TY - JOUR A1 - Franke, B. A1 - Faraone, S. V. A1 - Asherson, P. A1 - Buitelaar, J. A1 - Bau, C. H. D. A1 - Ramos-Quiroga, J. A. A1 - Mick, E. A1 - Grevet, E. H. A1 - Johansson, S. A1 - Haavik, J. A1 - Lesch, K.-P. A1 - Cormand, B. A1 - Reif, A. T1 - The genetics of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults, a review JF - Molecular Psychiatry N2 - The adult form of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (aADHD) has a prevalence of up to 5% and is the most severe long-term outcome of this common neurodevelopmental disorder. Family studies in clinical samples suggest an increased familial liability for aADHD compared with childhood ADHD (cADHD), whereas twin studies based on self-rated symptoms in adult population samples show moderate heritability estimates of 30–40%. However, using multiple sources of information, the heritability of clinically diagnosed aADHD and cADHD is very similar. Results of candidate gene as well as genome-wide molecular genetic studies in aADHD samples implicate some of the same genes involved in ADHD in children, although in some cases different alleles and different genes may be responsible for adult versus childhood ADHD. Linkage studies have been successful in identifying loci for aADHD and led to the identification of LPHN3 and CDH13 as novel genes associated with ADHD across the lifespan. In addition, studies of rare genetic variants have identified probable causative mutations for aADHD. Use of endophenotypes based on neuropsychology and neuroimaging, as well as next-generation genome analysis and improved statistical and bioinformatic analysis methods hold the promise of identifying additional genetic variants involved in disease etiology. Large, international collaborations have paved the way for well-powered studies. Progress in identifying aADHD risk genes may provide us with tools for the prediction of disease progression in the clinic and better treatment, and ultimately may help to prevent persistence of ADHD into adulthood. KW - IMpACT KW - persistent ADHD KW - molecular genetics KW - heritability KW - endophenotype Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-124677 VL - 17 ER - TY - THES A1 - Waider, Jonas T1 - The effects of serotonin deficiency in mice: Focus on the GABAergic system T1 - Die Effekte einer Serotonindefizienz in der Maus: Das GABAerge System im Blickpunkt N2 - Based on genetic association and functional imaging studies, reduced function of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) has been shown to be critically involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety-disorders and depression. In order to elucidate the impact of a complete neuronal 5-HT deficiency, mice with a targeted inactivation of the gene encoding Tph2 were generated. Interestingly, survival of Tph2-/- mice, the formation of serotonergic neurons and the pathfinding of their projections was not impaired. Within this thesis, I investigated the influence of 5-HT deficiency on the γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) system. The GABAergic system is implicated in the pathophysiology of anxiety disorders. Therefore, measurement of GABA concentrations in different limbic brain regions was carried out. These measurements were combined with immunohistochemical estimation of GABAergic cell subpopulations in the dorsal hippocampus and amygdala. In Tph2-/- mice GABA concentrations were increased exclusively in the dorsal hippocampus. In heterozygous Tph2+/- mice concentrations of GABA were increased in the amygdala compared to Tph2-/- and wt control mice, while the reverse was found in the prefrontal cortex. The changes in GABA concentrations were accompanied by altered cell density of GABAergic neurons within the basolateral complex of the amygdala and parvalbumin (PV) neurons of the dorsal hippocampus and by adaptational changes of 5-HT receptors. Thus, adaptive changes during the development on the GABA system may reflect altered anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior in adulthood. Moreover, chronic mild stress (CMS) rescues the depressive-like effects induced by 5-HT deficiency. In contrast, 5-HT is important in mediating an increased innate anxiety-like behavior under CMS conditions. This is in line with a proposed dual role of 5-HT acting through different mechanisms on anxiety and depressive-like behavior, which is influenced by gene-environment interaction effects. Further research is needed to disentangle these complex networks in the future. N2 - Genomweite Assoziationsstudien in Kombination mit bildgebenden Studien zeigten, dass eine verringerte Funktion der Tryptophanhydroxylase-2 (Tph2) eine zentrale Rolle in der Pathophysiologie von Angststörungen und Depression spielt. Jedoch sind die einer Angststörung oder Depression zugrundeliegenden genauen Mechanismen noch nicht verstanden. Um den Einfluss einer 5-HT Defizienz zu untersuchen, wurden Tph2 ablatierte (Tph2-/-) Mäuse mittels zielgerichteter Mutagenese generiert. Der Verlust des Tph2 Gens hatte interessanterweise keinen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung vormals serotonerger Neurone und das Überleben der Tiere. In vorherigen Untersuchungen konnte gezeigt werden, dass 5-HT das GABAerge System, welches in der Pathophysiologie von Angststörungen eine zentrale Rolle spielt, in seiner Entwicklung beeinflusst. Daher wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit in verschiedenen Gehirnregionen des limbischen Systems Konzentrationen von GABA gemessen. Außerdem wurden mittels immunhistologischer Untersuchungen die Auswirkungen einer 5-HT Defizienz auf GABAerge Neuronenpopulationen hin untersucht. In Tph2-/- Mäusen wurden erhöhte Konzentrationen im Vergleich zu Tph2+/- und wt Kontrollen von GABA im Hippocampus festgestellt. In der Amygdala zeigten die Tph2+/- Mäuse dagegen eine erhöhte Konzentration von GABA. Dieser Effekt auf Tph2+/- Mäuse war umgekehrt im PFC Kortex zu finden, der erniedrigte GABA Konzentrationen in Tph2+/- aufwies. Die Veränderungen auf der neurochemischen Ebene wurden begleitet von veränderten GABAergen Zelldichten im basolateralen Komplex der Amygdala und parvalbuminergen GABAergen Neuronen in der CA3 Region des dorsalen hippocampus. Zudem waren 5-HT1A Rezeptoren und ihre Signalwege hochreguliert. Es scheint, dass der Verlust von 5-HT adaptive Veränderungen in der Entwicklung auf das GABAerge System zur Folge hat und die Basis für verändertes angstähnliches und depressionsähnliches Verhalten im Erwachsenenalter darstellt. Zusätzlich scheint eine 5-HT Defizienz den depressiven Phänotyp im Porsolt Test auszugleichen. Demgegenüber scheint 5-HT wichtig für ein erhöhtes angstähnliches Verhalten unter CMS Bedingungen zu sein. Dies unterstützt die Hypothese einer Doppelrolle von 5-HT innerhalb von Signalwegen und Mechanismen des angst- und depressionsähnlichem Verhalten, die durch Umweltfaktoren wie Stress stark beeinflusst werden. Um den Patienten noch besser helfen zu können erfordert dies in der Zukunft weiterhin eine fundierte Entschlüsselung der dahinter verborgenen Mechanismen. KW - Knockout KW - Serotonin KW - Maus KW - Knockout-Maus KW - GABA KW - serotonin deficiency KW - GABA KW - knockout-mice Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74565 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Erhardt, A. A1 - Akula, N. A1 - Schumacher, J. A1 - Czamara, D. A1 - Karbalai, N. A1 - Müller-Myhsok, B. A1 - Mors, O. A1 - Borglum, A. A1 - Kristensen, A. S. A1 - Woldbye, D. P. D. A1 - Koefoed, P. A1 - Eriksson, E. A1 - Maron, E. A1 - Metspalu, A. A1 - Nurnberger, J. A1 - Philibert, R. A. A1 - Kennedy, J. A1 - Domschke, K. A1 - Reif, A. A1 - Deckert, J. A1 - Otowa, T. A1 - Kawamura, Y. A1 - Kaiya, H. A1 - Okazaki, Y. A1 - Tanii, H. A1 - Tokunaga, K. A1 - Sasaki, T. A1 - Ioannidis, J. P. A. A1 - McMahon, F. J. A1 - Binder, E. B. T1 - Replication and meta-analysis of TMEM132D gene variants in panic disorder JF - Translational Psychiatry N2 - A recent genome-wide association study in patients with panic disorder (PD) identified a risk haplotype consisting of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs7309727 and rs11060369) located in intron 3 of TMEM132D to be associated with PD in three independent samples. Now we report a subsequent confirmation study using five additional PD case-control samples (n = 1670 cases and n 2266 controls) assembled as part of the Panic Disorder International Consortium (PanIC) study for a total of 2678 cases and 3262 controls in the analysis. In the new independent samples of European ancestry (EA), the association of rs7309727 and the risk haplotype rs7309727-rs11060369 was, indeed, replicated, with the strongest signal coming from patients with primary PD, that is, patients without major psychiatric comorbidities (n 1038 cases and n 2411 controls). This finding was paralleled by the results of the meta-analysis across all samples, in which the risk haplotype and rs7309727 reached P-levels of P = 1.4e-8 and P = 1.1e-8, respectively, when restricting the samples to individuals of EA with primary PD. In the Japanese sample no associations with PD could be found. The present results support the initial finding that TMEM132D gene contributes to genetic susceptibility for PD in individuals of EA. Our results also indicate that patient ascertainment and genetic background could be important sources of heterogeneity modifying this association signal in different populations. KW - candidate gene KW - genome-wide association KW - Japanese population Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133324 VL - 2 IS - e156 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Lingdan A1 - Pu, Jie A1 - Allen, John J. B. A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Recognition of facial expressions in individuals with elevated levels of depressive symptoms: an eye-movement study JF - Depression Research and Treatment N2 - Previous studies consistently reported abnormal recognition of facial expressions in depression. However, it is still not clear whether this abnormality is due to an enhanced or impaired ability to recognize facial expressions, and what underlying cognitive systems are involved. The present study aimed to examine how individuals with elevated levels of depressive symptoms differ from controls on facial expression recognition and to assess attention and information processing using eye tracking. Forty participants (18 with elevated depressive symptoms) were instructed to label facial expressions depicting one of seven emotions. Results showed that the high-depression group, in comparison with the low-depression group, recognized facial expressions faster and with comparable accuracy. Furthermore, the high-depression group demonstrated greater leftwards attention bias which has been argued to be an indicator of hyperactivation of right hemisphere during facial expression recognition. KW - Depression Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123153 VL - 2012 IS - 249030 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Galimberti, Daniela A1 - Dell'Osso, Bernardo A1 - Fenoglio, Chiara A1 - Villa, Chiara A1 - Cortini, Francesca A1 - Serpente, Maria A1 - Kittel-Schneider, Sarah A1 - Weigl, Johannes A1 - Neuner, Maria A1 - Volkert, Juliane A1 - Leonhard, C. A1 - Olmes, David G. A1 - Kopf, Juliane A1 - Cantoni, Claudia A1 - Ridolfi, Elisa A1 - Palazzo, Carlotta A1 - Ghezzi, Laura A1 - Bresolin, Nereo A1 - Altamura, A.C. A1 - Scarpini, Elio A1 - Reif, Andreas T1 - Progranulin Gene Variability and Plasma Levels in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia JF - PLoS One N2 - Basing on the assumption that frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BPD) might share common aetiological mechanisms, we analyzed genetic variation in the FTLD risk gene progranulin (GRN) in a German population of patients with schizophrenia (n=271) or BPD (n=237) as compared with 574 age-, gender-and ethnicity-matched controls. Furthermore, we measured plasma progranulin levels in 26 German BPD patients as well as in 61 Italian BPD patients and 29 matched controls. A significantly decreased allelic frequency of the minor versus the wild-type allele was observed for rs2879096 (23.2 versus 34.2%, P<0.001, OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.49-0.80), rs4792938 (30.7 versus 39.7%, P=0.005, OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.55-0.89) and rs5848 (30.3 versus 36.8, P=0.007, OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.56-0.91). Mean +/- SEM progranulin plasma levels were significantly decreased in BPD patients, either Germans or Italians, as compared with controls (89.69 +/- 3.97 and 116.14 +/- 5.80 ng/ml, respectively, versus 180.81 +/- 18.39 ng/ml P<0.001) and were not correlated with age. In conclusion, GRN variability decreases the risk to develop BPD and schizophrenia, and progranulin plasma levels are significantly lower in BPD patients than in controls. Nevertheless, a larger replication analysis would be needed to confirm these preliminary results. KW - people KW - frontotemporal lobar degeneration KW - genome-wide association KW - Alzheimers disease KW - risk genes KW - dementia KW - GRN KW - mutation KW - families KW - linkage Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-131910 VL - 7 IS - 4 ER - TY - THES A1 - Heinzel, Sebastian T1 - Multimodal neuroimaging of prefrontal cortex (dys)function: EEG, fNIRS, fNIRS-fMRI and Imaging Genetics approaches T1 - Multimodale funktionelle Bildgebung von (Dys)funktionen des präfrontalen Kortex: EEG, fNIRS, fNIRS-fMRT und Imaging Genetics Ansätze N2 - The present cumulative dissertation comprises three neuroimaging studies using different techniques, functional tasks and experimental variables of diverse nature to investigate human prefrontal cortex (PFC) (dys)function as well as methodological aspects of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). (1) Both dopamine (DA) availability (“inverted U-model”) and excitatory versus inhibitory DA receptor stimulation (“dual-state theory”) have been linked to PFC processing and cognitive control function. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded during a Go/NoGo response inhibition task in 114 healthy controls and 181 adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As a neural measure of prefrontal cognitive response control the anteriorization of the P300 centroid in NoGo- relative to Go-trials (NoGo anteriorization, NGA) was investigated for the impact of genetic polymorphisms modulating catechol-O-methyltransferase efficiency (COMT, Val158Met) in degrading prefrontal DA and inhibitory DA receptor D4 sensitivity (DRD4, 48bp VNTR). Single genes and ADHD diagnosis showed no significant impact on the NGA or behavioral measures. However, a significant COMT×DRD4 interaction was revealed as subjects with relatively increased D4-receptor function (DRD4: no 7R-alleles) displayed an “inverted U”-relationship between the NGA and increasing COMT-dependent DA levels, whereas subjects with decreased D4-sensitivity (7R) showed a U-relationship. This interaction was supported by 7R-allele dose-effects and also reflected by an impact on task behavior, i.e. intraindividual reaction time variability. Combining previous theories of PFC DA function, neural stability at intermediate DA levels may be accompanied by the risk of overly decreased neural flexibility if inhibitory DA receptor function is additionally decreased. The findings of COMT×DRD4 epistasis might help to disentangle the genetic basis of dopaminergic mechanisms underlying prefrontal (dys)function. (2) While progressive neurocognitive impairments are associated with aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD), cortical reorganization might delay difficulties in effortful word retrieval, which is one of the earliest cognitive signs of AD. Therefore, cortical hemodynamic responses were measured with fNIRS during phonological and semantic verbal fluency, and investigated in 325 non-demented, healthy subjects (age: 51-82 years). The predictive value of age, sex, verbal fluency performance and years of education for the cortical hemodynamics was assessed using multiple regression analyses. Age predicted bilaterally reduced inferior frontal junction (IFJ) and increased middle frontal and supramarginal gyri activity in both task conditions. Years of education as well as sex (IFJ activation in females > males) partly predicted opposite effects on activation compared to age, while task performance was not a significant predictor. All predictors showed small effect sizes (-.24 < β < .22). Middle frontal and supramarginal gyri activity may compensate for an aging-related decrease in IFJ recruitment during verbal fluency. The findings of aging-related (compensatory) cortical reorganization of verbal fluency processing might, in combination with other (risk) factors and using longitudinal observations, help to identify neurodegenerative processes of Alzheimer's disease, while individuals are still cognitively healthy. (3) Individual anatomical or systemic physiological sources of variance may hamper the interpretation of fNIRS signals as neural correlates of cortical functions and their association with individual personality traits. Using simultaneous fNIRS and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of hemodynamic responses elicited by an intertemporal choice task in 20 healthy subjects, variability in crossmodal correlations and divergence in associations of the activation with trait "sensitivity to reward" (SR) was investigated. Moreover, an impact of interindividual anatomy and scalp fMRI signal fluctuations on fNIRS signals and activation-trait associations was studied. Both methods consistently detected activation within right inferior/middle frontal gyrus, while fNIRS-fMRI correlations showed wide variability between subjects. Up to 41% of fNIRS channel activation variance was explained by gray matter volume (simulated to be) traversed by near-infrared light, and up to 20% by scalp-cortex distance. Extracranial fMRI and fNIRS time series showed significant temporal correlations at the temple. Trait SR was negatively correlated with fMRI but not fNIRS activation elicited by immediate rewards of choice within right inferior/middle frontal gyrus. Higher trait SR increased the correlation between extracranial fMRI signal fluctuations and fNIRS signals, suggesting that task-evoked systemic arousal-effects might be trait-dependent. Task-related fNIRS signals might be impacted by regionally and individually weighted sources of anatomical and systemic physiological error variance. Traitactivation correlations might be affected or biased by systemic physiological arousal-effects, which should be accounted for in future fNIRS studies of interindividual differences. N2 - Die vorliegende kumulative Dissertation umfasst drei funktionelle Bildgebungsstudien, welche mit unterschiedlichen methodischen Verfahren, Versuchsaufgaben und experimentellen Variablen Hirnfunktionen des präfrontalen Kortex sowie methodische Aspekte der funktionellen Nahinfrarotspektroskopie (fNIRS) untersuchten. (1) Sowohl die präfrontale Dopamin (DA)-Verfügbarkeit (“inverted U-model”) als auch das Verhältnis der Stimulation von exzitatorischen und inhibitorischen DA- Rezeptoren (“dual-state theory”) wurde mit präfrontaler Verarbeitung und Funktionen wie kognitiver Kontrolle in Verbindung gebracht. Während der Bearbeitung einer Aufgabe zur motorischen Antworthemmung wurden die elektrischen Hirnsignale mittels Elektroenzephalographie (EEG) bei 114 gesunden Probanden und 181 adulten Patienten mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung abgeleitet. Als neuronales Maß der präfrontalen kognitiven Antwortkontrolle wurde die Anteriorisierung der P300-Zentroide während NoGo- relativ zu Go-Aufgabenbedingungen verwendet (NoGo-Anteriorisierung, NGA). Die NGA wurde hinsichtlich eines Einflusses von genetischen Polymorphismen untersucht, welche den DA Abbau durch die Katechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT, Val158Met) bzw. die DA D4-Rezeptorsensitivität (DRD4, 48 bp VNTR) modulieren. Während die NGA weder Gen-Haupteffekte noch Unterschiede zwischen Gesunden und Patienten zeigte, war eine signifikante epistatische COMT×DRD4 Interaktion zu beobachten. Personen mit relativ gesteigerter D4-Rezeptorsensitivität (kein 7R-Allel) zeigten einen umgekehrten U-Zusammenhang zwischen der NGA und steigender COMT-abhängiger DA-Verfügbarkeit, wohingegen Personen mit relativ verringerter D4-Rezeptorsensitivität (7R-Allel) einen U-Zusammenhang zeigten. Diese Gen-Gen Interaktion zeigte DRD4 7R-Alleldosis-Effekte und spiegelte sich auch behavioral in der intraindividuellen Go-Reaktionszeitvariabilität wider. Neuronale Stabilität bei mittlerer DA-Verfügbarkeit könnte mit einem erhöhen Risiko verringerter Flexibilität einhergehen, wenn zusätzlich die inhibitorische DA D4-Rezeptorfunktion eingeschränkt ist. Über die gezeigte Interaktion genetischer Einflussvariablen vereinigen die Ergebnisse bestehende Theorien zur DA-Verfügbarkeit bzw. dem Verhältnis DA-abhängiger neuronaler Erregung und Hemmung mit Einfluss auf präfrontale kognitive Kontrolle. (2) Alterungsprozesse und die Alzheimer-Demenz sind mit Beeinträchtigungen neurokognitiver Funktionen verbunden, wobei eine verringerte Wortflüssigkeit zu den frühesten Symptomen der Alzheimer-Demenz gehört. Kompensatorische Prozesse, welche diesen Symptomen (zunächst) entgegenwirken, können sich in einer Reorganisation kortikaler Verarbeitung zeigen. Zur Untersuchung dieser Prozesse wurden kortikale hämodynamische Antworten während der phonologischen und semantischen Wortflüssigkeit wurden bei 325 nicht-dementen gesunden Personen (Alter: 51-82 Jahre) mittels fNIRS untersucht. Der prädiktive Wert von Alter, Geschlecht, Wortflüssigkeitsleistung und der Ausbildungsjahre der Versuchspersonen bezüglicher der kortikalen hämodynamischen Antworten wurde mittels multipler Regression untersucht. Das Alter war ein signifikanter Prädiktor reduzierter bilateraler Aktivität im Übergangsbereich vom inferior frontalen Gyrus zum temporalen Pol (IFT) und gesteigerter bilateraler Aktivität im mittleren frontalen und supramarginalen Gyrus. Die Ausbildungsjahre und das Geschlecht (IFT-Aktivität bei Frauen höher als bei Männern) zeigten teilweise dem Alter entgegengesetzte Effekte, während die Wortflüssigkeitsleistung keinen signifikanten Einfluss hatte. Alle Prädiktoren zeigten nur kleine Effektstärken (-.24 < β < .22). Die gesteigerte Aktivität im mittleren frontalen und supramarginalen Gyrus könnte einen Kompensationsprozess für gesenkte IFT Aktivität mit steigendem Altern darstellen. Diese Belege einer (kompensatorischen) kortikalen Reorganisation der Verarbeitung von Wortflüssigkeit könnten, in Kombination mit weiteren (Risiko-)Faktoren und im Rahmen longitudinaler Untersuchungen, dazu beitragen neurodegenerative Prozesse einer Alzheimer-Demenz zu erkennen, bevor erste kognitive Symptome erkennbar sind. (3) Einflüsse individueller Anatomie und systemischer physiologischer Artefakte können die Validität der Interpretation von fNIRS Signalen als Korrelate kortikaler Hirnaktivität und Korrelationen dieser Aktivität mit individuellen (Persönlichkeits-)Maßen einschränken. Zur Untersuchung dieser Problematik wurde eine simultane Messung hämodynamischer Antworten mit fNIRS und funktioneller Magnetresonanztomographie (fMRT) bei 20 gesunden Versuchspersonen durchgeführt, während eine Entscheidungsaufgabe zwischen Geldbeträgen unterschiedlicher Höhe und Aushändigungszeitpunkte durchgeführt wurde. Beide Methoden zeigten konsistente Aktivierung im rechten inferioren/mittleren frontalen Gyrus. Korrelationen der fNIRS mit den fMRT Zeitreihen zeigten jedoch eine hohe Variabilität zwischen den Versuchspersonen. Bis zu 41% der Varianz der fNIRS-Aktivität wurde durch das simulierte individuelle Volumen der von fNIRS erfassten grauen Hirnsubstanz eines Messkanals, und bis zu 20% durch den Abstand zwischen Kopfoberfläche und Kortex, aufgeklärt. Die fMRT-Zeitreihen in der Haut zeigten zudem signifikante Korrelationen mit dem fNIRS-Signal in der Schläfenregion. Während fMRT eine signifikante negative Korrelation der inferioren/mittleren frontalen Gyrus-Aktivität mit dem Persönlichkeitsmerkmal "Belohnungssensitivität" zeigte, war die Korrelation bei fNIRS nicht signifikant. Eine erhöhte Belohnungssensitivität erhöhte zudem die Korrelation zwischen fNIRS und fMRT in der Haut, welches auf eine durch Erregung erhöhte systemisch-physiologische Reaktion in Abhängigkeit des Persönlichkeitsmerkales hindeuten könnte. Die mit fNIRS aufgezeichneten hämodynamischen Antworten unterliegen regionaler und individuell-gewichteter anatomischer und systemisch-physiologischer Fehlervarianz und zukünftige fNIRS-Studien zu interindividuellen Unterschieden sollten diesen Umstand berücksichtigen. KW - Präfrontaler Kortex KW - Dopamin KW - Bildgebendes Verfahren KW - Funktionelle Bildgebung KW - Kognitive Kontrolle KW - Genomische Bildgebung KW - Prefrontal cortex KW - functional neuroimaging KW - cognitive control KW - dopamine KW - imaging genetics Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75710 N1 - Die gedruckte Ausgabe dieser kumulativen Dissertation enthält die verwendeten Artikel im Volltext. ER - TY - THES A1 - Jakob, Sissi T1 - Molecular mechanisms of early-life stress in 5-Htt deficient mice: Gene x environment interactions and epigenetic programming T1 - Molekulare Mechanismen von Entwicklungsstress bei 5-Htt defizienten Mäusen: Gen x Umwelt Interaktionen und epigenetische Programmierung N2 - Early-life stress has been shown to influence the development of the brain and to increase the risk for psychiatric disorders later in life. Furthermore, variation in the human serotonin transporter (5-HTT, SLC6A4) gene is suggested to exert a modulating effect on the association between early-life stress and the risk for depression. At the basis of these gene x environment (G x E) interactions, epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA-methylation, seem to represent the primary biological processes mediating early-life programming for stress susceptibility or resilience, respectively. The exact molecular mechanisms however remain to be elucidated, though. In the present study, we used two different stress paradigms to assess the molecular mechanisms mediating the relationship between early-life stress and disorders of emotion regulation later in life. First, a 5-Htt x prenatal stress (PS) paradigm was applied to investigate whether the effects of PS are dependent on the 5-Htt genotype. For this purpose, the effects of PS on cognition and anxiety- / depression-related behavior were examined using a maternal restraint stress paradigm of PS in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and heterozygous 5-Htt deficient (5-Htt+/-) mice. Additionally, in female offspring, a genome-wide hippocampal gene expression and DNA methylation profiling was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip® Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array and the AffymetrixGeneChip® Mouse Promoter 1.0R Array. Some of the resulting candidate genes were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. Further, the gene expression of these genes was measured in other brain regions of the PS animals as well as in the hippocampus of offspring of another, 5-Htt x perinatal stress (PeS) paradigm, in which pregnant and lactating females were stressed by an olfactory cue indicating infanticide. To assess resilience to PS and PeS, correlation studies between gene expression and behaviour were performed based on an initial performance-based LIMMA analysis of the gene expression microarray. 5-Htt+/- offspring of the PS paradigm showed enhanced memory performance and signs of reduced anxiety as compared to WT offspring. In contrast, exposure of 5-Htt+/- mice to PS was associated with increased depression-like behavior, an effect that tended to be more pronounced in female offspring. Further, 5-Htt genotype, PS and their interaction differentially affected the expression and DNA methylation of numerous genes and related pathways within the female hippocampus. Specifically, MAPK and neurotrophin signaling were regulated by both the 5-Htt+/- genotype and PS exposure, whereas cytokine and Wnt signaling were affected in a 5-Htt genotype x PS manner, indicating a gene x environment interaction at the molecular level. The candidate genes of the expression array could be validated and their expression patterns were partly consistent in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. Furthermore, the genotype effect of XIAP associated factor 1 (Xaf1) was also detected in the mice of the PeS paradigm. Concerning resilience, we found that the expression of growth hormone (Gh), prolactin (Prl) and fos-induced growth factor (Figf) were downregulated in WTPS mice that performed well in the forced swim test (FST). At the same time, the results indicated that Gh and Prl expression correlated positively with adrenal weight, whereas Figf expression correlated positively with basal corticosteron concentration, indicating an intricate relationship between depression-like behavior, hippocampal gene expression and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Correlation studies in the PeS animals revealed a link between Gh / Prl expression and anxiety-like behavior. In conclusion, our data suggest that although the 5-Htt+/- genotype shows clear adaptive capacity, 5-Htt+/- mice, particularly females, appear to be more vulnerable to developmental stress exposure when compared to WT offspring. Moreover, hippocampal gene expression and DNA methylation profiles suggest that distinct epigenetic mechanisms at the molecular level mediate the behavioral effects of the 5-Htt genotype, PS exposure, and their interaction. Further, resilience to early-life stress might be conferred by genes whose expression is linked to HPA axis function. N2 - Zahlreiche Studien haben gezeigt, dass Stress während der Entwicklung die Gehirnentwicklung beinflusst und das Risiko an psychischen Störungen zu erkranken erhöht. Weiterhin wird vermutet, dass eine Variation im humanen Serotonintransportergen (5-HTT, SLC6A4) einen modulierenden Einfluss auf die Assoziation zwischen Entwicklungsstress und dem Risiko für Depression ausübt. Als Basis dieser Gene x Umwelt (GxE)-Interaktion scheinen epigenetische Mechanismen, wie DNA-Methylierung, die biologischen Prozesse darzustellen, die die Programmierung von Stressanfälligkeit oder Resilienz vermitteln. Die exakten molekularen Mechanismen sind jedoch noch unbekannt. In dieser Studie wurden zwei verschiedene Stressparadigma verwendet um die molekularen Mechanismen zu klären, die Stress während der Entwicklung und emotionalen Störungen später im Leben zu Grunde liegen. Zuerst wurde ein 5-Htt x pränatales Stress (PS)-Paradigma verwendet um zu untersuchen, ob die Effekte von pränatalem Stress abhängig von dem 5-Htt Genotypen sind. Aus diesem Grund wurden die Effekte von PS auf Kognition, Angst- und Depressions-ähnliches Verhalten untersucht indem ein “maternal restraint stress”-Paradigma in C57BL/6-Wildtyp (WT) und heterozygoten 5-Htt defizienten (5-Htt+/-) Mäusen angewandt wurde. Zusätzlich wurde mit Hilfe des Affymetrix GeneChip® Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Arrays und des AffymetrixGeneChip® Mouse Promoter 1.0R Arrays bei den weiblichen Nachkommen ein Genexpressions- und DNA-Methylierungsprofil erstellt. Einige der daraus resultierenden Kandidatengene wurden mit quantitativer real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) validiert. Weiterhin wurde die Genexpression von diesen Genen auch in anderen Gehirnregionen der PS-Mäuse und im Hippocampus von Nachkommen aus einem perinatalem (PeS) Paradigma gemessen. In dem PeS-Paradigma wurden schwangere und stillende Weibchen durch einen olfaktorischen Stimulus, der Infantizid anzeigt, gestresst und die Nachkommen (WT und 5-Htt+/-) untersucht. Um PS- und PeS-Resilienz zu messen wurden Korrelationsstudien durchgeführt. Zuvor wurde eine LIMMA-Analyse, die auf dem Verhalten von den Mäusen im Forced swim-Test (FST) beruht, gerechnet. Im Vergleich zu WT Nachkommen zeigten 5-Htt+/- Nachkommen des PS-Paradigmas verbesserte Gedächtnisleistung und Zeichen von reduzierter Angst. Im Gegensatz dazu war PS-Exposition von 5-Htt+/- Mäusen mit erhöhtem Depressions-ähnlichem Verhalten assoziiert, ein Effekt, der tendenziell eher in den weiblichen Nachkommen auffiel. Weiterhin beeinflussten der 5-Htt-Genotyp, PS und die Interaktion von beiden die Genexpression und DNA-Methylierung zahlreicher Gene und damit verbundene Signalwege im weiblichen Hippocampus. Der MAPK- und Neurotrophin-Signalweg wurden zum Beispiel durch den 5-Htt-Genotyp und PS-Exposition reguliert, wohingegen der Zytokin-und Wnt-Signalweg in einer 5-Htt x PS Art beeinflusst wurden, was Gen x Umwelt-Interaktionen auf der molekularen Ebene andeutet. Die Kandidatengene konnten zumeist validiert werden und waren zum Teil auch im präfrontalen Kortex sowie im Striatum differentiell exprimiert. Weiterhin konnte der Genotypeffekt von XIAP associated factor 1 (Xaf1) in den Mäusen des PeS-Paradigmas nachgewiesen werden. Bezüglich der Resilienz konnten wir eine Herunterregulierung der Expression des Wachstumshormons (Gh), Prolaktins (Prl) und des fos-induzierten Wachstumsfaktors (Figf) in den WTPS-Mäusen detektieren, die eine gute Leistung im FST gezeigt haben. Gleichzeitig korrelierten die Gh- und Prl-Expression positiv mit dem Gewicht der Nebennieren, wohingegen die Figf-Expression mit dem basalen Kortikosteron-Konzentration positiv korrelierte, was eine komplizierte Beziehung zwischen Depressions-ähnlichem Verhalten, hippocampaler Genexpression und der Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennieren (HPA)-Achsenaktivität andeutet. Korrelationsstudien über die PeS-Tiere deckten einen Link zwischen der Gh- und Prl-Expression und Angst-ähnlichem Verhalten auf. Schließlich lassen unsere Daten den Schluss zu, dass, auch wenn der 5-Htt-Genotyp eine klare adaptive Kapazität aufweist, die 5-Htt+/- Mäuse, insbesondere die Weibchen im Vergleich zu den WT-Mäusen eine erhöhte Vulnerabilität für Entwicklungsstress zu zeigen scheinen. Weiterhin könnten die hippocampale Genexpressions- und DNA-Methylierungsprofile darauf schließen lassen, dass epigenetische Mechanismen auf der molekularen Ebene die Verhaltenseffekte des 5-Htt Genotyps, PS-Exposition und ihrer Interaktion vermitteln. Darüber hinaus könnte Resilienz zu Entwicklungsstress durch Gene reguliert werden, die mit der HPA-Achsen-Funktion assoziiert sind. KW - Stressreaktion KW - Serotonin KW - Epigenetik KW - pränataler Stress KW - Serotonintransporter KW - Gen Umweltinteraktion KW - prenatal stress KW - serotonin transporter KW - gene environment interaction Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74150 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baune, Bernhard T. A1 - Konrad, Carsten A1 - Grotegerd, Dominik A1 - Suslow, Thomas A1 - Birosova, Eva A1 - Ohrmann, Patricia A1 - Bauer, Jochen A1 - Arolt, Volker A1 - Heindel, Walter A1 - Domschke, Katharina A1 - Schöning, Sonja A1 - Rauch, Astrid V. A1 - Uhlmann, Christina A1 - Kugel, Harald A1 - Dannlowski, Udo T1 - Interleukin-6 gene (IL-6): a possible role in brain morphology in the healthy adult brain JF - Journal of Neuroinflammation N2 - Background: Cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) have been implicated in dual functions in neuropsychiatric disorders. Little is known about the genetic predisposition to neurodegenerative and neuroproliferative properties of cytokine genes. In this study the potential dual role of several IL-6 polymorphisms in brain morphology is investigated. Methodology: In a large sample of healthy individuals (N = 303), associations between genetic variants of IL-6 (rs1800795; rs1800796, rs2069833, rs2069840) and brain volume (gray matter volume) were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Selection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) followed a tagging SNP approach (e. g., Stampa algorigthm), yielding a capture 97.08% of the variation in the IL-6 gene using four tagging SNPs. Principal findings/results In a whole-brain analysis, the polymorphism rs1800795 (-174 C/G) showed a strong main effect of genotype (43 CC vs. 150 CG vs. 100 GG; x = 24, y = -10, z = -15; F(2,286) = 8.54, p(uncorrected) = 0.0002; p(AlphaSim-corrected) = 0.002; cluster size k = 577) within the right hippocampus head. Homozygous carriers of the G-allele had significantly larger hippocampus gray matter volumes compared to heterozygous subjects. None of the other investigated SNPs showed a significant association with grey matter volume in whole-brain analyses. Conclusions/significance: These findings suggest a possible neuroprotective role of the G-allele of the SNP rs1800795 on hippocampal volumes. Studies on the role of this SNP in psychiatric populations and especially in those with an affected hippocampus (e.g., by maltreatment, stress) are warranted. KW - aging brain KW - hippocampal neurogenesis KW - cholinergic neurons KW - neurothrophic factor KW - Alzheimers disease KW - neurite outgrowth KW - inflammatory cytokines KW - major depression KW - nervour system KW - dentate gyrus KW - genetics KW - inflammation KW - interleukin 6 KW - neuroprotection KW - voxel-based morphometry Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-130804 VL - 9 IS - 125 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gutknecht, Lise A1 - Araragi, Naozumi A1 - Merker, Sören A1 - Waider, Jonas A1 - Sommerlandt, Frank M. J. A1 - Mlinar, Boris A1 - Baccini, Gilda A1 - Mayer, Ute A1 - Proft, Florian A1 - Hamon, Michel A1 - Schmitt, Angelika G. A1 - Corradetti, Renato A1 - Lanfumey, Laurence A1 - Lesch, Klaus-Peter T1 - Impacts of Brain Serotonin Deficiency following Tph2 Inactivation on Development and Raphe Neuron Serotonergic Specification JF - PLoS One N2 - Brain serotonin (5-HT) is implicated in a wide range of functions from basic physiological mechanisms to complex behaviors, including neuropsychiatric conditions, as well as in developmental processes. Increasing evidence links 5-HT signaling alterations during development to emotional dysregulation and psychopathology in adult age. To further analyze the importance of brain 5-HT in somatic and brain development and function, and more specifically differentiation and specification of the serotonergic system itself, we generated a mouse model with brain-specific 5-HT deficiency resulting from a genetically driven constitutive inactivation of neuronal tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (Tph2). Tph2 inactivation (Tph2-/-) resulted in brain 5-HT deficiency leading to growth retardation and persistent leanness, whereas a sex- and age-dependent increase in body weight was observed in Tph2+/- mice. The conserved expression pattern of the 5-HT neuron-specific markers (except Tph2 and 5-HT) demonstrates that brain 5-HT synthesis is not a prerequisite for the proliferation, differentiation and survival of raphe neurons subjected to the developmental program of serotonergic specification. Furthermore, although these neurons are unable to synthesize 5-HT from the precursor tryptophan, they still display electrophysiological properties characteristic of 5-HT neurons. Moreover, 5-HT deficiency induces an up-regulation of 5-HT\(_{1A}\) and 5-HT\(_{1B}\) receptors across brain regions as well as a reduction of norepinephrine concentrations accompanied by a reduced number of noradrenergic neurons. Together, our results characterize developmental, neurochemical, neurobiological and electrophysiological consequences of brain-specific 5-HT deficiency, reveal a dual dose-dependent role of 5-HT in body weight regulation and show that differentiation of serotonergic neuron phenotype is independent from endogenous 5-HT synthesis. KW - lacking KW - knock-out mice KW - energy expenditure KW - locomotor activity KW - 5-HT transporter KW - anxiety like KW - receptors KW - behavior KW - tryptophan KW - nucleus Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133728 VL - 7 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, Heike A1 - Scholz, Claus Jürgen A1 - Domschke, Katharina A1 - Baumann, Christian A1 - Klauke, Benedikt A1 - Jacob, Christian P. A1 - Maier, Wolfgang A1 - Fritze, Jürgen A1 - Bandelow, Borwin A1 - Zwanzger, Peter Michael A1 - Lang, Thomas A1 - Fehm, Lydia A1 - Ströhle, Andreas A1 - Hamm, Alfons A1 - Gerlach, Alexander L. A1 - Alpers, Georg W. A1 - Kircher, Tilo A1 - Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich A1 - Arolt, Volker A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Deckert, Jürgen A1 - Reif, Andreas T1 - Gender Differences in Associations of Glutamate Decarboxylase 1 Gene (GAD1) Variants with Panic Disorder N2 - Background: Panic disorder is common (5% prevalence) and females are twice as likely to be affected as males. The heritable component of panic disorder is estimated at 48%. Glutamic acid dehydrogenase GAD1, the key enzyme for the synthesis of the inhibitory and anxiolytic neurotransmitter GABA, is supposed to influence various mental disorders, including mood and anxiety disorders. In a recent association study in depression, which is highly comorbid with panic disorder, GAD1 risk allele associations were restricted to females. Methodology/Principal Findings: Nineteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tagging the common variation in GAD1 were genotyped in two independent gender and age matched case-control samples (discovery sample n = 478; replication sample n = 584). Thirteen SNPs passed quality control and were examined for gender-specific enrichment of risk alleles associated with panic disorder by using logistic regression including a genotype6gender interaction term. The latter was found to be nominally significant for four SNPs (rs1978340, rs3762555, rs3749034, rs2241165) in the discovery sample; of note, the respective minor/risk alleles were associated with panic disorder only in females. These findings were not confirmed in the replication sample; however, the genotype6gender interaction of rs3749034 remained significant in the combined sample. Furthermore, this polymorphism showed a nominally significant association with the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire sum score. Conclusions/Significance: The present study represents the first systematic evaluation of gender-specific enrichment of risk alleles of the common SNP variation in the panic disorder candidate gene GAD1. Our tentative results provide a possible explanation for the higher susceptibility of females to panic disorder. KW - Medizin Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75830 ER -