TY - JOUR A1 - Prelog, Martina T1 - Differential Approaches for Vaccination from Childhood to Old Age JF - Gerontology N2 - Primary prevention strategies, such as vaccinations at the age extremes, in neonates and elderly individuals, demonstrate a challenge to health professionals and public health specialists. The aspects of the differentiation and maturation of the adaptive immune system, the functional implications of immunological immaturity or immunosenescence and its impact on vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy will be highlighted in this review. Several approaches have been undertaken to promote Th1 responses in neonates and to enhance immune functions in elderly, such as conjugation to carrier proteins, addition of adjuvants, concomitant vaccination with other vaccines, change in antigen concentrations or dose intervals or use of different administration routes. Also, early protection by maternal vaccination seems to be beneficial in neonates. However, it also appears necessary to think of other end points than antibody concentrations to assess vaccine efficacy in neonates or elderly, as also the cellular immune response may be impaired by the mechanisms of immaturity, underlying health conditions, immunosuppressive treatments or immunosenescence. Thus, lifespan vaccine programs should be implemented to all individuals on a population level not only to improve herd protection and to maintain protective antibody levels and immune memory, but also to cover all age groups, to protect unvaccinated elderly persons and to provide indirect protection for neonates and small infants. KW - immunosenescence KW - aging KW - T cells KW - B cells KW - immunization KW - vaccination KW - thymus KW - influenza KW - neonates KW - antibody Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-196602 SN - 0304-324X SN - 1423-0003 N1 - This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively. VL - 59 IS - 3 ER - TY - THES A1 - Glogger, Kerstin Marisa T1 - Veränderungen des fetalen Thymus bei Chorioamnionitis im Schafmodell T1 - Thymic changes after chorioamnionitis in fetal sheep N2 - Regulatorische T-Lymphozyten differenzieren sich im fetalen Thymus unter dem Einfluss des Transkriptionsfaktors FoxP3. Sie sind für die Aufrechterhaltung des Gleichgewichts des Immunsystems wichtig. Es wurde untersucht ob eine Chorioamnionitis, induziert durch intraamniotische Endotoxingabe, die fetale Thymusentwicklung beeinflusst. Den Mutterschafen wurde fünf Tage, zwei Tage, einen Tag oder fünf Stunden vor der Sectio cesarea 10mg Endotoxin intraamniotisch verabreicht. Die Sectio cesarea wurde bei einem Gestationsalter von 123 Tagen durchgeführt. Der entnommene Thymus wurde gewogen, Nabelschnurblutlymphozyten und Plamakortisolwerte wurden bestimmt. Glukokortikoidrezeptoren, aktivierte Caspase-3-, Ki67-, PCNA-, NFkB- und FoxP3-positive Zellen wurden immunohistochemisch nachgewiesen. Das Thymusgewicht war im Verhältnis zum Körpergewicht der Lämmer nach intraamniotischer Endotoxingabe zu allen gemessenen Zeitpunkten verringert. Die zirkulierenden Lymphozyten im Nabelschnurblut nahmen einen Tag nach Endotoxingabe um 40% ab. Die Endotoxingabe führte zu einem vorübergehenden Anstieg der Plasmakortisolwerte, zu einer Verdoppelung NFkB positiver Zellen und zu einer Abnahme Foxp3 positiver Zellen in der Thymusrinde einen Tag nach Endotoxingabe. Die intraamniotische Verabreichung eines Endotoxins führte im Schafmodell zu Veränderungen im fetalen Thymus. N2 - Regulatory T-lymphocytes differentiate in the fetal thymus under the control of the transcription factor FoxP3. T-lymphocytes mediate homeostasis of the immune system. The objective was whether chorioamnionitis, caused by endotoxin,would modulate fetal thymus development. An intaamniotic injection of 10mg endotoxin was given to the sheep five days, two days, one day or five hours before delivery at 123 gestation days. Thymus weight, cord blood lymphocytes and plasma cortisol were measured. Glucocorticoid receptor-, activated caspase-3-, Ki67-, proliferating cell nuclear antigen-, nuclear factor kB-, and FoxP3-positive cells were immunohistochemically evaluated. Thymus-to-body weight ratios were reduced in all endotoxin groups. There was a decrease of circulation lymphoctes after intraamniotic endotoxin exposure by 40% after one day. Plasma cortisol concentration increased transiently, nuclear factor kB positive cells in thymic cortex doubled and FoxP3 positive cells were reduced one day after endotoxin exposure. Intraamniotic exposure to endotoxin induced thymic changes in fetal sheep. KW - Chorioamnionitis KW - Thymus KW - Frühgeburt KW - T-Lymohozyten KW - Treg KW - FoxP3 KW - chorioamnionitis KW - thymus KW - preterm KW - T-lymphocytes KW - Treg KW - FoxP3 Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74576 ER -