TY - JOUR A1 - Rosenstock, Julio A1 - Perkovic, Vlado A1 - Alexander, John H. A1 - Cooper, Mark E. A1 - Marx, Nikolaus A1 - Pencina, Michael J. A1 - Toto, Robert D. A1 - Wanner, Christoph A1 - Zinman, Bernard A1 - Baanstra, David A1 - Pfarr, Egon A1 - Mattheus, Michaela A1 - Broedl, Uli C. A1 - Woerle, Hans-Jürgen A1 - George, Jyothis T. A1 - von Eynatten, Maximilian A1 - McGuire, Darren K. T1 - Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the CArdiovascular safety and Renal Microvascular outcomE study with LINAgliptin - (CARMELINA®): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardio-renal risk JF - Cardiovascular Diabetology N2 - Background: Cardiovascular (CV) outcome trials in type 2 diabetes (T2D) have underrepresented patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), leading to uncertainty regarding their kidney efficacy and safety. The CARMELINA (R) trial aims to evaluate the effects of linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, on both CV and kidney outcomes in a study population enriched for cardio-renal risk. Methods: CARMELINA (R) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted in 27 countries in T2D patients at high risk of CV and/or kidney events. Participants with evidence of CKD with or without CV disease and HbA1c 6.5-10.0% (48-86 mmol/mol) were randomized 1:1 to receive linagliptin once daily or matching placebo, added to standard of care adjusted according to local guidelines. The primary outcome is time to first occurrence of CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke. The key secondary outcome is a composite of time to first sustained occurrence of end-stage kidney disease, >= 40% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline, or renal death. CV and kidney events are prospectively adjudicated by independent, blinded clinical event committees. CARMELINA (R) was designed to continue until at least 611 participants had confirmed primary outcome events. Assuming a hazard ratio of 1.0, this provides 90% power to demonstrate non-inferiority of linagliptin versus placebo within the pre-specified non-inferiority margin of 1.3 at a one-sided a-level of 2.5%. If non-inferiority of linagliptin for the primary outcome is demonstrated, then its superiority for both the primary outcome and the key secondary outcome will be investigated with a sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Results: Between July 2013 and August 2016, 6980 patients were randomized and took >= 1 dose of study drug (40.6, 33.1, 16.9, and 9.4% from Europe, South America, North America, and Asia, respectively). At baseline, mean +/- SD age was 65.8 +/- 9.1 years, HbA1c 7.9 +/- 1.0%, BMI 31.3 +/- 5.3 kg/m(2), and eGFR 55 +/- 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2). A total of 5148 patients (73.8%) had prevalent kidney disease (defined as eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) or macroalbuminuria [albumin-to-creatinine ratio > 300 mg/g]) and 3990 patients (57.2%) had established CV disease with increased albuminuria; these characteristics were not mutually exclusive. Microalbuminuria (n = 2896 [41.5%]) and macroalbuminuria (n = 2691 [38.6%]) were common. Conclusions: CARMELINA (R) will add important information regarding the CV and kidney disease clinical profile of linagliptin by including an understudied, vulnerable cohort of patients with T2D at highest cardio-renal risk. KW - Diabetes mellitus KW - type 2 KW - Cardiovascular diseases KW - Diabetic nephropathies KW - Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitors KW - Linagliptin KW - Clinical trial KW - phase IV KW - Research design KW - Treatment outcome Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-226996 VL - 17 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Busch, Martin A1 - Nadal, Jennifer A1 - Schmid, Matthias A1 - Paul, Katharina A1 - Titze, Stephanie A1 - Hübner, Silvia A1 - Köttgen, Anna A1 - Schultheiss, Ulla T. A1 - Baid-Agrawal, Seema A1 - Lorenzen, Johan A1 - Schlieper, Georg A1 - Sommerer, Claudia A1 - Krane, Vera A1 - Hilge, Robert A1 - Kielstein, Jan T. A1 - Kronenberg, Florian A1 - Wanner, Christoph A1 - Eckardt, Kai-Uwe A1 - Wolf, Gunter T1 - Glycaemic control and antidiabetic therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease - cross-sectional data from the German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) cohort JF - BMC Nephrology N2 - Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Little is known about practice patterns of anti-diabetic therapy in the presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and correlates with glycaemic control. We therefore aimed to analyze current antidiabetic treatment and correlates of metabolic control in a large contemporary prospective cohort of patients with diabetes and CKD. Methods The German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) study enrolled 5217 patients aged 18–74 years with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between 30–60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or proteinuria >0.5 g/d. The use of diet prescription, oral anti-diabetic medication, and insulin was assessed at baseline. HbA1c, measured centrally, was the main outcome measure. Results At baseline, DM was present in 1842 patients (35 %) and the median HbA1C was 7.0 % (25th–75th percentile: 6.8–7.9 %), equalling 53 mmol/mol (51, 63); 24.2 % of patients received dietary treatment only, 25.5 % oral antidiabetic drugs but not insulin, 8.4 % oral antidiabetic drugs with insulin, and 41.8 % insulin alone. Metformin was used by 18.8 %. Factors associated with an HbA1C level >7.0 % (53 mmol/mol) were higher BMI (OR = 1.04 per increase of 1 kg/m2, 95 % CI 1.02–1.06), hemoglobin (OR = 1.11 per increase of 1 g/dL, 95 % CI 1.04–1.18), treatment with insulin alone (OR = 5.63, 95 % CI 4.26–7.45) or in combination with oral antidiabetic agents (OR = 4.23, 95 % CI 2.77–6.46) but not monotherapy with metformin, DPP-4 inhibitors, or glinides. Conclusions Within the GCKD cohort of patients with CKD stage 3 or overt proteinuria, antidiabetic treatment patterns were highly variable with a remarkably high proportion of more than 50 % receiving insulin-based therapies. Metabolic control was overall satisfactory, but insulin use was associated with higher HbA1C levels. KW - Chronic kidney disease KW - Glycaemic control KW - Hemoglobin A1C KW - Insulin therapy KW - Oral antidiabetic drugs KW - Diabetes mellitus Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-164687 VL - 17 IS - 59 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kehlenbrink, Sylvia T1 - Inhibiting Gluconeogenesis (GNG) Prevents the Effects of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) on Hepatic Glucose Effectiveness (GE) T1 - Die Inhibierung der Glukoneogenese verhindert die Beeinträchtigung freier Fettsäuren auf die hepatische Glukoseeffektivität N2 - Free fatty acids (FFA) modulate the effectiveness of glucose to suppress endogenous glucose production (EGP), and increased FFA levels contribute importantly to the loss of glucose effectiveness in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Elevating FFA levels in nondiabetic (ND) subjects for at least 6h both increases gluconeogenesis (GNG) and impairs glucose effectiveness. Therefore, we wished to define the extent to which an increase in GNG is responsible for the loss of glucose effectiveness and whether EGP can be inhibited in the presence of elevated plasma FFA by inhibiting GNG with ethanol. To determine the effect of inhibiting GNG on glucose effectiveness, EGP ([3-3H]-glucose) was measured during three separate 7h normoglycemic/hyperglycemic pancreatic clamp studies (somatostatin; basal glucagon/GH/insulin replacement) in n=7 ND subjects (1F/6M; age=45±5 yr; BMI=27.6±3.0 kg/m2). Following an initial 210 min interval of euglycemia (5 mmol/l), blood glucose levels were raised to hyperglycemic levels (10 mmol/l) from t=210-420 min. The first pancreatic clamp study was a baseline study with saline infusions (Lip-/Et-). Lipid emulsion (Liposyn 20%) was infused throughout the second and third study types (Lip+ and Lip+/Et+) to increase FFA to T2DM levels (~ 500 mmol/l). In addition to Liposyn, ethanol (Et) was infused during hyperglycemia in the third study type (Lip+/Et+), using a pharmacokinetic algorithm to attain GNG-inhibiting ethanol levels of 80 mg/dl within 20 min. Under baseline conditions, hyperglycemia suppressed EGP by 61%. After raising plasma FFA to T2DM levels, suppression of EGP by hyperglycemia was impaired in Lip+ (34% decrease). During the Lip+/Et+ co-infusion studies the infusion of ethanol enhanced suppression of EGP by hyperglycemia (65.8% decrease, P=0.004 vs. Lip+) and thus restored glucose effectiveness (P=0.6 vs. Lip-/Et-). Thus, our results confirm the striking effects of elevated plasma FFA to impair glucose effectiveness and suggest that increased GNG contributes importantly to this loss of regulation. Inhibiting GNG could be an effective means of lowering EGP and improving glucose effectiveness in T2DM. N2 - Freie Fettsäuren (FFA) modulieren die Fähigkeit von Glukose die endogene Glukoseproduktion (EGP) zu unterdrücken und spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei dem Verlust der Glukoseeffektivität bei Typ-2-Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Die Erhöhung freier Fettsäuren in Nicht-Diabetikern (ND) für mindestens 6 Stunden steigert die Glukoneogenese (GNG) und beeinträchtigt die Glukoseeffektivität. Ziel dieser Studien war es daher zu erkennen inwiefern die GNG für den Verlust der Glukoseeffektivität verantwortlich ist und ob die EGP in der Gegenwart von erhöhten FFA, durch die Inhibierung der GNG mit Ethanol, gehemmt werden kann. Um die Auswirkung der Hemmung der GNG auf die Glukoseeffektivität zu bestimmen haben wir die EGP ([3-3H]-glucose) während drei verschiedener normoglykämischen/ hyperglykämischen ‘Pancreatic Clamp’ Studien (Infusion von Somatostatin; Ersetzung basaler Konzentrationen von Glukagon, GH, und Insulin) von jeweils 7 Stunden Dauer in n=7 ND Probanden (1W/6M; Alter=45±5 Jahre; BMI=27.6±3.0 kg/m2) gemessen. Nach einer initialen Phase der Euglykämie (Blutglukosekonzentration bei 5 mmol/l; t=0-210 Minuten) wurde für den Zeitintervall t=210-420 Minuten die Blutglukosekonzentration auf 10 mmol/l erhöht. Die erste ‘Pancreatic Clamp’ Studie war eine Kontrollstudie mit Infusion einer NaCl-Lösung (Lip-/Et-). Eine Lipidemulsion (Liposyn 20%) wurde während der zweiten und dritten Studie (Lip+ und Lip+/Et-) infundiert, um die FFA Plasmaspiegel auf Konzentrationen zu erhöhen, die charakteristisch für den T2DM sind (~ 500 mmol/l). In Ergänzung zu Liposyn wurde Ethanol (Et) während der hyperglykämischen Phase der dritten Studie (Lip+/Et+) zugeführt. Mittels eines pharmakokinetischen Algorithmus wurden innerhalb von 20 Minuten Ethanolwerte erreicht die die GNG hemmen (~80 mg/dl). In den Kontrollstudien verminderte sich die EGP um 61% mit Einsetzen der Hyperglykämie. Nach Infusion von Liposyn in den Lip+ Studien verminderte sich die EGP in Folge der Hyperglykämie jedoch nur um 34%. Die GNG wurde rasch durch die Infusion von Ethanol in den Lip+/Et+ Studien gehemmt und verbesserte signifikant die hyperglykämie-induzierte Suppression der EGP (65% Verminderung der EGP, P=0.004 vs. Lip+). Dadurch wurde die normale Glukoseeffektivität wiederhergestellt (P=0.6 vs. Lip-/Et-). Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen die markante Rolle erhöhter Plasma FFA-Spiegel für die Beeinträchtigung der Glukoseeffektivität und deuten auf die Zentrale Rolle der GNG für den Verlust dieser Regulierung hin. Die Inhibierung der GNG könnte eine effektive Maßnahme sein, die EGP bei T2DM zu vermindern und die Glukoseeffektivität wiederherzustellen. KW - Gluconeogenese KW - Freie Fettsäuren KW - Diabetes mellitus KW - Glukoseeffektivität KW - Gluconeogenesis KW - free fatty acids KW - type 2 diabetes mellitus KW - glucose effectiveness Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48389 ER -