskontrolle auf soziale Stimuli assoziiert ist. Im dritten Experiment wurden dynamische Videos von Gesichtern eingesetzt, um die Vermeidungsreaktion auf direkten Blickkontakt bei sozialer Ängstlichkeit zu untersuchen. Zusätzlich wurden die Herzraten- (HR) und Hautleitfähigkeitsreaktion (SCR) als Maße autonomer Aktivierung erhoben. Auch hier wurden anhand eines Screenings gebildete Gruppen untersucht. HSÄ zeigten eine verstärkte HR-Akzeleration auf direkten Blick, was als defensive Reaktion gedeutet werden kann, wie sie bei ängstlichen Probanden häufig in Reaktion auf phobie-relevante Stimuli auftritt. Direkter Blick könnte also tatsächlich ein Angst auslösender Stimulus bei sozialer Ängstlichkeit sein, allerdings resultiert dies nicht zwangsläufig in Vermeidung von Blickkontakt. Zusammen deuten die vorliegenden Studien daraufhin, dass sowohl emotionaler Ausdruck als auch Blickrichtung kritische Variable bei sozialer Ängstlichkeit sind. Weitergehende Untersuchungen sollten insbesondere die Wirkung der Interaktion dieser beiden Variablen auf die visuelle Aufmerksamkeitsausrichtung bei sozialer Ängstlichkeit untersuchen.
N2  - In three studies, the influence of facial expressions and perceived gaze direction on visual attention in social anxiety was investigated. In studies 1 & 2, it was tested whether high socially anxious persons (HSA) show a hypervigilance-avoidance pattern of attentional deployment in response to angry faces. In study 3, the gaze behaviour and the physiological arousal in response to averted or direct gaze was investigated in socially anxious participants. In study 1, the experimental design to investigate visual attention through infra-red eye tracking was successfully established. Watching two simultaneously presented faces (emotional vs. neutral), high socially anxious persons showed an initial attentional bias toward emotional (angry and happy) faces, which was further modulated by the sex of the shown face. HSA initially looked more frequently at male angry and female happy faces. Furthermore, they tended to look less long at emotional facial expressions between 1 to 1.5 s after picture onset, which may indicate avoidance of emotional facial expressions. In study 2, in addition to this passive viewing task, participants had to perform an emotional antisaccade task, which was developed to investigate the attentional control of participants in response to social stimuli. Furthermore, the selection of participants was based on their scores in a questionnaire on social anxiety which were obtained in a screening procedure before the experiment. In the passive viewing task, HSA showed an initial attentional bias towards happy facial expressions. In the antisaccade task, HSA made more errors to perform a correct antisaccade in response to all facial expressions indicating an impaired inhibition of the reflexive orienting to social stimuli. These findings point at an attentional bias for happy facial expressions, which consequently seems to necessitate a modification of the hypervigilance-avoidance hypothesis. The results of the antisaccade task may indicate a diminished attentional control in socially anxious persons. In study 3, dynamic videos of faces were used to investigate the avoidance behaviour of socially anxious participants in response to direct gaze. In addition, heart rate (HR) and skin conductance responses (SCR) were obtained to measure autonomic arousal. Similar to study 2, three groups were selected based on their scores in a questionnaire on social anxiety obtained in a screening procedure. HSA showed an enhanced HR acceleration in response to direct gaze, which indicates a phobic defensive reaction. However, direct gaze was not avoided by HSA as the eye tracking data revealed. In sum, the results of these three studies show that facial expressions as well as perceived gaze direction are critical features in social anxiety. Further research should examine the effects of the interplay of these two variables on visual attention and avoidance in social anxiety.
KW  - Visuelle Aufmerksamkeit
KW  - soziale Ängstlichkeit
KW  - Gesichtsausdrücke
KW  - Blickkontakt
KW  - Eye-Tracking
KW  - visual attention
KW  - sozial anxiety
KW  - facial expression
KW  - gaze contact
KW  - eye-tracking
Y1  - 2007
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-25732
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stegmann, Yannik
A1  - Andreatta, Marta
A1  - Wieser, Matthias J.
T1  - The effect of inherently threatening contexts on visuocortical engagement to conditioned threat
JF  - Psychophysiology
N2  - Fear and anxiety are crucial for adaptive responding in life‐threatening situations. Whereas fear is a phasic response to an acute threat accompanied by selective attention, anxiety is characterized by a sustained feeling of apprehension and hypervigilance during situations of potential threat. In the current literature, fear and anxiety are usually considered mutually exclusive, with partially separated neural underpinnings. However, there is accumulating evidence that challenges this distinction between fear and anxiety, and simultaneous activation of fear and anxiety networks has been reported. Therefore, the current study experimentally tested potential interactions between fear and anxiety. Fifty‐two healthy participants completed a differential fear conditioning paradigm followed by a test phase in which the conditioned stimuli were presented in front of threatening or neutral contextual images. To capture defense system activation, we recorded subjective (threat, US‐expectancy), physiological (skin conductance, heart rate) and visuocortical (steady‐state visual evoked potentials) responses to the conditioned stimuli as a function of contextual threat. Results demonstrated successful fear conditioning in all measures. In addition, threat and US‐expectancy ratings, cardiac deceleration, and visuocortical activity were enhanced for fear cues presented in threatening compared with neutral contexts. These results are in line with an additive or interactive rather than an exclusive model of fear and anxiety, indicating facilitated defensive behavior to imminent danger in situations of potential threat.
KW  - anxiety
KW  - EEG
KW  - emotion
KW  - fear
KW  - heart rate
KW  - ssVEP
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312465
VL  - 60
IS  - 4
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stegmann, Yannik
A1  - Andreatta, Marta
A1  - Pauli, Paul
A1  - Wieser, Matthias J.
T1  - Associative learning shapes visual discrimination in a web-based classical conditioning task
JF  - Scientific Reports
N2  - Threat detection plays a vital role in adapting behavior to changing environments. A fundamental function to improve threat detection is learning to differentiate between stimuli predicting danger and safety. Accordingly, aversive learning should lead to enhanced sensory discrimination of danger and safety cues. However, studies investigating the psychophysics of visual and auditory perception after aversive learning show divergent findings, and both enhanced and impaired discrimination after aversive learning have been reported. Therefore, the aim of this web-based study is to examine the impact of aversive learning on a continuous measure of visual discrimination. To this end, 205 participants underwent a differential fear conditioning paradigm before and after completing a visual discrimination task using differently oriented grating stimuli. Participants saw either unpleasant or neutral pictures as unconditioned stimuli (US). Results demonstrated sharpened visual discrimination for the US-associated stimulus (CS+), but not for the unpaired conditioned stimuli (CS-). Importantly, this finding was irrespective of the US's valence. These findings suggest that associative learning results in increased stimulus salience, which facilitates perceptual discrimination in order to prioritize attentional deployment.
KW  - classical conditioning
KW  - fear conditioning
KW  - psychology
KW  - sensory processing
KW  - visual system
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-260480
VL  - 11
IS  - 1
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stegmann, Yannik
A1  - Andreatta, Marta
A1  - Pauli, Paul
A1  - Keil, Andreas
A1  - Wieser, Matthias J.
T1  - Investigating sustained attention in contextual threat using steady‐state VEPs evoked by flickering video stimuli
JF  - Psychophysiology
N2  - Anxiety is characterized by anxious anticipation and heightened vigilance to uncertain threat. However, if threat is not reliably indicated by a specific cue, the context in which threat was previously experienced becomes its best predictor, leading to anxiety. A suitable means to induce anxiety experimentally is context conditioning: In one context (CTX+), an unpredictable aversive stimulus (US) is repeatedly presented, in contrast to a second context (CTX−), in which no US is ever presented. In this EEG study, we investigated attentional mechanisms during acquisition and extinction learning in 38 participants, who underwent a context conditioning protocol. Flickering video stimuli (32 s clips depicting virtual offices representing CTX+/−) were used to evoke steady‐state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs) as an index of visuocortical engagement with the contexts. Analyses of the electrocortical responses suggest a successful induction of the ssVEP signal by video presentation in flicker mode. Furthermore, we found clear indices of context conditioning and extinction learning on a subjective level, while cortical processing of the CTX+ was unexpectedly reduced during video presentation. The differences between CTX+ and CTX− diminished during extinction learning. Together, these results indicate that the dynamic sensory input of the video presentation leads to disruptions in the ssVEP signal, which is greater for motivationally significant, threatening contexts.
KW  - anxiety
KW  - EEG
KW  - oscillation
KW  - threat
KW  - time frequency analyses
KW  - visual processes
Y1  - 2023
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312430
VL  - 60
IS  - 5
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schwarz, Katharina A.
A1  - Wieser, Matthias J.
A1  - Gerdes, Antje B. M.
A1  - Mühlberger, Andreas
A1  - Pauli, Paul
T1  - Why are you looking like that? How the context influences evaluation and processing of human faces
JF  - Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
N2  - Perception and evaluation of facial expressions are known to be heavily modulated by emotional features of contextual information. Such contextual effects, however, might also be driven by non-emotional aspects of contextual information, an interaction of emotional and non-emotional factors, and by the observers’ inherent traits. Therefore, we sought to assess whether contextual information about self-reference in addition to information about valence influences the evaluation and neural processing of neutral faces. Furthermore, we investigated whether social anxiety moderates these effects. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, participants viewed neutral facial expressions preceded by a contextual sentence conveying either positive or negative evaluations about the participant or about somebody else. Contextual influences were reflected in rating and fMRI measures, with strong effects of self-reference on brain activity in the medial prefrontal cortex and right fusiform gyrus. Additionally, social anxiety strongly affected the response to faces conveying negative, self-related evaluations as revealed by the participants’ rating patterns and brain activity in cortical midline structures and regions of interest in the left and right middle frontal gyrus. These results suggest that face perception and processing are highly individual processes influenced by emotional and non-emotional aspects of contextual information and further modulated by individual personality traits.
KW  - social anxiety
KW  - facial expression
KW  - context
KW  - self-reference
Y1  - 2013
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-132126
VL  - 8
IS  - 4
ER  -