TY - JOUR A1 - Spitzel, Marlene A1 - Wagner, Elise A1 - Breyer, Maximilian A1 - Henniger, Dorothea A1 - Bayin, Mehtap A1 - Hofmann, Lukas A1 - Mauceri, Daniela A1 - Sommer, Claudia A1 - Üçeyler, Nurcan T1 - Dysregulation of immune response mediators and pain-related ion channels is associated with pain-like behavior in the GLA KO mouse model of Fabry disease JF - Cells N2 - Fabry disease (FD) is a rare life-threatening disorder caused by deficiency of the alpha-galactosidase A (GLA) enzyme with a characteristic pain phenotype. Impaired GLA production or function leads to the accumulation of the cell membrane compound globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in the neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of FD patients. Applying immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT PCR) analysis on DRG tissue of the GLA knockout (KO) mouse model of FD, we address the question of how Gb3 accumulation may contribute to FD pain and focus on the immune system and pain-associated ion channel gene expression. We show a higher Gb3 load in the DRG of young (<6 months) (p < 0.01) and old (≥12 months) (p < 0.001) GLA KO mice compared to old wildtype (WT) littermates, and an overall suppressed immune response in the DRG of old GLA KO mice, represented by a reduced number of CD206\(^+\) macrophages (p < 0.01) and lower gene expression levels of the inflammation-associated targets interleukin(IL)1b (p < 0.05), IL10 (p < 0.001), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (p < 0.05), and leucine rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) (p < 0.01) in the DRG of old GLA KO mice compared to old WT. Dysregulation of immune-related genes may be linked to lower gene expression levels of the pain-associated ion channels calcium-activated potassium channel 3.1 (KCa3.1) and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 channel (TRPA1). Ion channel expression might further be disturbed by impaired sphingolipid recruitment mediated via the lipid raft marker flotillin-1 (FLOT1). This impairment is represented by an increased number of FLOT1\(^+\) DRG neurons with a membranous expression pattern in old GLA KO mice compared to young GLA KO, young WT, and old WT mice (p < 0.001 each). Further, we provide evidence for aberrant behavior of GLA KO mice, which might be linked to dysregulated ion channel gene expression levels and disturbed FLOT1 distribution patterns. Behavioral testing revealed mechanical hypersensitivity in young (p < 0.01) and old (p < 0.001) GLA KO mice compared to WT, heat hypersensitivity in young GLA KO mice (p < 0.001) compared to WT, age-dependent heat hyposensitivity in old GLA KO mice (p < 0.001) compared to young GLA KO mice, and cold hyposensitivity in young (p < 0.001) and old (p < 0.001) GLA KO mice compared to WT, which well reflects the clinical phenotype observed in FD patients. KW - Fabry disease KW - globotriaosylceramide KW - inflammation KW - macrophages KW - cytokines KW - ion channels KW - flotillin-1 lipid rafts KW - pain-associated behavior KW - mouse model Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-275186 SN - 2073-4409 VL - 11 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Planes, Maria D. A1 - Niñoles, Regina A1 - Rubio, Lourdes A1 - Bissoli, Gaetano A1 - Bueso, Eduardo A1 - García-Sánchez, María J. A1 - Alejandro, Santiago A1 - Gonzalez-Guzmán, Miguel A1 - Hedrich, Rainer A1 - Rodriguez, Pedro L. A1 - Fernández, José A. A1 - Serrano, Ramón T1 - A mechanism of growth inhibition by abscisic acid in germinating seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana based on inhibition of plasma membrane \(H^+\)-ATPase and decreased cytosolic pH, \(K^+\), and anions JF - Journal of Experimental Botany N2 - The stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) induces expression of defence genes in many organs, modulates ion homeostasis and metabolism in guard cells, and inhibits germination and seedling growth. Concerning the latter effect, several mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with improved capability for \(H^+\) efflux (wat1-1D, overexpression of AKT1 and ost2-1D) are less sensitive to inhibition by ABA than the wild type. This suggested that ABA could inhibit \(H^+\) efflux (\(H^+\)-ATPase) and induce cytosolic acidification as a mechanism of growth inhibition. Measurements to test this hypothesis could not be done in germinating seeds and we used roots as the most convenient system. ABA inhibited the root plasma-membrane H+-ATPase measured in vitro (ATP hydrolysis by isolated vesicles) and in vivo (\(H^+\) efflux from seedling roots). This inhibition involved the core ABA signalling elements: PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors, ABA-inhibited protein phosphatases (HAB1), and ABA-activated protein kinases (SnRK2.2 and SnRK2.3). Electrophysiological measurements in root epidermal cells indicated that ABA, acting through the PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors, induced membrane hyperpolarization (due to \(K^+\) efflux through the GORK channel) and cytosolic acidification. This acidification was not observed in the wat1-1D mutant. The mechanism of inhibition of the \(H^+\)-ATPase by ABA and its effects on cytosolic pH and membrane potential in roots were different from those in guard cells. ABA did not affect the in vivo phosphorylation level of the known activating site (penultimate threonine) of (\(H^+\)-ATPase in roots, and SnRK2.2 phosphorylated in vitro the C-terminal regulatory domain of (\(H^+\)-ATPase while the guard-cell kinase SnRK2.6/OST1 did not. KW - ABA receptors KW - cytosolic pH KW - ion channels KW - microelectrodes KW - protein kinase KW - proton efflux Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121221 VL - 66 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bittner, Stefan A1 - Bobak, Nicole A1 - Hofmann, Majella-Sophie A1 - Schuhmann, Michael K. A1 - Ruck, Tobias A1 - Göbel, Kerstin A1 - Brück, Wolfgang A1 - Wiendl, Heinz A1 - Meuth, Sven G. T1 - Murine K\(_{2P}\)5.1 Deficiency Has No Impact on Autoimmune Neuroinflammation due to Compensatory K\(_{2P}\)3.1-and K\(_{V}\)1.3-Dependent Mechanisms JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - Lymphocytes express potassium channels that regulate physiological cell functions, such as activation, proliferation and migration. Expression levels of K\(_{2P}\)5.1(TASK2; KCNK5) channels belonging to the family of two-pore domain potassium channels have previously been correlated to the activity of autoreactive T lymphocytes in patients with multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. In humans, K\(_{2P}\)5.1 channels are upregulated upon T cell stimulation and influence T cell effector functions. However, a further clinical translation of targeting K\(_{2P}\)5.1 is currently hampered by a lack of highly selective inhibitors, making it necessary to evaluate the impact of KCNK5 in established preclinical animal disease models. We here demonstrate that K\(_{2P}\)5.1 knockout (K\(_{2P}\)5.1\(^{-/-}\) mice display no significant alterations concerning T cell cytokine production, proliferation rates, surface marker molecules or signaling pathways. In an experimental model of autoimmune neuroinflammation, K\(_{2P}\)5.1\(^{-/-}\) mice show a comparable disease course to wild-type animals and no major changes in the peripheral immune system or CNS compartment. A compensatory upregulation of the potassium channels K\(_{2P}\)3.1 and K\(_{V}\)1.3 seems to counterbalance the deletion of K\(_{2P}\)5.1. As an alternative model mimicking autoimmune neuroinflammation, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the common marmoset has been proposed, especially for testing the efficacy of new potential drugs. Initial experiments show that K\(_{2P}\)5.1 is functionally expressed on marmoset T lymphocytes, opening up the possibility for assessing future K\(_{2P}\)5.1-targeting drugs. KW - domain potassium channels KW - volume regulation KW - multiple-sclerosis KW - potassium channels KW - multiple sclerosis KW - ion channels KW - K+ channel KW - T lymphocytes KW - up-regulation KW - TASK2 KW - K2P channels KW - B cells KW - ph KW - K\(_{2P}\)5.1 KW - KCNK5 KW - autoimmune neuroinflammation KW - EAE Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-151454 VL - 16 SP - 16880 EP - 16896 ER - TY - THES A1 - Jeworutzki, Elena T1 - Elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen zur frühen Erkennungsphase zwischen Pflanzen und Mikroorganismen T1 - Electrophysiological analyses of the early recognition phase between plants and microorganism N2 - An der pflanzlichen Plasmamembran geschieht die erste Wahrnehmung von mikrobiellen Molekülen, die MAMPs genannt werden. MAMP/PAMP Rezeptoren leiten frühe Abwehrantworten, wie die Produktion von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (ROS), externe Alkalisierung oder Ethylen, ein. Die Arabidopsis FLS2 rezeptorartige Kinase (RLK) stellt einen plasmamembran-lokalisierten MAMP Rezeptor dar, der über die Detektion des Flagellum von Pseudomonas species, eine basale Immunität in Arabidopsis thaliana vermittelt. Flg22, der kürzeste aktive Teil des bakteriellen Flagellins besteht aus 22 Aminosäuren und ist der bestuntersuchte bakterielle Elizitor. In der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen wir eine starke Beteiligung von Ionenflüssen in der Initiationsphase der basalen Immunität. Unsere Messungen an intakten Arabidopsis Pflanzen und Pflanzengeweben sind in höchstem Masse reproduzierbar und öffnen eine neue Sicht, über die Natur von Ionentransporten in der Pflanzen - Mikroben Interaktion. Als Antwort auf die Applikation von flg22, haben wir nach einer Verzögerungsphase von etwa 2 Minuten eine transiente, dosis-abhängige Depolarisation (EC50=0,2 nM) in Mesophyll- und Wurzelhaarzellen von A. thaliana messen können. Das um 2 Aminsäuren kürzere Peptid flg22 Δ2 oder das Flagellin anderer Bakterien (Agrobacterium or Azospirillum) führten zu keiner Membrandepolarisation. Ebenso konnten keine Membranspannungsänderungen in dem Arabidopsis Ökotypen Ws-0, dem der funktionelle FLS2 Rezeptor fehlt, detektiert werden. Die Komplementation von Ws-0 Pflanzen mit dem intakten FLS2 Rezeptorgen rief eine Resensibilisierung für flg22 hervor. Mit dem EF-Tu Elizitor Peptid aus E.coli, welches durch den Arabidopsis MAMP Rezeptor EFR detektiert wird, wurden ähnliche Ergebnisse erzielt. Auf der Basis von Aequorin wurden Kalzium-induzierte Lumineszenzmessungen durchgeführt, in denen ein transienter Anstieg der zytosolischen Kalziumkonzentration als Antwort auf die Applikation von flg22 gemessen werden konnte. Dosis-Abhängigkeitsmessungen von flg22 und [Ca2+]cyt wiesen zwei unterschiedliche EC50 Werte, von 43 ± 2 pM und 67 ± 42 nM, auf. Möglicherweise wird auf zwei verschiedene Kalziumpools zugegriffen oder es werden zwei verschiedene Kalziumleitfähigkeiten aktiviert. Die Ionenkanalaktivierung und folgende Depolarisation benötigt die aktive Rezeptorkinase. In bak1-4 Arabidopsis Pflanzen, in denen die FLS2 Untereinheit BAK1 – eine weitverbreitete RLK, die auch mit dem Brassinosteroid Rezeptor assoziiert ist – fehlt, konnte keine Depolarisation als Antwort auf flg22 gemessen werden. Arabidopsis Mesophyllzellen zeigten die typische Alkalisierung des Apoplasten als Antwort auf flg22. Nicht-invasive MIFETM Experimente mit Ionen-selektiven Elektroden ergaben, dass der pH-Anstieg durch einen Einstrom von Protonen hervorgerufen wurde. Zusätzlich wurde ein Ausstrom von Chlorid und Kalium aufgezeichnet. Ähnlich wie das Kalziumsignal waren alle detektierten Ionenströme von transienter Natur. Im zweiten Ansatz wurden Membranpotential-Messungen durchgeführt, während in der externen Lösung die Konzentrationen von Protonen, Kalzium, Kalium oder Anionen variiert wurden. Nur eine Änderung des Anionengradienten hatte einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die flg22-induzierte Depolarisation, was die Wichtigkeit der Anionenkanalaktivierung unterstreicht. Exudat Analysen ergaben, dass Nitrat das bevorzugt transportierte Ion ist. Unter zahlreichen getesteten Ionenkanalblockern erwies sich lediglich Lanthan als effektiver Blocker des flg22-induzierten zytosolichen Kalziumanstiegs, des Protoneneinstroms und der Membrandepolarisation. Da Lanthan bekanntlich unspezifische Kationenkanäle blockt, kann man an diesem Punkt davon ausgehen, dass Kalzium-aktivierte Anionenkanäle die Membrandepolarisation vermitteln und darauf eine Aktivierung von auswärtsgerichteten Kaliumkanälen folgt. Zukünftige Studien mit Doppelläufigen-Mikroelektroden Spannungsklemmexperimenten oder externen ionenselektiven Elektroden an intakten Schliesszellen werden helfen weitere Informationen über die Natur der Ionenkanäle in der basalen Immunität oder generell in der Pflanzen-Mikroben Interaktion zu erhalten. Über die elektrophysiologische Charakterisierung der multiplen Ionenströme in der basalen Immunität hinaus, ist natürlich der nächste wichtige Schritt das oder die Gene zu finden, die für die Ionenkanäle oder Transporter kodieren, die durch nicht nekrotisierende Elizitoren wie flg22 in der basalen Immunantwort in Pflanzen aktiviert werden. N2 - The plant plasma membrane represents the first site for recognition of microbial patterns called MAMPs. MAMP receptors mediate early defense responses including production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), external alkalinisation or ethylene. The Arabidopsis FLS2 receptor-like kinase (RLK) represents a plasma-membrane localized MAMP receptor that provides for innate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana plants by specifically recognizing the flagellum (flg) of Pseudomonas species. Flg22, the shortest active part of flagellin, composed by 22 aminoacids is the best established bacterial elicitor that. About the role of ion channels in innate immunity nothing was known yet. In the current work we show a strong involvement of ion fluxes in the initiating phase of innate immunity. Our measurements on intact Arabidopsis plants and plant tissues are highly reproducible and open a new view of ion channel functions in plant microbe interactions. In response to the application of flg22, after a delay of about 2 minutes, we recorded a transient, dose-dependent depolarization (EC50=0.2 nM) in mesophyll and root hair cells of A. thaliana. Following wash-out of the peptide elicitor and recovery of the membrane potential to resting potential values within 70 ± 9 min, depolarizations could be elicited several times. No membrane depolarization was evoked upon application of flg22Δ2, a truncated flg22 peptide, or by application of flagellin from other bacteria (Agrobacterium or Azospirillum). Likewise, depolarization was not observed in the natural knockout mutant of the Arabidopsis ecotype Ws-0 lacking the functional FLS2 receptor. Complementation of transgenic Ws-0 plants with the functional FLS2 receptor restored flg22 sensitivity, indicating that FLS2 is essential for flg22 evoked membrane potential changes. Similar results were obtained using the E. coli EF-Tu elicitor peptide elf18, which is recognized by the Arabidopsis MAMP receptor EFR. Aequorin based calcium measurements allowed us to record a transient increase in cytosolic calcium concentration in response to applied flg22. Dose-response studies revealed two distinct EC50 values for the calcium response of 43 ± 2 pM and 67 ± 42 nM respectively. This indicates that two different calcium pools or two different calcium permeabilities in the plasma membrane were activated by flg22. In line with a requirement of receptor-kinase activity for ion channel activation and subsequent depolarization, the latter was completely blocked by the kinase inhibitor K-252a. In bak1-4 Arabidopsis plants, lacking the FLS2 subunit BAK1 – a promiscuous RLK also associated with the brassinosteroid receptor - no depolarisation was measured in response to flg22. This indicated that both RLKs – FLS2 and BAK1 – are required for flagellin induced ion channel activation. Arabidopsis mesophyll cells showed the typical alkalinization of the apoplast in response to flg22. Noninvasive experiments with vibrating ion-selective electrodes revealed that this pH rise was due to an influx of protons. In addition an efflux of chloride and potassium was recorded. All fluxes were transient in nature, as was the observed calcium signal. Simultaneous measurements using two ion-selective electrodes showed a delay of the potassium efflux in comparison to the other ions that participate in the flg22 response. In the second approach, membrane potential measurements were performed while changing extracellular concentrations of protons, calcium, potassium or anions. Changing the anion gradient had the greatest impact on flg22 induced depolarization, suggestive of anion channel activation. Exudates analyses of flg22 treated leaves revealed that nitrate was the favored anion transported. Among many putative channel blocking agents tested, only lanthanum was identified to be potent in blocking the flg22 induced the cytosolic calcium rise, proton influx, and membrane potential depolarization. Since lanthanum represents a non-specific cation channel blocker, we favor to conclude that a calcium dependent activation of anion channels mediated membrane potential depolarization and consequently outward rectifying potassium channels. Future studies with double-barreled microelectrode voltage-clamp or external ion selective electrodes on intact guard cells may help to gain further information about the nature of ion channels in innate immunity or plant microbe interaction in general. Of course, all over the electrophysiological characterization of the multiple ion fluxes in innate immunity the next important step would be to discover the gene(s) coding for ion channels or transporters activated by non necrotic elicitors as flg22 in the innate immune response of plants. KW - Calcium KW - Induzierte Resistenz KW - Ackerschmalwand KW - Ionenkanal KW - Elektrophysiologie KW - Pseudomonas syringae KW - Membranpotenzial KW - Flagelline KW - Ionenkanäle KW - Anionen KW - Rezeptorkinasen KW - basale Immunität KW - Einstichmessungen KW - innate immunity KW - Calcium KW - Anion KW - ion channels KW - receptor kinases KW - flagellin KW - membrane potential KW - Pseudomonas syringae KW - Arabidopsis thaliana Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-47489 ER -