TY  - THES
A1  - Bach, Fabian
T1  - Charged Current Top Quark Couplings at the LHC
T1  - Geladene Stromkopplungen des Top-Quarks am LHC
N2  - The top quark plays an important role in current particle physics, from a theoretical point of view because of its uniquely large mass, but also experimentally because of the large number of top events recorded by the LHC experiments ATLAS and CMS, which makes it possible to directly measure the properties of this particle, for example its couplings to the other particles of the standard model (SM), with previously unknown precision. In this thesis, an effective field theory approach is employed to introduce a minimal and consistent parametrization of all anomalous top couplings to the SM gauge bosons and fermions which are compatible with the SM symmetries. In addition, several aspects and consequences of the underlying effective operator relations for these couplings are discussed. The resulting set of couplings has been implemented in the parton level Monte Carlo event generator WHIZARD in order to provide a tool for the quantitative assessment of the phenomenological implications at present and future colliders such as the LHC or a planned international linear collider. The phenomenological part of this thesis is focused on the charged current couplings of the top quark, namely anomalous contributions to the trilinear tbW coupling as well as quartic four-fermion contact interactions of the form tbff, both affecting single top production as well as top decays at the LHC. The study includes various aspects of inclusive cross section measurements as well as differential distributions of single tops produced in the t channel, bq → tq', and in the s channel, ud → tb. We discuss the parton level modelling of these processes as well as detector effects, and finally present the prospected LHC reach for setting limits on these couplings with 10 resp. 100 fb−1 of data recorded at √s = 14 TeV.
N2  - Das Top-Quark spielt eine wichtige Rolle in der aktuellen Teilchenphysik, sowohl aus theoretischer Sicht aufgrund seiner einzigartig großen Masse, aber auch aus experimenteller Sicht wegen der großen Anzahl an Top-Ereignissen, die von den LHC-Experimenten ATLAS und CMS bereits aufgezeichnet wurden. Diese ermöglichen direkte Messungen der Eigenschaften dieses Teilchens, zum Beispiel seine Kopplungen an die anderen Teilchen des Standardmodells (SM), mit einer bis dato unerreichten Genauigkeit. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Zugang mittels effektiver Feldtheorie verwendet, um eine minimale und konsistente Parametrisierung aller anomalen Top-Kopplungen an die Eichbosonen und Fermionen des SM zu finden, die mit allen SM-Symmetrien kompatibel ist. Zudem werden verschiedene Aspekte und Konsequenzen der zugrundeliegenden Operatorrelationen für diese Kopplungen diskutiert. Der resultierende Satz von Kopplungen wurde in den Monte Carlo-Ereignisgenerator WHIZARD implementiert, um einen quantitativen Zugang zu den phänomenologischen Implikationen an aktuellen und zukünftigen Teilchenbeschleunigern wie dem LHC oder einem geplanten internationalen Linearbeschleuniger zu ermöglichen. Der phänomenologische Teil dieser Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die geladenen Stromkopplungen des Top-Quarks, beziehungsweise anomale Beiträge zur trilinearen tbW-Kopplung wie zur quartischen Kontaktwechselwirkung der Form tbff, die Einfluss auf die Produktion einzelner Top-Quarks sowie auf deren Zerfall am LHC haben. Die Studie umfasst verschiedene Aspekte der Messung inklusiver Wirkungsquerschnitte, aber auch differentieller Verteilungen einzelner Top-Quarks, die entweder im t-Kanal, bq → tq', oder im s-Kanal, ud → tb, produziert wurden. Diskutiert werden sowohl die Modellierung dieser Prozesse auf Parton-Ebene als auch Detektoreffekte, um schließlich zu einer Abschätzung der voraussichtlichen Ausschlussgrenzen des LHC an solche Kopplungen mit 10 bzw. 100 fb−1 an aufgezeichneten Daten bei √s = 14 TeV zu kommen.
KW  - LHC
KW  - t-Quark
KW  - particle physics
KW  - high energy physics
KW  - top quark
KW  - effective field theory
KW  - single top production
KW  - Physik
KW  - Elementarteilchenphysik
KW  - Hochenergiephysik
Y1  - 2013
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-82358
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kaiser, J. C.
A1  - Riemer, N.
A1  - Knopf, D. A.
T1  - Detailed heterogeneous oxidation of soot surfaces in a particle-resolved aerosol model
N2  - Using the particle-resolved aerosol model PartMC-MOSAIC, we simulate the heterogeneous oxidation of a monolayer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on soot particles in an urban atmosphere. We focus on the interaction of the major atmospheric oxidants (O3, NO2, OH, and NO3) with PAHs and include competitive co-adsorption of water vapour for a range of atmospheric conditions. For the first time detailed heterogeneous chemistry based on the P¨oschl-Rudich-Ammann (PRA) framework is modelled on soot particles with a realistic size distribution and a continuous range of chemical ages. We find PAH half-lives, 1/2, on the order of seconds during the night, when the PAHs are rapidly oxidised by the gas-surface reaction with NO3. During the day, 1/2 is on the order of minutes and determined mostly by the surface layer reaction of PAHs with adsorbed O3. Such short half-lives of surface-bound PAHs may lead to efficient conversion of hydrophobic soot into more hygroscopic particles, thus increasing the particles’ aerosol-cloud interaction potential. Despite its high reactivity OH appears to have a negligible effect on PAH degradation which can be explained by its very low concentration in the atmosphere. An increase of relative humidity (RH) from 30% to 80% increases PAH half-lives by up to 50%for daytime degradation and by up to 100% or more for nighttime degradation. Uptake coefficients, averaged over the particle population, are found to be relatively constant over time for O3 (2×10-7 to 2×10-6) and NO2 (5×10-6 to 10-5) at the different levels of NOx emissions and RH considered in this study. In contrast, those for OH and NO3 depend strongly on the surface concentration of PAHs. We do not find a significant influence of heterogeneous reactions on soot particles on the gas phase composition. The derived half-lives of surfacebound PAHs and the time and particle population averaged uptake coefficients for O3 and NO2 presented in this paper can be used as parameterisations for the treatment of heterogeneous chemistry in large-scale atmospheric chemistry models.
KW  - Physik
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75440
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schenkel, Alexander
A1  - Uhlemann, Christoph F.
T1  - Field Theory on Curved Noncommutative Spacetimes
N2  - We study classical scalar field theories on noncommutative curved spacetimes. Following the approach of Wess et al. [Classical Quantum Gravity 22 (2005), 3511 and Classical Quantum Gravity 23 (2006), 1883], we describe noncommutative spacetimes by using (Abelian) Drinfel’d twists and the associated ?-products and ?-differential geometry. In particular, we allow for position dependent noncommutativity and do not restrict ourselves to the Moyal–Weyl deformation. We construct action functionals for real scalar fields on noncommutative curved spacetimes, and derive the corresponding deformed wave equations. We provide explicit examples of deformed Klein–Gordon operators for noncommutative Minkowski, de Sitter, Schwarzschild and Randall–Sundrum spacetimes, which solve the noncommutative Einstein equations. We study the construction of deformed Green’s functions and provide a diagrammatic approach for their perturbative calculation. The leading noncommutative corrections to the Green’s functions for our examples are derived.
KW  - Physik
KW  - noncommutative field theory
KW  - Drinfel’d twists
KW  - deformation quantization
KW  - field theory on curved spacetimes
Y1  - 2010
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68648
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rothe, D. G.
A1  - Reinthaler, R. W.
A1  - Liu, C-X
A1  - Molenkamp, L. W.
A1  - Zhang, S-C
A1  - Hankiewicz, E. M.
T1  - Fingerprint of different spin-orbit terms for spin transport in HgTe quantum wells
N2  - Using k · p theory, we derive an effective four-band model describing the physics of the typical two-dimensional topological insulator (HgTe/CdTe quantum well (QW)) in the presence of an out-of-plane (in the z-direction) inversion breaking potential and an in-plane potential. We find that up to third order in perturbation theory, only the inversion breaking potential generates new elements to the four-band Hamiltonian that are off-diagonal in spin space. When this new effective Hamiltonian is folded into an effective twoband model for the conduction (electron) or valence (heavy hole) bands, two competing terms appear: (i) a Rashba spin–orbit interaction originating from inversion breaking potential in the z-direction and (ii) an in-plane Pauli term as a consequence of the in-plane potential. Spin transport in the conduction band is further analysed within the Landauer–Büttiker formalism. We find that for asymmetrically doped HgTe QWs, the behaviour of the spin-Hall conductance is dominated by the Rashba term.
KW  - Physik
Y1  - 2010
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68362
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Decius, J. C.
A1  - Becker, Charles R.
A1  - Fredericks, W. J.
T1  - Force constants of the metaborate ion in alkali halides
N2  - No abstract available
KW  - Physik
Y1  - 1972
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-50935
N1  - Siehe dazu: Erratum: Force constants of the metaborate ion in alkali halides (http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-37992)
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Schubert, Alexander
T1  - Kohärente und dissipative Wellenpaketdynamik und zeitaufgelöste Spektroskopie: Von zweiatomigen Molekülen zu molekularen Aggregaten
T1  - Coherent and dissipative wave-packet dynamics and time-resolved spectroscopy: From diatomic molecules to molecular aggregates
N2  - Unter dem Gesichtspunkt kohärenter Wellenpaketdynamik werden in dieser Arbeit zwei Themenfelder untersucht: Zum einen die Auswirkungen von Kernfreiheitsgraden auf die zweidimensionale vibronische Spektroskopie (2D-Spektroskopie) und zum anderen photoinduzierte Energieverlustmechanismen in organischen Halbleitern. Im ersten Abschnitt wird am numerischen Beispiel zweiatomiger Moleküle gezeigt, dass sich die Anharmonizität der Wellenpaketbewegung durch Variation der Verzögerungszeit der Femtosekundenpulse in der komplexwertigen Spektralfunktion, die aus der störungstheoretischen Berechnung der Polarisationsfunktion hervorgeht, widerspiegelt. Die zeitliche Entwicklung besetzter Vibrationszustände zeigt sich in der Struktur des Signals anhand sogenannter Quantenphasen. Durch Variation der Pulsparameter und -reihenfolge kann dabei die Quantendynamik in unterschiedlichen elektronischen Zuständen charakterisiert werden. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird für molekulare Aggregate (3,4,9,10-Perylentetracarbonsäurediimid und 3,4,9,10-Perylentetracarbonsäuredianhydrid) ein zeitaufgelöstes, atomistisches Bild intra- und intermolekularer Strukturverzerrungen vorgestellt. Letztere induzieren eine ultraschnelle Depopulation der durch Photoabsorption angeregten elektronischen Zustände, was mit einer deutlichen Abnahme der Anregungsenergie einhergeht.
N2  - In the present work two topics were examined within the framework of coherent wave-packet dynamics: First, the appearance of fingerprints of nuclear degrees-of-freedom in two-dimensional vibronic spectra (2D spectra), and second, photoinduced energy quenching processes in organic semi-conductors. Using the numerical example of diatomic molecules, it is shown in the first part that a variation of the delay-time between femtosecond laser pulses reveals the anharmonicity of the wave packet motion by influencing the complex-valued spectral function, which stems from a calculation of the perturbative polarization function. The time-evolution of vibrational states is monitored in the signal structure by so-called quantum phases. Different electronic states are accessible through variation of the parameters and the order of involved laser pulses. In the second part, a time-resolved atomistic picture of intra- and intermolecular structural deformations in molecular aggregates (3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid bisimide and 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride) is presented. The latter induce an ultrafast depopulation of the photoexcited electronic states, which goes in hand with a considerable loss of excitation energy.
KW  - Kurzzeitphysik
KW  - Physikalische Chemie
KW  - Molekularbewegung
KW  - Wellenpaket
KW  - Quantendynamik
KW  - Theoretische Physik
KW  - Quantisierung <Physik>
KW  - Physikalische Theorie
KW  - Physik
KW  - Computerphysik
KW  - quantum dynamics
Y1  - 2012
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-74258
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Ebensperger, Thomas
T1  - Konzeption, Umsetzung und Evaluierung eines linsenlosen Röntgenmikroskopes
T1  - Design, Setup and Characterization of a Lensless X-ray Microscope
N2  - Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Konzeption, Umsetzung und Charakterisierung eines Rönt- genmikroskops für harte Röntgenstrahlung mit der Möglichkeit zur dreidimensionalen Bild- gebung. Der vorgestellte Aufbau basiert auf geometrischer Vergrößerung und verzichtet im Gegensatz zu anderen Röntgenmikroskopiemethoden auf den Einsatz optischer Elemente. Dreidimensionale Bildgebung wird durch einen linearlaminographischen Aufnahmemodus realisiert, bei dem unterschiedliche Durchstrahlungsrichtungen durch das Objekt durch eine relative Verschiebung von Quelle und Detektor zustande kommen. Die Röntgenquelle des Mikroskops besteht aus einer zu einer Nanofokusröntgenröhre um- gebauten Elektronenmikrosonde mit 30 kV Beschleunigungsspannung (dies entspricht einer Wellenlänge von bis zu 0,041 nm). Durch die Elektronenoptik kann ein intensiver Elektronen- strahl anstelle eine Probe auf ein Transmissionstarget fokussiert werden. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Möglichkeit evaluiert, die Schichtdicke der röntgenaktiven Schicht des Transmissionstar- gets für die gegebene Beschleunigungsspannung zu optimieren. Dabei werden eine Schichtdi- cke für maximale Röntgenleistung (700 nm Wolfram) und eine für maximale Röntgenleistung bezogen auf die entstehende Quellfleckgröße (100 nm Wolfram) identifiziert. Dadurch erreicht dieses System eine laterale Ortsauflösung von 197 nm, gemessen an einem Siemensstern. Diese ist eine Größenordnung besser als bei modernen SubμCT-Anlagen, die zur zerstörungsfrei- en Prüfung eingesetzt werden, und einen Faktor 2 besser als bei Laborröntgenmikroskopen basierend auf Fresnel’schen Zonenplatten. Abgesehen von der lateralen Auflösung bei hochkontrastigen Objekten werden auch die Abbil- dungseigenschaften für schwach absorbierende Proben mit Inline-Phasenkontrastbildgebung untersucht. Dazu wird eine Methode entwickelt mit der anhand der gegebenen Anlagenpara- meter der optimale Quell-Objekt-Abstand zur Maximierung des Fringe-Kontrasts gefunden werden kann. Dabei wird die Ausprägung des Fringe-Kontrasts auf die Phase −iα zurück geführt. Das vorgeschlagene Modell wird durch Messungen am Röntgenmikroskop und an einer weiteren Röngtenanlage verifiziert. Zur Beurteilung der dreidimensionalen Bildgebung mit dem vorgeschlagenen linearlaminogra- phischen Aufnahmemodus kann dieser auf eine konventionelle Computertomographie mit ein- geschränktem Winkelbereich zurückgeführt werden und so die maximal erreichbare Winkel- information bestimmt werden. Des Weiteren werden numerische Berechnungen durchgeführt, um die Einflüsse von Rauschen und geometrischen Vorgaben einschätzen zu können. Ein experimenteller Test des Laminographiesystems wird anhand eines hochkontrastigen (Fres- nel’sche Zonenplatte) und eines niederkontrastigen Objekts (Kohlefasergewebe) durchgeführt. Es zeigte sich, dass die laterale Auflösung während der dreidimensionalen Rekonstruktion gut erhalten bleibt, die Tiefenauflösung aber nicht die gleiche Qualität erreicht. Außerdem konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Tiefenauflösung sehr stark von der Geometrie und Zusammen- setzung des untersuchten Objekts abhängt.
N2  - The general topic of this thesis is the design, setup and characterization of a hard x-ray microscope with 3D imaging capability. The presented setup is based on geometric magnifi- cation and does not make use of x-ray optical elements in contrast to most other methods for x-ray microscopy. Three dimensional imaging is realized using a linear laminographic ima- ging mode which uses a relative linear displacement of source and detector to realize different views through the object. The x-ray source of the setup is based on an electron probe micro analyzer with 30 kV acce- leration voltage that has been refitted to serve as a nano focus x-ray source producing x-rays with a wavelength down to 0.041 nm. By means of the used electron optics a highly intense electron beam can be focused on a transmission target. In this thesis a method of optimizing the thickness of the x-ray source layer of the target for a given acceleration voltage is evalua- ted. Thus, two thicknesses for the used tungsten target can be identified: one for maximum x-ray yield (700 nm) and one for maximum yield per source size (100 nm). With the optimized targets a lateral resolution of 197 nm can be achieved. This is an improvement of one order of magnitude compared to state-of-the-art sub-micron CT setups for non-destructive testing and an improvement of a factor of 2 compared to laboratory setups using Fresnel zone plates. In addition to resolution tests at high contrast specimens, the imaging of weakly absorbing specimens is addressed. Therefor, a method for identifying the optimal source object distance for a given imaging setup in order to maximize the fringe contrast in inline phase contrast imaging has been developed by maximizing the absolute value of the phase of the Fresnel propagator −iα. This method has been verified by experiments at the proposed microscope and with an x-ray imaging setup using a liquid metal jet anode. To assess the 3D imaging capabilities of the setup, the laminographic imaging mode can be described as a conventional computed tomography with limited scanning angle. This allows an assessment of the accessible volume information. Furthermore, numerical experiments have been performed to evaluate the influence of noisy projections and geometric inaccuracies. An experimental test of the laminographic system has been conducted using both a high- contrast specimen (Fresnel zone plate) and a low-contrast specimen (carbon fibre mesh). The lateral resolution of the single projections can be transferred to the 3D volumes. The depth resolution, however, does not reach the same quality due to the limited information. Furthermore, it can be stated that depth resolution is highly dependent on the scanned specimen.
KW  - Harte Röntgenstrahlung
KW  - Röntgenmikroskopie
KW  - Ultrathin Transmission Target
KW  - Röntgenmikroskop
KW  - Dreidimensionales Bild
KW  - Physik
Y1  - 2014
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-117937
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Janotta, Peter
A1  - Gogolin, Christian
A1  - Barrett, Jonathan
A1  - Brunner, Nicolas
T1  - Limits on nonlocal correlations from the structure of the local state space
N2  - The outcomes of measurements on entangled quantum systems can be nonlocally correlated. However, while it is easy to write down toy theories allowing arbitrary nonlocal correlations, those allowed in quantum mechanics are limited. Quantum correlations cannot, for example, violate a principle known as macroscopic locality, which implies that they cannot violate Tsirelson’s bound. This paper shows that there is a connection between the strength of nonlocal correlations in a physical theory and the structure of the state spaces of individual systems. This is illustrated by a family of models in which local state spaces are regular polygons, where a natural analogue of a maximally entangled state of two systems exists. We characterize the nonlocal correlations obtainable from such states. The family allows us to study the transition between classical, quantum and super-quantum correlations by varying only the local state space. We show that the strength of nonlocal correlations—in particular whether the maximally entangled state violates Tsirelson’s bound or not— depends crucially on a simple geometric property of the local state space, known as strong self-duality. This result is seen to be a special case of a general theorem, which states that a broad class of entangled states in probabilistic theories—including, by extension, all bipartite classical and quantum states— cannot violate macroscopic locality. Finally, our results show that models exist that are locally almost indistinguishable from quantum mechanics, but can nevertheless generate maximally nonlocal correlations.
KW  - Physik
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75003
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Becker, Charles, R.
A1  - Latussek, V.
A1  - Heinke, H.
A1  - Regnet, M. M.
A1  - Goschenhofer, F.
A1  - Einfeldt, S.
A1  - He, L.
A1  - Bangert, E.
A1  - Kraus, M. M.
A1  - Landwehr, G.
T1  - Molecular beam epitaxial growth and characterization of (001) Hg\(_{1-x}\) Cd\(_x\) Te-HgTe superlattices
N2  - The molecular beam epitaxially growth of (001) Hg\(_{1-x}\) Cd\(_z\) Te-HgTe superlattices has been systematically investigated. The well width as well as the period were determined directly by X-ray diffraction. This was accomphshed for the well width by exploiting the high reflectivity from HgTe and the low reflectivity from CdTe for the (002) Bragg reflection. Knowing the well and barrier thicknesses we have been able to set an upper limit on the aver~ge composition of the barriers, Xl, by annealing the superlattice and then measuring the composition of the. resultmg alloy. Xb was shown to decrease exponentially with decreasing barrier width. Xb is appreciably smaller m. narrow barriers due to the increased significance of interdiffusion in the Hg\(_{1-x}\)Cd\(_x\) Te/HgTe interface in narrow barriers. The experimentally determined optical absorption coefficient for these superlattices is compared WIth theoretical calculations. The absorption coefficient was determined from transmission and reflection spectra at 300, 77 and 5 K. Using the thickness and composition of the barriers and wells, and an interface width due to interdiffusion, the complex refractive index is calculated and compared with the experimental absorption coefficient. The envelope function method based on an 8 x 8 second order k . p band model was used to calculate the superlattice states. These results when inserted into Kubo's formula, yield the dynamic conductivity for interband transitions. The experimental and theoretical values for the absorption coefficient using no adjustable parameters are in good agreement for most of the investigated superlattices. Furthermore the agreement for the higher energetic interband transitions is much worse if values for the barrier composition, which are appreciably different than the experimentally determined values, are used. The infrared photoluminescence was investigated at temperatures from 4.2 to 300 K. Pronounced photoluminescence was observed for all superlattices in this temperature range.
KW  - Physik
Y1  - 1993
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-50959
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Becker, Charles R.
A1  - He, L.
A1  - Einfeldt, S.
A1  - Wu, Y. S.
A1  - Lérondel, G.
A1  - Heinke, H.
A1  - Oehling, S.
A1  - Bicknell-Tassius, R. N.
A1  - Landwehr, G.
T1  - Molecular beam epitaxial growth and characterization of (100) HgSe on GaAs
N2  - In this paper, we present results on the first MBE growth of HgSe. The influence of the GaAs substrate temperature as well as the Hg and Se fluxes on the growth and the electrical properties has been investigated. It has been found that the growth rate is very low at substrate temperatures above 120°C. At 120°C and at lower temperatures, the growth rate is appreciably higher. The sticking coefficient of Se seems to depend inversely on the Hg/Se flux ratio. Epitaxial growth could be maintained at 70°C with Hg/Se flux ratios between lOO and ISO, and at 160°C between 280 and 450. The electron mobilities of these HgSe epilayers at room temperature decrease from a maximum value of 8.2 x 10^3 cm2 /V' s with increasing electron concentration. The concentration was found to be between 6xlO^17 and 1.6x10^19 cm- 3 at room temperature. Rocking curves from X-ray diffraction measurements of the better epilayers have a full width at half maximum of 5S0 arc sec.
KW  - Physik
Y1  - 1993
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-50947
ER  -