TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bodem, Jochen
A1  - Rethwilm, Axel
T1  - Evolution of Foamy Viruses: The Most Ancient of All Retroviruses
JF  - Viruses
N2  - Recent evidence indicates that foamy viruses (FVs) are the oldest retroviruses (RVs) that we know and coevolved with their hosts for several hundred million years. This coevolution may have contributed to the non-pathogenicity of FVs, an important factor in development of foamy viral vectors in gene therapy. However, various questions on the molecular evolution of FVs remain still unanswered. The analysis of the spectrum of animal species infected by exogenous FVs or harboring endogenous FV elements in their genome is pivotal. Furthermore, animal studies might reveal important issues, such as the identification of the FV in vivo target cells, which than require a detailed characterization, to resolve the molecular basis of the accuracy with which FVs copy their genome. The issues of the extent of FV viremia and of the nature of the virion genome (RNA vs. DNA) also need to be experimentally addressed.
KW  - foamy viruses
KW  - retroviruses
KW  - hepadnaviruses
KW  - evolution
KW  - genetic conservation
KW  - recombination
Y1  - 2013
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97312
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bodem, Jochen
A1  - Schrom, Eva-Maria
A1  - Moschall, Rebecca
A1  - Hartl, Maximilian J.
A1  - Weitner, Helena
A1  - Fecher, David
A1  - Langemeier, Jörg
A1  - Wöhrl, Brigitta M.
T1  - U1snRNP-mediated suppression of polyadenylation in conjunction with the RNA structure controls poly (A) site selection in foamy viruses
JF  - Retrovirology
N2  - Background

During reverse transcription, retroviruses duplicate the long terminal repeats (LTRs). These identical LTRs carry both promoter regions and functional polyadenylation sites. To express full-length transcripts, retroviruses have to suppress polyadenylation in the 5′LTR and activate polyadenylation in the 3′LTR. Foamy viruses have a unique LTR structure with respect to the location of the major splice donor (MSD), which is located upstream of the polyadenylation signal.

Results

Here, we describe the mechanisms of foamy viruses regulating polyadenylation. We show that binding of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (U1snRNP) to the MSD suppresses polyadenylation at the 5′LTR. In contrast, polyadenylation at the 3′LTR is achieved by adoption of a different RNA structure at the MSD region, which blocks U1snRNP binding and furthers RNA cleavage and subsequent polyadenylation.

Conclusion

Recently, it was shown that U1snRNP is able to suppress the usage of intronic cryptic polyadenylation sites in the cellular genome. Foamy viruses take advantage of this surveillance mechanism to suppress premature polyadenylation at the 5’end of their RNA. At the 3’end, Foamy viruses use a secondary structure to presumably block access of U1snRNP and thereby activate polyadenylation at the end of the genome. Our data reveal a contribution of U1snRNP to cellular polyadenylation site selection and to the regulation of gene expression.
KW  - Polyadenylation
KW  - foamy virus
KW  - RNA structure
KW  - Major splice donor
KW  - Polyadenylierung
KW  - RNS
Y1  - 2013
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96085
UR  - http://www.retrovirology.com/content/10/1/55
ER  - 
TY  - BOOK
A1  - Bock, Stefanie
A1  - Gauch, Fabian
A1  - Giernat, Yannik
A1  - Hillebrand, Frank
A1  - Kozlova, Darja
A1  - Linck, Lisa
A1  - Moschall, Rebecca
A1  - Sauer, Markus
A1  - Schenk, Christian
A1  - Ulrich, Kristina
A1  - Bodem, Jochen
T1  - HIV-1 : Lehrbuch von Studenten für Studenten
T1  - HIV-1 : a textbook for students written by students
N2  - Dies ist ein Lehrbuch über die HIV-1 Replikation, Pathogenese und Therapie. Es richtet sich an Studenten der Biologie und der Medizin, die etwas mehr über HIV erfahren wollen und stellt neben virologischen Themen auch die zellulären Grundlagen dar. Es umfasst den Viruseintritt, die reverse Transkription, Genom-Integration, Transkriptionsregualtion, die Kotrolle des Spleißens, der Polyadenylierung und des RNA-Exportes. Die Darstellung wird abgerundet mit Kapiteln zum intrazellulärem Transport, zu Nef und zum Virusassembly. In zwei weiteren Kapitel wird die HIV-1 Pathogenese und die Therapie besprochen. Zur Lernkontrolle sind den Kapiteln Fragen und auch Klausurfragen angefügt.
KW  - HIV
KW  - Retroviren
KW  - Lehrbuch
KW  - Viren
KW  - Virologie
KW  - Transkription
KW  - RNS
KW  - Therapie
KW  - Pathogenese
KW  - Epidemiologie
KW  - RNA-Export
KW  - Polyadenylierung
KW  - Reverse Transkription
KW  - Transkription
Y1  - 2013
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78980
SN  - 978-3-923959-90-7
ER  -