TY - JOUR A1 - Kaufmann, Sebastian A1 - Gronwald, Thomas A1 - Herold, Fabian A1 - Hoos, Olaf T1 - Heart Rate Variability-Derived Thresholds for Exercise Intensity Prescription in Endurance Sports: A Systematic Review of Interrelations and Agreement with Different Ventilatory and Blood Lactate Thresholds JF - Sports Medicine - Open N2 - Background Exercise intensities are prescribed using specific intensity zones (moderate, heavy, and severe) determined by a ‘lower’ and a ‘higher’ threshold. Typically, ventilatory (VT) or blood lactate thresholds (LT), and critical power/speed concepts (CP/CS) are used. Various heart rate variability-derived thresholds (HRVTs) using different HRV indices may constitute applicable alternatives, but a systematic review of the proximity of HRVTs to established threshold concepts is lacking. Objective This systematic review aims to provide an overview of studies that determined HRVTs during endurance exercise in healthy adults in comparison with a reference VT and/or LT concept. Methods A systematic literature search for studies determining HRVTs in healthy individuals during endurance exercise and comparing them with VTs or LTs was conducted in Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science (until January 2022). Studies claiming to describe similar physiological boundaries to delineate moderate from heavy (HRVTlow vs. VTlow and/or LTlow), and heavy from severe intensity zone (HRVThigh vs. VThigh and/or LThigh) were grouped and their results synthesized. Results Twenty-seven included studies (461 participants) showed a mean difference in relative HR between HRVTlow and VTlow of − 0.6%bpm in weighted means and 0.02%bpm between HRVTlow and LTlow. Bias between HR at HRVTlow and VTlow was 1 bpm (limits of agreement (LoA): − 10.9 to 12.8 bpm) and 2.7 bpm (LoA: − 20.4 to 25.8 bpm) between HRVTlow and LTlow. Mean difference in HR between HRVThigh and VThigh was 0.3%bpm in weighted means and 2.9%bpm between HRVThigh and LThigh while bias between HR at HRVThigh and VThigh was − 4 bpm (LoA: − 17.9 to 9.9 bpm) and 2.5 bpm (LoA: − 12.1 to 17.1 bpm) between HRVThigh and LThigh. Conclusion HRVTlow seems to be a promising approach for the determination of a ‘lower’ threshold comparable to VTlow and potentially for HRVThigh compared to VThigh, although the latter needs further empirical evaluation. LoA for both intensity zone boundaries indicates bias of HRVTs on an individual level. Taken together, HRVTs can be a promising alternative for prescribing exercise intensity in healthy, male athletes undertaking endurance activities but due to the heterogeneity of study design, threshold concepts, standardization, and lack of female participants, further research is necessary to draw more robust and nuanced conclusions. KW - exercise intensity KW - intensity distribution KW - vagal threshold KW - endurance training KW - performance testing Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357957 VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Domokos, Bruno A1 - Amersbach, Tanja A1 - Hausmayer, Eva-Maria A1 - Roßmann, Christin A1 - Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit A1 - Bucksch, Jens T1 - Development and reliability testing of an audit toolbox for the assessment of the physical activity friendliness of urban and rural environments in Germany JF - Frontiers in Public Health N2 - Background: According to socio-ecological theories, physical activity behaviors are linked to the physical and social neighborhood environment. Reliable and contextually adapted instruments are needed to assess environmental characteristics related to physical activity. This work aims to develop an audit toolbox adapted to the German context, to urban and rural settings, for different population groups, and different types of physical activity; and to evaluate its inter-rater reliability. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search to collect existing audit tools and to identify the latest evidence of environmental factors influencing physical activity in general, as well as in German populations. The results guided the construction of a category system for the toolbox. Items were assigned to the categories based on their relevance to physical activity and to the German context as well as their comprehensibility. We piloted the toolbox in different urban and rural areas (100 street segments, 15 parks, and 21 playgrounds) and calculated inter-rater reliability by Cohen's Kappa. Results: The audit toolbox comprises a basic streetscape audit with seven categories (land use and destinations, traffic safety, pedestrian infrastructure, cycling infrastructure, attractiveness, social environment, and subjective assessment), as well as supplementary tools for children and adolescents, seniors and people with impaired mobility, parks and public open spaces, playgrounds, and rural areas. 76 % of all included items had moderate, substantial, or almost perfect inter-rater reliability (κ > 0.4). Conclusions: The audit toolbox is an innovative and reliable instrument for the assessment of the physical activity friendliness of urban and rural environments in Germany. KW - built environment KW - physical activity KW - reliability KW - rural KW - urban KW - walkability Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-326116 SN - 2296-2565 VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Domokos, Bruno A1 - Beer, Lisa A1 - Reuther, Stefanie A1 - Raschka, Christoph A1 - Spang, Christoph T1 - Immediate effects of isolated lumbar extension resistance exercise (ILEX) on spine posture and mobility measured with the IDIAG Spinal Mouse System JF - Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology N2 - Posture and mobility are important aspects for spinal health. In the context of low back pain, strategies to alter postural anomalies (e.g., hyper/hypolordosis, hyper/hypokyphosis) and mobility deficits (e.g., bending restrictions) have been of interest to researchers and clinicians. Machine-based isolated lumbar extension resistance exercise (ILEX) has been used successfully for rehabilitation of patients suffering from low back pain. The aim of this study was to analyse the immediate effects of ILEX on spinal posture and mobility. In this interventional cohort study, the posture and mobility measures of 33 healthy individuals (m = 17, f = 16; mean age 30.0 years) were taken using the surface-based Spinal Mouse system (IDIAG M360©, Fehraltdorf, Switzerland). Individuals performed one exercise set to full exhaustion with an ILEX-device (Powerspine, Wuerzburg, Germany) in a standardized setup, including uniform range of motion and time under tension. Scans were made immediately before and after the exercise. There was an immediate significant decrease in standing lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis. No change could be observed in standing pelvic tilt. Mobility measures showed a significant decrease in the lumbar spine and an increase in the sacrum. The results show that ILEX alters spine posture and mobility in the short-term, which may benefit certain patient groups. KW - low back pain KW - spine KW - posture KW - mobility KW - exercise KW - ILEX KW - surface scanner Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-319334 SN - 2411-5142 VL - 8 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Paulsen, Lisa A1 - Bucksch, Jens A1 - Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit T1 - Bewegungs- und Gesundheitsförderung in ländlichen und städtischen Kommunen – eine qualitative Analyse zu den Rollen potenzieller Multiplikator*innen JF - Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung N2 - Hintergrund Kommunale Bewegungsförderung kann zur Vermeidung lebensstilbedingter Erkrankungen beitragen, ist aber keine kommunale Pflichtaufgabe, weshalb es in der Regel keine klaren Zuständigkeiten dafür gibt. Um zu verstehen, wie kommunale Bewegungsförderung in Deutschland vorangebracht werden kann, ist es wichtig, potenzielle Multiplikator*innen in städtischen und ländlichen Kommunen zu identifizieren und deren Rollen zu charakterisieren. Methodische Vorgehensweise Es wurden 18 potenzielle Multiplikator*innen der kommunalen Gesundheits- und Bewegungsförderung auf verschiedenen Ebenen (Bundesland, Landkreis/Stadt, Gemeinde/Stadtteil) in leitfadengestützten semistrukturierten Interviews zu ihrer eigenen Rolle sowie zu ihrer Wahrnehmung der Rollen anderer Akteur*innen befragt. Die Auswertung erfolgte gemäß der inhaltlich-strukturierenden Inhaltsanalyse nach Kuckartz. Ergebnisse (Landes‑)Gesundheitsämter und Gesundheitskonferenzen nehmen eine beratende, vernetzende und fachlich unterstützende Rolle ein. Auf der Umsetzungsebene vor Ort müssen sich im Einzelfall Kümmer*innen finden, die in Stadt und Land unterschiedlich sein können. Die befragten Quartiermanager*innen sehen ihre primäre Rolle in der Arbeit mit den Bürger*innen, die Verwaltungsmitarbeiter*innen in der administrativen Abwicklung von Projekten. Schlussfolgerung Fachliche Impulse zur kommunalen Bewegungsförderung können über Landesgesundheitsämter an Akteur*innen in Landkreisen und Städten weitergegeben werden. Für die Multiplikation und Umsetzung in einzelnen Gemeinden und Stadtteilen müssen Verantwortliche vor Ort gefunden werden bzw. Strukturen aufgebaut werden. N2 - Background Community-based physical activity promotion can contribute to the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases. However, it is not obligatory and, hence, there are no clear responsibilities at the municipal level. In order to understand how community-based physical activity promotion can be advanced in Germany, it is necessary to identify potential stakeholders in urban and rural municipalities and characterize their roles. Methods Using guided semi-structured interviews, we asked 18 potential stakeholders at different levels (federal state, county/city, neighborhood/community) about their own roles and their perception of the roles of other stakeholders. The interviews were analyzed in a qualitative text analysis according to Kuckartz. Results Health authorities at the state and county level have an advising, networking, and professionally supporting role. At the local level, individuals who will implement the activities must be found. These can be different in rural and urban communities. The neighborhood managers interviewed primarily work with the residents, while the administrative staff is responsible for the administration of projects. Conclusions Health authorities at the state and county levels can promote community-based physical activity via professional input. For the multiplication and implementation in neighborhoods and communities, persons who take local responsibility must be found or structures must be established. T2 - Physical activity and health promotion in rural and urban communities — qualitative analysis of the roles of potential stakeholders KW - Bewegungsförderung KW - Gemeinde KW - Stakeholder KW - Strukturen KW - Akteure KW - physical activity promotion KW - municipality KW - urban KW - structures KW - rural Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-325039 SN - 1861-6755 VL - 18 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alfredson, Håkan A1 - Waldén, Markus A1 - Roberts, David A1 - Spang, Christoph T1 - Combined midportion Achilles and plantaris tendinopathy: a 1-year follow-up study after ultrasound and color-Doppler-guided WALANT surgery in a private setting in southern Sweden JF - Medicina N2 - Background and Objectives: Chronic painful midportion Achilles combined with plantaris tendinopathy can be a troublesome condition to treat. The objective was to prospectively follow patients subjected to ultrasound (US)- and color doppler (CD)-guided wide awake, local anesthetic, no-tourniquet (WALANT) surgery in a private setting. Material and Methods: Twenty-six Swedish patients (17 men and 9 women, mean age 50 years (range 29–62)) and eight international male patients (mean age of 38 years (range 25–71)) with combined midportion Achilles and plantaris tendinopathy in 45 tendons altogether were included. All patients had had >6 months of pain and had tried non-surgical treatment with eccentric training, without effect. US + CD-guided surgical scraping of the ventral Achilles tendon and plantaris removal under local anesthesia was performed on all patients. A 4–6-week rehabilitation protocol with an immediate full-weight-bearing tendon loading regime was used. The VISA-A score and a study-specific questionnaire evaluating physical activity level and subjective satisfaction with the treatment were used for evaluation. Results: At the 1-year follow-up, 32/34 patients (43 tendons) were satisfied with the treatment result and had returned to their pre-injury Achilles tendon loading activity. There were two dropouts (two tendons). For the Swedish patients, the mean VISA-A score increased from 34 (0–64) before surgery to 93 (61–100) after surgery (p < 0.001). There were two complications, one wound rupture and one superficial skin infection. Conclusions: For patients suffering from painful midportion Achilles tendinopathy and plantaris tendinopathy, US + CD-guided surgical Achilles tendon scraping and plantaris tendon removal showed a high satisfaction rate and good functional results 1 year after surgery. KW - Achilles tendinopathy KW - plantaris tendinopathy KW - surgical treatment KW - follow-up Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-303966 SN - 1648-9144 VL - 59 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beck, Franziska A1 - Engel, Florian A. A1 - Reimers, Anne Kerstin T1 - Compensation or displacement of physical activity in children and adolescents: a systematic review of empirical studies JF - Children N2 - Regular physical activity during childhood and adolescence is associated with health benefits. Consequently, numerous health promotion programs for children and adolescents emphasize the enhancement of physical activity. However, the ActivityStat hypothesis states that increases in physical activity in one domain are compensated for by decreasing physical activity in another domain. Currently, little is known about how physical activity varies in children and adolescents within intervals of one day or multiple days. This systematic review provides an overview of studies that analyzed changes in (overall) physical activity, which were assessed with objective measurements, or compensatory mechanisms caused by increases or decreases in physical activity in a specific domain in children and adolescents. A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SportDiscus) was performed with a priori defined inclusion criteria. Two independent researchers screened the literature and identified and rated the methodological quality of the studies. A total of 77 peer-reviewed articles were included that analyzed changes in overall physical activity with multiple methodological approaches resulting in compensation or displacement. Of 40,829 participants, 16,265 indicated compensation associated with physical activity. Subgroup analyses separated by study design, participants, measurement instrument, physical activity context, and intervention duration also showed mixed results toward an indication of compensation. Quality assessment of the included studies revealed that they were of high quality (mean = 0.866). This review provides inconclusive results about compensation in relation to physical activity. A trend toward increased compensation in interventional studies and in interventions of longer duration have been observed. KW - compensation KW - displacement KW - physical activity KW - children KW - adolescents Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-267231 SN - 2227-9067 VL - 9 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit A1 - Düking, Peter A1 - Müller, Miriam A1 - Froböse, Ingo A1 - Sperlich, Billy T1 - Type and intensity distribution of structured and incidental lifestyle physical activity of students and office workers: a retrospective content analysis JF - BMC Public Health N2 - Background Physical activity (PA) guidelines acknowledge the health benefits of regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) regardless of bout duration. However, little knowledge exists concerning the type and intensity distribution of structured and incidental lifestyle PA of students and office workers. The present study aimed to i) assess the duration and distribution of intensity of MVPAs during waking hours ≥50% of heart rate reserve (HRR), ii) to identify the type of PA through diary assessment, iii) to assign these activities into structured and lifestyle incidental PA, and iv) to compare this information between students and office workers. Methods Twenty-three healthy participants (11 students, 12 office workers) recorded heart rate (HR) with a wrist-worn HR monitor (Polar M600) and filled out a PA diary throughout seven consecutive days (i.e. ≥ 8 waking h/day). Relative HR zones were calculated, and PA diary information was coded using the Compendium of PA. We matched HR data with the reported PA and identified PA bouts during waking time ≥ 50% HRR concerning duration, HRR zone, type of PA, and assigned each activity to incidental and structured PA. Descriptive measures for time spend in different HRR zones and differences between students and office workers were calculated. Results In total, we analyzed 276.894 s (76 h 54 min 54 s) of waking time in HRR zones ≥50% and identified 169 different types of PA. The participants spend 31.9 ± 27.1 min/day or 3.9 ± 3.2% of their waking time in zones of ≥50% HRR with no difference between students and office workers (p > 0.01). The proportion of assigned incidental lifestyle PA was 76.9 ± 22.5%. Conclusions The present study provides initial insights regarding the type, amount, and distribution of intensity of structured and incidental lifestyle PA ≥ 50% HRR. Findings show a substantial amount of incidental lifestyle PA during waking hours and display the importance of promoting a physically active lifestyle. Future research could employ ambulatory assessments with integrated electronic diaries to detect information on the type and context of MVPA during the day. KW - incidental lifestyle physical activity KW - vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activities KW - physical activity KW - diary KW - structured physical activity KW - context Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301217 VL - 22 ER - TY - THES A1 - Matzka, Manuel T1 - Differenzierte Analyse verschiedener leistungsdiagnostischer Untersuchungsmethoden zur Optimierung der Trainingsanalyse und –steuerung im Kanurennsport T1 - Differentiated analysis of various performance diagnostic methods to optimise the analysis and regulation of the training process in kayak/canoe sprinting N2 - Kanurennsport ist in Deutschland eine der erfolgreichsten olympischen Sommersportarten und hat mit 12 potenziellen Goldmedaillenchancen eine hohe Bedeutung für den deutschen Spitzensport. In der nationalen als auch internationalen wissenschaftlichen Forschung ist Kanurennsport jedoch bis dato unzureichend untersucht. Dabei stellt Kanurennsport als eine der wenigen vorrangig durch die Oberkörpermuskulatur angetriebenen Sportarten eine Besonderheit dar. Ein zentraler Forschungsschwerpunkt ist seit einigen Jahrzehnten die Erforschung der optimalen Verteilung der Trainingsintensität (engl. training intensity distribution; TID) für die Leistungsentwicklung von Ausdauerathlet:innen. Häufig wird die Trainingsintensität hierzu in einem Drei-Zonen-Modell kategorisiert, bei dem Zone (Z) 1 einer Intensität unterhalb der aeroben Schwelle, Z2 der Intensität zwischen der aeroben und anaeroben Schwelle und Z3 Intensitäten oberhalb der anaeroben Schwelle entspricht. Forschungsergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass sich die TID nicht nur in Abhängigkeit von Sportart, Belastungsform, Trainingsstatus und Saisonphase unterscheidet, sondern auch in Abhängigkeit von der eingesetzten Quantifizierungsmethode (z.B. Herzfrequenz, Geschwindigkeit, Wattleistung, etc.). Für die Sportart Kanurennsport besteht bezüglich TID-Forschung großer Nachholbedarf, da bisherige Untersuchungen ausschließlich in Ausdauerportarten stattfanden, die hauptsächlich den Unterkörper (z.B. Radfahren, Laufen) oder Oberund Unterkörper (Schwimmen, Rudern) in die Vortriebsgenerierung einbinden. Bislang fehlen Informationen zu rein aus dem Oberkörper angetriebenen Sportarten. Als Grundlage für die Bestimmung der Trainingsintensitätszonen werden in Trainingspraxis und Forschung Stufentests zur Bestimmung der maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme sowie der Leistung an der aeroben und anaeroben ventilatorisch- und/oder laktatbasierten Schwelle angewandt. Die Stufentest werden im Kanurennsport aktuell vorrangig mittels Labordiagnostik auf dem Kanu- Ergometer durchgeführt, da diese weniger stark durch die diversen Umwelteinflüsse (Wind, Wellen, Temperatur, Strömung, etc.) beeinträchtigt wird. Jedoch gibt es Hinweise, dass die Belastung auf dem Ergometer biomechanisch und physiologisch von der auf dem Wasser im Kanurennsport abweicht, sodass deren Mehrwert für die Diagnostik und die Trainingsplanung in Frage zu stellen ist. Ziel der vorliegenden kumulativen Dissertation war es (1) zu untersuchen, inwiefern eine laborbasierte Leistungsdiagnostik einer feldbasierten im Kanurennsport entspricht (Studie 1) und daraufhin die Methoden der Leistungsdiagnostik für die Studien 2 und 3 zu wählen; und (2) erste wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zur TID und deren Quantifizierungsmethodik in der Sportart Kanurennsport zu gewinnen (Studie 2 & 3). Diese sollten dann mit dem Wissensstand aus Sportarten, die obere und untere Extremitäten (z.B. Biathlon, Rudern) bzw. primär die unteren Extremitäten (z.B. Radsport, Laufen) für den Vortrieb einsetzen, abgeglichen werden. Zusammenfassend konnte zunächst in Studie 1 aufgrund von Unterschieden in der VO2, der Muskeloxygenierung im Musculus biceps brachii sowie im subjektiven Belastungsempfinden dargestellt werden, dass sich eine Belastung auf dem Wasser von der auf dem Ergometer unterscheidet und somit eine wasserbasierte Leistungsdiagnostik im Kanurennsport vorzuziehen ist. Die Ergebnisse aus den Studien 2 und 3 zeigten, dass die TID im Saisonverlauf variiert und im Mittel einen hohen Anteil (80–90%) niedrigintensiven Trainings (Z1) aufwies, wobei in der Vorbereitungsphase eine pyramidale TID Struktur (Z1>Z2>Z3) und in der Wettkampfvorbereitung die Tendenz zu einer vermehrt polarisierten Struktur (Z1>Z3>Z2) gefunden wurde. Somit weisen die Ergebnisse trotz der physiologischen sowie biomechanischen Unterschiede zu Sportarten, die Oberbzw. Ober- und Unterkörper bei der Vortriebsgenerierung einsetzen, eine vergleichbare TID Struktur im Kanurennsport auf. Es ist zu vermuten, dass der geringe Impact auf das Skelettmuskelsystem und die damit einhergehende Möglichkeit, sehr hohe Trainingsvolumen mit der vergleichsweise kleinen Oberkörpermuskulatur zu verwirklichen, diese TID-Struktur bedingen. Zudem konnte dargestellt werden, dass die Wahl der Quantifizierungsmethode (extern vs. intern; basierend auf physiologischen Parametern vs. Wettkampftempo) die Darstellung der TID beeinflusst. Für eine adäquate Vergleichbarkeit und den gezielten Einsatz muss insofern in der Forschung wie auch in den Sportarten ein Konsens über die Wahl der Quantifizierungsmethode erarbeitet werden. Es scheint zudem empfehlenswert die TID-Quantifizierungsmethode anhand der Trainingsphase auszuwählen, wobei sich in der allgemeinen und spezifischen Vorbereitungsperiode vorzugsweise eine TID Quantifizierung nach physiologischen Kenngrößen empfiehlt. Hierbei erscheint ein Mix aus HF-basierter Analyse für Z1 sowie für längere Belastungen in Z2 und geschwindigkeitsbasierter Analyse für Z3 sowie kürzere Belastungen der Z2 zweckmäßig. In der Wettkampfvorbereitung stellt sich dann zusätzlich eine Zoneneinteilung basierend auf dem Wettkampftempo als sinnvoll dar. Aufgrund der starken intra- und interindividuellen Variation der TID ist der individuelle Mehrwert der auf dem Gruppenmittelwert basierenden Ergebnisse jedoch zu hinterfragen und weist auf den Bedarf nach einer individuelleren Betrachtung der TID und ihrer Effekte hin. Genauso stellt sich ein starker Einfluss der allgemeinen physischen Aktivität sowie psychischer Belastungen auf die TID und ihre Effekte dar, der wiederrum die Notwendigkeit eines holistischen Betrachtungsansatzes für zukünftige Forschung aufzeigt. Außerdem gibt es im Allgemeinen eine große Wissenslücke in Bezug auf Athletinnen in der TIDForschung, weshalb die bisherigen Erkenntnisse für die Trainingsgestaltung weiblicher Athleten mit Vorsicht behandelt werden müssen. N2 - Germany is one of the most successful nations at the summer Olympics in the sport of canoe sprint. With 12 events and therefore chances to win gold at the Olympics, the sport is important in German elite sports. However, research regarding canoe sprint is lacking, both nationally and internationally. Even though the sport displays a uniqueness, as the work is primarily performed with the musculature of the upper body. Within the last decades, one major topic within endurance sports research was the analysis of the optimal training intensity distribution (TID) to enhance performance adaptation in endurance athletes. Commonly, training intensity is categorized into a three-zone model with zone (Z) 1 being equal to intensities below the aerobic threshold, Z2 ranging between the aerobic and anaerobic threshold and Z3 being characterized as intensities above the anaerobic threshold. Research yields evidence that the TID is not only a consequence of the respective type of sport, exercise demands, training level of the athlete and phase of the season but also depends on how TID is quantified (e.g., heart rate, velocity, power, etc.). As existing research has focused on TID analysis in sports that propel the body with the lower-body (e.g., running, cycling) or the whole-body (e.g., swimming, rowing) musculature, evidence is lacking regarding the TID in sports primarily powered by the upper-body musculature like canoe sprint. To individually determine the distinct training intensity zones for each athlete, researchers and practitioners use incremental step tests to determine the maximum oxygen uptake and the performance corresponding to the aerobic and anaerobic lactate- or ventilatory-threshold. In canoe sprint, these incremental tests are generally implemented during laboratory tests using special canoe-/kayak-ergometers, as in the laboratory, environmental influences (wind, waves, temperature, stream) are significantly reduced. However, evidence suggests that the demands during ergometer bouts differ physiologically and biomechanically from specific on-water demands. Thus, the overall value of laboratory testing for performance diagnostics and training considerations must be questioned. Consequently, the current cumulative dissertation project aimed to (1) examine whether a laboratory-based performance diagnostic is comparable to a water-based diagnostic (study 1) and hereafter to choose the diagnostic method for the subsequent studies 2 and 3; and (2) to obtain initial scientific evidence regarding the TID and various quantification methods in canoe sprint (studies 2 & 3). Finally, the outcomes were discussed considering the current knowledge from other sports that primarily implement the lower body (e.g., running, cycling) or the whole body (e.g., biathlon, rowing) for propulsion. In summary, study 1 found differences in oxygen consumption, muscle oxygenation in the musculus biceps brachii, and the rating of perceived exertion between laboratory- and water-based incremental tests and thus indicated differences in physiological and biomechanical strain between the conditions. This suggests that water-based diagnostics should be preferred in canoe sprint to form proper conclusions from diagnostics and recommendations for training. Results from studies 2 & 3 found variation in the TID between the different phases of the season with high fractions (80-90%) of low-intensity training (e.g., Z1) on average, a pyramidal TID (Z1>Z2>Z3) during the preparatory phases and a tendency to a polarized TID (Z1>Z3>Z2) during the competition phase. Thus, the current evidence suggests a TID structure for canoe sprint that is comparable with sports that primarily use the lower-body or whole-body musculature for propulsion, despite differences in physiological and biomechanical demands. It can be assumed that the low impact on muscles, tendons, and bones during kayaking/canoeing and, consequently, the possibility of implementing high training volumes with the comparably small upper body musculature cause this TID structure. Furthermore, it was shown that the chosen TID quantification method (external vs. internal; physiologically based vs. race pace-based) impacts the description of the TID. Consequently, for adequate comparability and targeted implementation, both research and practice need to build a consensus regarding the choice of the TID quantification method. Furthermore, choosing the TID quantification method seems advisable depending on the training phase. Here, during the general and specific preparatory phase, TID quantification based on physiological measures is recommended, with a mix of heat rate-based analysis for Z1 sessions and sessions with longer-lasting Z2 bouts and velocity-based measures for Z3 and sessions with comparably short Z2 bouts. Additionally, quantifying TID based on race pace during the competition phase seems helpful. However, the large intra- and interindividual variation in the TID found in the current analyses raises doubts regarding the overall value of the current results based on group means and consequently increases the need for a more individual approach to the analysis of TID and its effects on performance. Similarly, there appears to be a considerable impact from general physical activity and psychological stressors on the TID and its effects, highlighting the need for a more holistic approach to the analysis of TID for future research. In addition, there is a lack of research on the TID in female athletes. Therefore, extrapolation of current knowledge for training prescription of female athletes should be done with caution. KW - Kanurennsport KW - Leistungsdiagnostik KW - Ausdauersport KW - Trainingsintensität KW - Training Intensity Distribution KW - Ausdauerleistungsdiagnostik KW - Trainingsteuerung Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-302116 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauer, Nikolai A1 - Sperlich, Billy A1 - Holmberg, Hans-Christer A1 - Engel, Florian A. T1 - Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training in School on the Physical Performance and Health of Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis JF - Sports Medicine - Open N2 - Objectives To assess the impact of HIIT performed at school, i.e. both in connection with physical education (intra-PE) and extracurricular sports activities (extra-PE), on the physical fitness and health of children and adolescents. Methods PubMed and SPORTDiscus were searched systematically utilizing the following criteria for inclusion: (1) healthy children and adolescents (5–18 years old) of normal weight; (2) HIIT performed intra- and/or extra-PE for at least 5 days at an intensity ≥ 80% of maximal heart rate (HR\(_{max}\)) or peak oxygen uptake (VO\(_{2peak}\)) or as Functional HIIT; (3) comparison with a control (HIIT versus alternative interventions); and (4) pre- and post-analysis of parameters related to physical fitness and health. The outcomes with HIIT and the control interventions were compared utilizing Hedges’ g effect size (ES) and associated 95% confidence intervals. Results Eleven studies involving 707 participants who performed intra-PE and 388 participants extra-PE HIIT were included. In comparison with the control interventions, intra-PE HIIT improved mean ES for neuromuscular and anaerobic performance (ES jump performance: 5.89 ± 5.67 (range 1.88–9.90); ES number of push-ups: 6.22 (range n.a.); ES number of sit-ups: 2.66 ± 2.02 (range 1.24–4.09)), as well as ES fasting glucose levels (− 2.68 (range n.a.)) more effectively, with large effect sizes. Extra-PE HIIT improved mean ES for neuromuscular and anaerobic performance (ES jump performance: 1.81 (range n.a.); ES number of sit-ups: 2.60 (range n.a.)) to an even greater extent, again with large effect sizes. Neither form of HIIT was more beneficial for parameters related to cardiorespiratory fitness than the control interventions. Conclusion Compared to other forms of exercise (e.g. low-to-moderate-intensity running or walking), both intra- and extra-PE HIIT result in greater improvements in neuromuscular and anaerobic performance, as well as in fasting levels of glucose in school children. KW - adolescents KW - health-related fitness KW - physical fitness KW - children KW - high-intensity interval training KW - physical education Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-301205 SN - 2199-1170 VL - 8 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sareban, Mahdi A1 - Winkert, Kay A1 - Sperlich, Billy A1 - Berger, Marc M. A1 - Niebauer, Josef A1 - Steinacker, Jürgen M. A1 - Treff, Gunnar T1 - Speckle tracking-derived bi-atrial strain before and after eleven weeks of training in elite rowers JF - Scientific Reports N2 - The left (LA) and right (RA) atria undergo adaptive remodeling in response to hemodynamic stress not only induced by endurance exercise but also as part of several cardiovascular diseases thereby confounding differential diagnosis. Echocardiographic assessment of the atria with novel speckle tracking (STE)-derived variables broadens the diagnostic spectrum compared to conventional analyses and has the potential to differentiate physiologic from pathologic changes. The purpose of this study was to assess and categorize baseline values of bi-atrial structure and function in elite rowers according to recommended cutoffs, and to assess the cardiac changes occurring with endurance training. Therefore, fifteen elite rowers underwent 2D-echocardiographic analysis of established variables of cardiac structure and function as well as STE-derived variables of bi-atrial function. Measurements were performed at baseline and after eleven weeks of extensive training. 40% of athletes displayed mildly enlarged LA and 47% mildly enlarged RA at baseline, whereas no athlete fell below the lower reference values of LA and RA reservoir strain. Average power during a 2000 m ergometer rowing test (P2000 m) improved from 426 +/- 39 W to 442 +/- 34 W (p = 0.010) but there were no changes of echocardiographic variables following training. In elite rowers, longitudinal bi-atrial strain assessment indicates normal resting function of structurally enlarged atria and thereby may assist to differentiate between exercise-induced versus disease-associated structural cardiac changes in which function is commonly impaired. KW - Elite Rowers KW - Reservoir Strain KW - Lower Reference Value KW - Rowing Ergometer KW - Strain Assessment KW - Cardiovascular biology KW - Risk factors Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-227362 VL - 8 ER -