TY - JOUR A1 - Werner, Rudolf A. A1 - Eissler, Christoph A1 - Hayakawa, Nobuyuki A1 - Arias-Loza, Paula A1 - Wakabayashi, Hiroshi A1 - Javadi, Mehrbod S. A1 - Chen, Xinyu A1 - Shinaji, Tetsuya A1 - Lapa, Constantin A1 - Pelzer, Theo A1 - Higuchi, Takahiro T1 - Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy using ECG-gated \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET JF - Scientific Reports N2 - In diabetic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is one of the earliest signs of cardiac involvement prior to the definitive development of heart failure (HF). We aimed to explore the LV diastolic function using electrocardiography (ECG)-gated \(^{18}\)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (\(^{18}\)F-FDG PET) imaging beyond the assessment of cardiac glucose utilization in a diabetic rat model. ECG-gated \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET imaging was performed in a rat model of type 2 diabetes (ZDF fa/fa) and ZL control rats at age of 13 weeks (n=6, respectively). Under hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp to enhance cardiac activity, \(^{18}\)F-FDG was administered and subsequently, list-mode imaging using a dedicated small animal PET system with ECG signal recording was performed. List-mode data were sorted and reconstructed into tomographic images of 16 frames per cardiac cycle. Left ventricular functional parameters (systolic: LV ejection fraction (EF), heart rate (HR) vs. diastolic: peak filling rate (PFR)) were obtained using an automatic ventricular edge detection software. No significant difference in systolic function could be obtained (ZL controls vs. ZDF rats: LVEF, 62.5±4.2 vs. 59.4±4.5%; HR: 331±35 vs. 309±24 bpm; n.s., respectively). On the contrary, ECG-gated PET imaging showed a mild but significant decrease of PFR in the diabetic rats (ZL controls vs. ZDF rats: 12.1±0.8 vs. 10.2±1 Enddiastolic Volume/sec, P<0.01). Investigating a diabetic rat model, ECG-gated \(^{18}\)F-FDG PET imaging detected LV diastolic dysfunction while systolic function was still preserved. This might open avenues for an early detection of HF onset in high-risk type 2 diabetes before cardiac symptoms become apparent. KW - diabetic cardiomyopathy KW - personalized treatment KW - precision medicine KW - ZDF rats KW - ECG KW - PET KW - \(^{18}\)F-fluorodeoxyglucose KW - \(^{18}\)F-FDG KW - diabetes Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171765 VL - 8 IS - 17631 ER - TY - THES A1 - Triebswetter, Susanne T1 - Charakterisierung von Langzeitüberlebenden in einem Kollektiv hämodialysepflichtiger Patienten mit Typ 2 Diabetes T1 - Long-term Survivor Characteristics in Hemodialysis Patients with Type 2 Diabetes N2 - Die Mortalitätsrate von Dialysepatienten ist gegenüber der Allgemeinbevölkerung deutlich erhöht; im Besonderen bei Patienten, die zugleich an einem Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 leiden. Es gibt zahlreiche Studien, die versuchen, Prädiktoren für das Kurz- und Langzeitüberleben von Dialysepatienten zu ermitteln. Studien, die dasselbe für hämodialysepflichtige Patienten mit Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus versuchen, sind jedoch noch selten. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Überlebenden der Deutschen Diabetes Dialyse Studie (4D Studie) zu charakterisieren und Überlebenszeitanalysen durchzuführen, um Hypothesen für zukünftige Studien zu generieren und mögliche Risikofaktoren für eine erhöhte Mortalität zu ermitteln. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden mit Hilfe der Daten der 4D-Studie Überlebenszeitanalysen für 1255 hämodialysepflichtige Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 aus 178 Dialysezentren in Deutschland durchgeführt (mittlere Beobachtungsdauer: 11,5 Jahre). Der primäre Endpunkt war die Gesamtmortalität. Mit dem Cox Proportional Hazards Modell wurden Hazard Ratios für zehn ausgewählte Parameter (Alter, Geschlecht, Pflege, Body Mass Index, Albumin, Diabetesdauer, HbA1c, und kardiovaskuläre, zerebrovaskuläre, periphere vaskuläre Vorerkrankungen) sowohl für das gesamte Kollektiv als auch für nach Geschlecht, Alter und Diabetesdauer aufgeteilte Subgruppen berechnet. Anschließend wurden für alle drei Subgruppen Interaktionsanalysen durchgeführt. Die Überlebenden des gesamten Studienzeitraumes von 11,5 Jahren sind im Durchschnitt jünger und häufiger männlich, haben weniger Vorerkrankungen und sind seltener pflegebedürftig, sind kürzer an Diabetes mellitus erkrankt, das HbA1c ist besser eingestellt und BMI und Serumalbumin liegen höher als bei den Verstorbenen. Pflegebedürftigkeit (HR = 1,199, p = 0,018), ein niedriges Serumalbumin (HR = 0,723, p = 0,002) sowie kardiovaskuläre (HR = 1,423, p < 0,001) und periphere vaskuläre Erkrankungen (HR = 1,549, p < 0,001) erhöhen das Mortalitätsrisiko signifikant. Weibliche Patienten verlieren ihren, in der Gesamtbevölkerung üblichen, Überlebensvorteil (HR = 1,019, p < 0,79). N2 - Data concerning long-term mortality predictors among large, purely diabetic hemodialysis collectives are scarce. With data from a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial among 1255 hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its observational follow-up study (the 4D study) the association of ten baseline candidate variables with mortality was assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression. Overall 103 participants survived the median follow-up of 11.5 years. Significant predictors of mortality were age, cardiovascular, and peripheral vascular disease, higher HbA1c and loss of self-dependency. Higher albumin and BMI had protective associations. There was no significant association with sex, diabetes duration and cerebrovascular diseases. Subgroup analyses by age and diabetes duration showed stronger associations of cerebrovascular disease and loss of self-dependency in younger patients. In conclusion long-term mortality risk in patients with T2DM on hemodialysis was associated with higher age, vascular diseases, higher HbA1c, loss of self-dependency and low energy resources, while it does not vary between sexes, diabetes duration and gender. KW - Chronische Niereninsuffizienz KW - Diabetes mellitus KW - Sterblichkeit KW - Risikofaktor KW - Dialyse KW - dialysis KW - diabetes KW - mortality KW - risk factors KW - chronic kidney disease KW - Diabetes Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-189821 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Strauss, Armin A1 - Moskalenko, Vasily A1 - Tiurbe, Christian A1 - Chodnevskaja, Irina A1 - Timm, Stephan A1 - Wiegering, Verena A. A1 - Germer, Chrioph Thomas A1 - Ulrichs, Karin T1 - Goettingen Minipigs (GMP): Comparison of Two Different Models for Inducing Diabetes N2 - Purpose: Preclinical experiments on large animals are indispensable for evaluating the effectiveness of diabetes therapies. Miniature swine are well suited for such studies due to their physiological and pathophysiological responses. Methods: We compare two methods for inducing diabetes in Goettingen minipigs (GMP), in five with the beta cell toxin streptozotocin (STZ) and in five other GMP by total pancreatectomy (PE). Glucose homeostasis was assessed with the intravenous glucose-tolerance test (IVGTT) and continual monitoring of interstitial glucose levels. At conclusion of the observation period, the pancreata were examined histologically. Three non-diabetic GMP served as control group. Results: The IVGTT revealed markedly diabetic profiles in both GMP groups. STZ-GMP were found to harbor residual C-peptides and scattered insulin-positive cells in the pancreas. PE-GMP survived the total pancreatectomy only with intensive postoperative care. Conclusions: Although both methods reliably induced diabetes in GMP, the PE-GMP clearly had more health problems and required a greater expenditure of time and resources. The PE-GMP model, however, was better at eliminating endogenous insulin and C-peptide than the STZ-GMP model. KW - Göttingen KW - Minischwein KW - diabetes KW - pig or swine KW - real-time glucose monitoring KW - intravenous glucose tolerance test KW - total pancreatectomy KW - streptozotocin Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75119 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Andreas A1 - Gutjahr-Lengsfeld, Lena A1 - Ritz, Eberhard A1 - Scharnagl, Hubert A1 - Gelbrich, Götz A1 - Pilz, Stefan A1 - Macdougall, Iain C. A1 - Wanner, Christoph A1 - Drechsler, Christiane T1 - Longitudinal Assessments of Erythropoietin-Stimulating Agent Responsiveness and the Association with Specific Clinical Outcomes in Dialysis Patients JF - Nephron Clinical Practice N2 - Background: Dose requirements of erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs) can vary considerably over time and may be associated with cardiovascular outcomes. We aimed to longitudinally assess ESA responsiveness over time and to investigate its association with specific clinical end points in a time-dependent approach. Methods: The German Diabetes and Dialysis study (4D study) included 1,255 diabetic dialysis patients, of whom 1,161 were receiving ESA treatment. In those patients, the erythropoietin resistance index (ERI) was assessed every 6 months during a median follow-up of 4 years. The association between the ERI and cardiovascular end points was analyzed by time-dependent Cox regression analyses with repeated ERI measures. Results: Patients had a mean age of 66 ± 8.2 years; 53% were male. During follow-up, a total of 495 patients died, of whom 136 died of sudden death and 102 of infectious death. The adjusted and time-dependent risk for sudden death was increased by 19% per 5-unit increase in the ERI (hazard ratio, HR = 1.19, 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.07-1.33). Similarly, mortality increased by 25% (HR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.18-1.32) and infectious death increased by 27% (HR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.13-1.42). Further analysis revealed that lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were associated with lower ESA responsiveness (p = 0.046). Conclusions: In diabetic dialysis patients, we observed that time-varying erythropoietin resistance is associated with sudden death, infectious complications and all-cause mortality. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels may contribute to a lower ESA responsiveness. KW - dialysis KW - erythropoietin KW - diabetes KW - epidemiology Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-196511 SN - 1660-2110 N1 - This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively. VL - 128 IS - 1-2 ER - TY - THES A1 - Rothhammer, Veit T1 - Wachstumsverhalten und Expansionskapazität humaner mesenchymaler Stammzellen aus Pankreas und Knochenmark T1 - Growth and expansion potential of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from pancreas and bone marow N2 - Primäre Nestin-positive adulte Stamm-/Vorläuferzellen aus menschlichen Langerhans'schen Inseln besitzen einen mesenchymalen Charakter und das prinzipielle Potenzial zur in vitro-Differenzierung in Insulin produzierende Phänotypen. Allerdings ist die Entwicklung effektiver Differenzierungsstrategien bisher noch nicht gelungen. Dies ist unter anderem durch das limitierte Wachstumsverhalten dieser Primärzellen in Kultur begründet, das in der vorliegenden Arbeit ausführlich charakterisiert wurde. So besitzt die Gesamtpopulation aus pankreatischen humanen Langerhansschen Inseln auswachsender Zellen (hIZ) ein begrenztes Wachstumspotenzial von im Mittel 19 Passagen. Diese Tatsache limitiert zum einen die Entwicklung von Protokollen zur Differenzierung dieser Zellen und führt zum anderen zu einer Limitierung der Vision in vitro vermehrbaren und differenzierbaren Vorläuferzellmaterials, das nach Differenzierung transplantiert werden und in vivo die beta-Zellfunktion ersetzen könnte. Vor diesem Hintergrund zeigt die vorliegende Arbeit anhand des Nestin-positiven und mesenchymalen Zellmodells der menschlichen Knochenmarksstammzelllinie hMSC-TERT weiterhin, dass sich eine gentechnisch induzierte transiente und stabile Überex-pression des wachstums- und proliferationsassoziierten Proteins p8 fördernd auf das Wachstumsverhalten dieser Zelllinie auswirkt. Dieser Effekt beruht, wie an stabil generierten p8-überexprimierenden Zelllinien gezeigt werden konnte, zum einen auf der Steigerung der Proliferationsrate. Zum anderen ist das verbesserte Wachstumsverhalten jedoch auch auf eine bis dato unbekannte Verminderung der basalen Apoptoserate von hMSC-TERT zurückzuführen. Das Protein p8 konnte erstmals als molekularer Mediator des Wachstums und Überlebens mesenchymaler Nestin-positiver und zu beta-Zellähnlichen Phänotypen differenzierbarer Vorläuferzellen charakterisiert werden. Es kann somit einen entscheidenden Beitrag zur Lösung des Problems begrenzten differenzierbaren Stammzellmaterials auf der Suche nach einer zellbasierten kurativen, breit und risikoarm einsetzbaren Therapiestrategie für den Diabetes mellitus leisten. N2 - The definitive treatment of type 1 diabetes, namely transplantation of isolated pancreatic islets, is limited by rareness of donor organs. Generation of insulin producing cells from human pancreatic islet derived nestin+ precursors is well feasible and has recently been demonstrated (Zulewski et al, Diabetes 50:521, 2001). We therefore characterized a putative stem population of human islet-derived progenitor cells grown out of human pancreatic islets (hIZ). As we show here, these cells have a mesenchymal phenotype, express the filament protein nestin and feature a mean life span of 16 passages with continuous decrease of growth from passage 6 until growth arrest. This hampers the development of efficient differentiation strategies. We therefore tested the growth enhancing properties of the proliferation associated protein p8 in human nestin+ hMSC-TERT bone marrow derived adult stem cells, which share a similar phenotype as hIZ and have excellent differentiation potential not only into endocrine phenotypes. hMSC-TERT cells were transfected with CMV promoter driven p8-IRES-GFP or mock-IRES-GFP vectors. Transient transfection results in significantly increased numbers of GFP+ cells after 12 and 18 hours which remain elevated for up to 30 h. Loss of growth induction at later timepoints is caused by dilution of cellular plasmid content during mitosis. In contrast, stably transfected and selected subclones with p8 overexpression display durable significant augmentation of growth index (cell numbers) by 1.75 fold mock, respectively. This effect is not only due to an extensive increase in proliferation (BrdU+ cells, 2,7 fold mock) but also to a decrease in basal apoptosis (Caspase+ cells, -40% mock), as we could demonstrate. We characterized p8 as a potent molecular mediator of growth and expansion of mesenchymal stem cells such as hMSC-TERT and hIZ acting through both induction of cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. These properties of p8 may be useful in the development of stem cell based tissue regeneration strategies by providing sufficient supply of homogeneous and fast-growing stem cell cultures for differentiation. In this way, the problem of limited availability of human donor material for definitive treatment of diabetes mellitus type 1 could be solved. KW - Adulte Stammzelle KW - Bauchspeicheldrüse KW - Knochenmark KW - Proliferation KW - Apoptosis KW - Diabetes mellitus KW - Stammzellen KW - Pankreas KW - Knochemark KW - Wachstum KW - Proliferation KW - Apoptose KW - p8 KW - Nestin KW - Diabetes KW - stem cells KW - pancreas KW - bone marrow KW - proliferation KW - apoptosis KW - p8 KW - nestin KW - diabetes Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-29149 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perkovic, Vlado A1 - Agarwal, Rajiv A1 - Fioretto, Paola A1 - Hemmelgarn, Brenda R. A1 - Levin, Adeera A1 - Thomas, Merlin C. A1 - Wanner, Christoph A1 - Kasiske, Bertram L. A1 - Wheeler, David C. A1 - Groop, Per-Henrik T1 - Management of patients with diabetes and CKD: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) controversies conference JF - Kidney International N2 - The prevalence of diabetes around the world has reached epidemic proportions and is projected to increase to 642 million people by 2040. Diabetes is already the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in most developed countries, and the growth in the number of people with ESKD around the world parallels the increase in diabetes. The presence of kidney disease is associated with a markedly elevated risk of cardiovascular disease and death in people with diabetes. Several new therapies and novel investigational agents targeting chronic kidney disease patients with diabetes are now under development. This conference was convened to assess our current state of knowledge regarding optimal glycemic control, current antidiabetic agents and their safety, and new therapies being developed to improve kidney function and cardiovascular outcomes for this vulnerable population. KW - stage renal-disease KW - converting enzyme-inhibition KW - dietary sodium restriction KW - intensive glucose control KW - albumin excretion rate KW - blood pressure KW - cardiovascular outcomes KW - randomized trial KW - glycemic control KW - receptor KW - antidiabetic agents KW - cardiovascular disease KW - chronic kidney disease KW - diabetes KW - renoprotection KW - antagonist Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-186599 VL - 90 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ockermann, Philipp A1 - Headley, Laura A1 - Lizio, Rosario A1 - Hansmann, Jan T1 - A Review of the Properties of Anthocyanins and Their Influence on Factors Affecting Cardiometabolic and Cognitive Health JF - Nutrients N2 - The incidence of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases has increased over the last decades and is an important cause of death worldwide. An upcoming ingredient on the nutraceutical market are anthocyanins, a flavonoid subgroup, abundant mostly in berries and fruits. Epidemiological studies have suggested an association between anthocyanin intake and improved cardiovascular risk, type 2 diabetes and myocardial infarct. Clinical studies using anthocyanins have shown a significant decrease in inflammation markers and oxidative stress, a beneficial effect on vascular function and hyperlipidemia by decreasing low-density lipoprotein and increasing high-density lipoprotein. They have also shown a potential effect on glucose homeostasis and cognitive decline. This review summarizes the effects of anthocyanins in in-vitro, animal and human studies to give an overview of their application in medical prevention or as a dietary supplement. KW - anthocyanins KW - antioxidative KW - blood pressure KW - hyperlipidemia KW - diabetes KW - inflammation Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-245116 SN - 2072-6643 VL - 13 IS - 8 ER - TY - THES A1 - Neumüller, Jutta T1 - Einfluss der Langzeittherapie mit dem Endocannabinoid-Rezeptorblocker Rimonabant auf Thrombozytenaktivierung und proinflammatorische Chemokine bei Diabetes T1 - Influence of long-term therapy with cannabinoid receptor-1 antagonist Rimonabant on thrombocytes and proinflammatoric chemokines in diabetes N2 - Die Volkskrankheit Adipositas zieht eine Reihe von kostenträchtigen Komplikationen mit sich wie z. B. Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 und kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen. Der Endocannabinoidblocker Rimonabant ist hierbei ein viel versprechendes Medikament, mit dem nicht nur die Adipositas an sich, sondern zusätzlich auch ihre weit reichenden Komplikationen im kardiovaskulären Bereich reduziert werden können. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit konnten an Hand 6 Monate alter diabetischer Ratten, welche für 10 Wochen mit Rimonabant behandelt wurden, aufgezeigt werden, dass Rimonabant auf verschiedenste Weise die Initialphase der Atherogenese positiv beeinflusst. Zum einen konnte die Anzahl der zirkulierenden Monozyten signifikant vermindert und auch die für die initiale Rekrutierung von Thrombozyten und Monozyten wichtigen Chemokine RANTES und MCP-1 reduziert werden. Zum anderen zeigten sich positive Effekte auf das Lipidprofil der Probanden. Ein besonderes Augenmerk lag auf dem Aktivitätszustand der Thrombozyten: Mit Rimonabant wurde sowohl die thrombozytäre Aktivierung minimiert als auch ein positiver Einfluss auf die Thrombozytenadhäsion und -aggregation bestätigt. Folglich reduziert Rimonabant das kardiovaskuläre Risiko, indem es die pro-inflammatorischen und pro-atherosklerotischen Kaskaden vermindert. N2 - 6 month old obese Zucker rats were fed with cannabinoid receptor-1 antagonist rimonabant for 10 weeks. We demonstrate positive modulation of circulating monocyte numbers, reduced platelet activation and lower RANTES and MCP-1 levels by Rimonbant in Zucker rats. This may potentially contribute to a reduction of cardiovascular risk. KW - Diabetes mellitus KW - Chemokine KW - RANTES KW - Thrombozyt KW - Fettsucht KW - Endocannabinoide KW - MCP-1 KW - Rimonabant KW - Rezeptorblocker KW - Atherosklerose KW - diabetes KW - rimonabant KW - platelets KW - chemokines Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55045 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Matsusaka, Yohji A1 - Chen, Xinyu A1 - Arias-Loza, Paula A1 - Werner, Rudolf A. A1 - Nose, Naoko A1 - Sasaki, Takanori A1 - Rowe, Steven P. A1 - Pomper, Martin G. A1 - Lapa, Constantin A1 - Higuchi, Takahiro T1 - In Vivo Functional Assessment of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporters (SGLTs) Using [\(^{18}\)F]Me4FDG PET in Rats JF - Molecular Imaging N2 - Background. Mediating glucose absorption in the small intestine and renal clearance, sodium glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) have emerged as an attractive therapeutic target in diabetic patients. A substantial fraction of patients, however, only achieve inadequate glycemic control. Thus, we aimed to assess the potential of the SGLT-targeting PET radiotracer alpha-methyl-4-deoxy-4-[\(^{18}\)F]fluoro-D-glucopyranoside ([\(^{18}\)F]Me4FDG) as a noninvasive intestinal and renal biomarker of SGLT-mediated glucose transport. Methods. We investigated healthy rats using a dedicated small animal PET system. Dynamic imaging was conducted after administration of the reference radiotracer 2-deoxy-2-[\(^{18}\)F]fluoro-D-glucose ([\(^{18}\)F]FDG), or the SGLT-targeting agent, [\(^{18}\)F]Me4FDG either directly into the digestive tract (for assessing intestinal absorption) or via the tail vein (for evaluating kidney excretion). To confirm the specificity of [18F]Me4FDG and responsiveness to treatment, a subset of animals was also pretreated with the SGLT inhibitor phlorizin. In this regard, an intraintestinal route of administration was used to assess tracer absorption in the digestive tract, while for renal assessment, phlorizin was injected intravenously (IV). Results. Serving as reference, intestinal administration of [\(^{18}\)F]FDG led to slow absorption with retention of % of administered radioactivity at 15 min. [\(^{18}\)F]Me4FDG, however, was rapidly absorbed into the blood and cleared from the intestine within 15 min, leading to markedly lower tracer retention of % (). Intraintestinal phlorizin led to marked increase of [\(^{18}\)F]Me4FDG uptake (15 min, %; vs. untreated controls), supporting the notion that this PET agent can measure adequate SGLT inhibition in the digestive tract. In the kidneys, radiotracer was also sensitive to SGLT inhibition. After IV injection, [\(^{18}\)F]Me4FDG reabsorption in the renal cortex was significantly suppressed by phlorizin when compared to untreated animals (%ID/g at 60 min, vs. untreated controls, ; ). Conclusion. As a noninvasive read-out of the concurrent SGLT expression in both the digestive tract and the renal cortex, [\(^{18}\)F]Me4FDG PET may serve as a surrogate marker for treatment response to SGLT inhibition. As such, [\(^{18}\)F]Me4FDG may enable improvement in glycemic control in diabetes by PET-based monitoring strategies. KW - Sodium-Glucose Cotransporters (SGLTs) KW - diabetes KW - rats Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-300708 VL - 2022 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koepsell, Hermann T1 - Glucose transporters in the small intestine in health and disease JF - Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology N2 - Absorption of monosaccharides is mainly mediated by Na\(^+\)-d-glucose cotransporter SGLT1 and the facititative transporters GLUT2 and GLUT5. SGLT1 and GLUT2 are relevant for absorption of d-glucose and d-galactose while GLUT5 is relevant for d-fructose absorption. SGLT1 and GLUT5 are constantly localized in the brush border membrane (BBM) of enterocytes, whereas GLUT2 is localized in the basolateral membrane (BLM) or the BBM plus BLM at low and high luminal d-glucose concentrations, respectively. At high luminal d-glucose, the abundance SGLT1 in the BBM is increased. Hence, d-glucose absorption at low luminal glucose is mediated via SGLT1 in the BBM and GLUT2 in the BLM whereas high-capacity d-glucose absorption at high luminal glucose is mediated by SGLT1 plus GLUT2 in the BBM and GLUT2 in the BLM. The review describes functions and regulations of SGLT1, GLUT2, and GLUT5 in the small intestine including diurnal variations and carbohydrate-dependent regulations. Also, the roles of SGLT1 and GLUT2 for secretion of enterohormones are discussed. Furthermore, diseases are described that are caused by malfunctions of small intestinal monosaccharide transporters, such as glucose-galactose malabsorption, Fanconi syndrome, and fructose intolerance. Moreover, it is reported how diabetes, small intestinal inflammation, parental nutrition, bariatric surgery, and metformin treatment affect expression of monosaccharide transporters in the small intestine. Finally, food components that decrease d-glucose absorption and drugs in development that inhibit or downregulate SGLT1 in the small intestine are compiled. Models for regulations and combined functions of glucose transporters, and for interplay between d-fructose transport and metabolism, are discussed. KW - glucose transporter KW - small intestine KW - regulation KW - SGLT1 KW - GLUT2 KW - GLUT5 KW - glucose-galactose malabsorption KW - fructose intolerance KW - diabetes KW - bariatric surgery Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-232552 SN - 0031-6768 VL - 472 ER -