TY - JOUR A1 - Schuster, Sarah A1 - Krüger, Timothy A1 - Subota, Ines A1 - Thusek, Sina A1 - Rotureau, Brice A1 - Beilhack, Andreas A1 - Engstler, Markus T1 - Developmental adaptations of trypanosome motility to the tsetse fly host environments unravel a multifaceted in vivo microswimmer system JF - eLife N2 - The highly motile and versatile protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma brucei undergoes a complex life cycle in the tsetse fly. Here we introduce the host insect as an expedient model environment for microswimmer research, as it allows examination of microbial motion within a diversified, secluded and yet microscopically tractable space. During their week-long journey through the different microenvironments of the fly´s interior organs, the incessantly swimming trypanosomes cross various barriers and confined surroundings, with concurrently occurring major changes of parasite cell architecture. Multicolour light sheet fluorescence microscopy provided information about tsetse tissue topology with unprecedented resolution and allowed the first 3D analysis of the infection process. High-speed fluorescence microscopy illuminated the versatile behaviour of trypanosome developmental stages, ranging from solitary motion and near-wall swimming to collective motility in synchronised swarms and in confinement. We correlate the microenvironments and trypanosome morphologies to high-speed motility data, which paves the way for cross-disciplinary microswimmer research in a naturally evolved environment. KW - none KW - tsetse fly KW - Trypanosoma KW - biophysics KW - microswimmer KW - sleeping sickness KW - structural biology Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-158662 VL - 6 ER - TY - THES A1 - Becker, Friederike T1 - Die afrikanische Schlafkrankheit in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo – Eine Analyse der Strategien ihrer Bekämpfung durch Nationale Institutionen, die Weltgesundheitsorganisation und Nichtregierungsorganisationen T1 - Human African Trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of Congo - Analysis of the fight against sleeping sickness by national institutions, the World Health Organization and Non-Governmental Organizations N2 - Die Afrikanische Schlafkrankheit ist eine tropische Infektionskrankheit und gehört zu den vernachlässigten Krankheiten. Am stärksten von Schlafkrankheit betroffen ist die Demokratische Republik Kongo. Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts war ihre Bekämpfung von großem Interesse für die Kolonialmächte und eine wirkungsvolle Bekämpfung konnte erreicht werden. Nach der Unabhängigkeit der afrikanischen Staaten kam es jedoch erneut zu Ausbrüchen. Diese Arbeit analysiert die historische Entwicklung und den aktuellen Stand der Bekämpfung und Kontrolle der Schlafkrankheit in der DR Kongo und untersucht Charakteristiken und Aufgabenbereiche aktueller nationaler und internationaler Organisationen anhand von veröffentlichter Literatur, Site Visits und Experteninterviews vor Ort. N2 - Human African Trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a tropical infectious disease that belongs to the major neglected diseases in Africa. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is the most affected country. In the beginning of the 20th century sleeping sickness has been of major interest to colonial powers and sufficient control had been achieved. After the independence of the African states case numbers began to rise again. This thesis analyzes the historical development and the current situation of the fight against sleeping sickness in the DRC. It investigates the characteristics and the function of national and international organizations by means of literature, site visits and interviews of experts in this field. KW - Trypanosomiase KW - Kongo KW - Nichtstaatliche Organisation KW - Weltgesundheitsorganisation KW - Trypanosomiasis KW - sleeping sickness KW - Congo KW - WHO KW - NGO Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-55684 ER - TY - THES A1 - Middendorf, Barbara T1 - Einfluss von Melarsoprol in der Therapie der afrikanischen Trypanosomiasis auf den Glukosemetabolismus des Menschen T1 - Influence of Melarsoprol in therapy of african Trypanosomiasis on glucosemetabolism in humans N2 - Die afrikanische Schlafkrankheit füht unweigerlich zum Tod wenn sie unerkannt und somit unbehandelt bleibt. Zur Therapie stehen nur sehr wenige Medikamente zur Verfügung, wovon die meisten bereits seit mehr als 50 Jahren im Einsatz sind. Unter der Therapie treten in ca. 5-10% der Fälle Enzephalopathien auf, die in vielen Fällen tödlich verlaufen. Bisher ist nicht sicher, wie der dahinterstehende Pathomechanismus verläuft. Zu dieser Frage wurden Untersuchungen des Glukosemetabolismus an Patienten im 2. Stadium der Schlafkrankheit durchgeführt. Es zeigte sich ein signifikanter Anstieg des durchschnittlichen Glukoseniveaus im Verlauf der Therapie. Des weiteren wurden unterschiedliche Verläufe von arzneimittel-induzierter Enzephalopathie klinisch beobachtet und beschrieben. N2 - Human african Trypanosomiasis is a letal desease if left untreated. Most of the medicals used in late stage trypanosomiasis are older than 50 years. In 5-10% of the patients treatment induced encephalopathies occur which often lead to death. Therefore we investigated the glucosemetabolism in late stage patients treated with melarsoprol. a significant increasion of the blood glucose level was shown. Further clinical descriptions of treatment induced encephalopathies were made. KW - Trypanosomiasis KW - Schlafkrankheit KW - Trypanosoma brucei gambiense; Melarsoprol KW - Trypanosomiasis KW - sleeping sickness KW - trypanosoma KW - tsetse-flies Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-28312 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Worku, Netsanet A1 - Stich, August A1 - Daugschies, Arwid A1 - Wenzel, Iris A1 - Kurz, Randy A1 - Thieme, Rene A1 - Kurz, Susanne A1 - Birkenmeier, Gerd T1 - Ethyl Pyruvate Emerges as a Safe and Fast Acting Agent against Trypanosoma brucei by Targeting Pyruvate Kinase Activity JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Background Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) also called sleeping sickness is an infectious disease in humans caused by an extracellular protozoan parasite. The disease, if left untreated, results in 100% mortality. Currently available drugs are full of severe drawbacks and fail to escape the fast development of trypanosoma resistance. Due to similarities in cell metabolism between cancerous tumors and trypanosoma cells, some of the current registered drugs against HAT have also been tested in cancer chemotherapy. Here we demonstrate for the first time that the simple ester, ethyl pyruvate, comprises such properties. Results The current study covers the efficacy and corresponding target evaluation of ethyl pyruvate on T. brucei cell lines using a combination of biochemical techniques including cell proliferation assays, enzyme kinetics, phasecontrast microscopic video imaging and ex vivo toxicity tests. We have shown that ethyl pyruvate effectively kills trypanosomes most probably by net ATP depletion through inhibition of pyruvate kinase (Ki = 3.0\(\pm\)0.29 mM). The potential of ethyl pyruvate as a trypanocidal compound is also strengthened by its fast acting property, killing cells within three hours post exposure. This has been demonstrated using video imaging of live cells as well as concentration and time dependency experiments. Most importantly, ethyl pyruvate produces minimal side effects in human red cells and is known to easily cross the blood-brain-barrier. This makes it a promising candidate for effective treatment of the two clinical stages of sleeping sickness. Trypanosome drug-resistance tests indicate irreversible cell death and a low incidence of resistance development under experimental conditions. Conclusion Our results present ethyl pyruvate as a safe and fast acting trypanocidal compound and show that it inhibits the enzyme pyruvate kinase. Competitive inhibition of this enzyme was found to cause ATP depletion and cell death. Due to its ability to easily cross the blood-brain-barrier, ethyl pyruvate could be considered as new candidate agent to treat the hemo-lymphatic as well as neurological stages of sleeping sickness. KW - human african trypanosomiasis KW - glycolysis KW - transport KW - protein KW - cruzi KW - chemotherapy KW - metabolism KW - in vitro KW - drugs KW - sleeping sickness Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-150002 VL - 10 IS - 9 ER - TY - THES A1 - Leyh, Matthias T1 - Strukturbiologische Experimente zur Charakterisierung von Rhodesain im Komplex mit Inhibitoren im Rahmen der strukturbasierten Wirkstoffentwicklung gegen den Erreger der Schlafkrankheit T1 - Structural Characterization of Rhodesain in complex with inhibitors for structure based drug design regarding the parasite causing sleeping sickness. N2 - Die akute Form der afrikanischen Schlafkrankheit wird durch den Parasiten Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense verursacht und führt unbehandelt zum exitus letalis. Da derzeit nur wenige, zum Teil hoch toxische Substanzen mit zunehmender Resistenzlage klinische Anwendung finden, ist die Entwicklung neuer Medikamente dringend erforderlich. Rhodesain ist eine essenzielle Cysteinprotease des Erregers und wird als potentielles Zielmolekül für die intelligente Wirkstoffentwicklung gehandelt. Inhibitoren, welche dieses Molekül im niedrigen mikromolaren Bereich inhibieren, konnten bereits vom Institut für Pharmazie der hiesigen Universität synthetisiert werden. Um die Inhibitoren hinsichtlich ihrer Selektivität, Affinität und Toxizität zu optimieren, ist deren röntgenstrukturbiologische Analyse im Komplex mit dem Zielmolekül Rhodesain notwendig. Rhodesain wurde in den Hefezellen Pichia pastoris, welche mit dem Vektor pPICZalphaB_RhodesainDeltaCmut transfiziert wurden, exprimiert und mittels Hydrophober-Wechselwirkungs- sowie Größenausschlußschromatographie gereinigt. Nadelförmige Kristalle konnten mit einer Reservoirlösung aus 1.6 M Ammoniumsulfat, 10% 1,4-Dioxan und 0.1 M MES pH6.9 sowie bei einer Temperatur von 20°C erhalten werden. Die Kristalle wurden mit dem Inhibitor UM112C getränkt und an der Europäischen Anlage für Synchrotronstrahlung ESRF (Grenoble) vermessen. Das Diffraktionsbild bei einer Wellenlänge von 0.97625 Å ergab ein für Proteine typisches Beugungsmuster mit einer Streuung bis 3.04 Å. Zur weiteren Analyse und Optimierung der Kristalle wurde das Projekt von Dipl.-Biol. Uwe Dietz im Rahmen seiner Dissertation und des Sonderforschungsbereichs SFB-630 übernommen. N2 - The acute form of African Sleeping Sickness is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and leads to death if untreated. Since currently only few, in part highly toxic substances with an increasing rate of resistance are available, the development of new drugs is urgently needed. Rhodesain is the major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and therefore a potential target molecule for structure based drug design. Inhibitors that inhibit rhodesain in the micromolar range were already synthesized in the Insitute of Pharmacy at the University of Wuerzburg. Structural analysis of the rhodesain-inhibitor-complex will provide the basis for the development of an optimized inhibitor regarding affinity, selectivity and toxicity. Rhodesain was expressed in the yeast strain Pichia pastoris that was transfected with the vector pPICZalphaB_RhodesainDeltaCmut and purified using hydrophobic interaction and size exclusion chromatography. Spicular crystals were obtained in the presence of a reservoir solution containing 1.6 M ammonium sulfate, 10% Dioxane and 0.1 M MES pH 6.9 and at 20°C. Crystals were soaked with the inhibitor UM112C and analysed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (Grenoble, France). The diffraction pattern at a wave length of 0.97625 Å shows a characteristic diffraction pattern of a macromolecule and the crystals diffracted to a resolution of 3.04 Å. KW - Trypanosomiasis KW - Rhodesain KW - Schlafkrankheit KW - sleeping sickness KW - structure based drug design Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-47919 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuster, Sarah A1 - Lisack, Jaime A1 - Subota, Ines A1 - Zimmermann, Henriette A1 - Reuter, Christian A1 - Mueller, Tobias A1 - Morriswood, Brooke A1 - Engstler, Markus T1 - Unexpected plasiticty in the life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei JF - eLife N2 - African trypanosomes cause sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle. These unicellular parasites are transmitted by the bloodsucking tsetse fly. In the mammalian host’s circulation, proliferating slender stage cells differentiate into cell cycle-arrested stumpy stage cells when they reach high population densities. This stage transition is thought to fulfil two main functions: first, it auto-regulates the parasite load in the host; second, the stumpy stage is regarded as the only stage capable of successful vector transmission. Here, we show that proliferating slender stage trypanosomes express the mRNA and protein of a known stumpy stage marker, complete the complex life cycle in the fly as successfully as the stumpy stage, and require only a single parasite for productive infection. These findings suggest a reassessment of the traditional view of the trypanosome life cycle. They may also provide a solution to a long-lasting paradox, namely the successful transmission of parasites in chronic infections, despite low parasitemia. KW - trypanosoma KW - sleeping sickness KW - tsetse fly KW - transmission KW - life cycle KW - development Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-261744 VL - 10 ER -