TY  - JOUR
A1  - Medler, Juliane
A1  - Kucka, Kirstin
A1  - Wajant, Harald
T1  - Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2): an emerging target in cancer therapy
JF  - Cancers
N2  - Despite the great success of TNF blockers in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and the identification of TNF as a factor that influences the development of tumors in many ways, the role of TNFR2 in tumor biology and its potential suitability as a therapeutic target in cancer therapy have long been underestimated. This has been fundamentally changed with the identification of TNFR2 as a regulatory T-cell (Treg)-stimulating factor and the general clinical breakthrough of immunotherapeutic approaches. However, considering TNFR2 as a sole immunosuppressive factor in the tumor microenvironment does not go far enough. TNFR2 can also co-stimulate CD8\(^+\) T-cells, sensitize some immune and tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of TNFR1 and/or acts as an oncogene. In view of the wide range of cancer-associated TNFR2 activities, it is not surprising that both antagonists and agonists of TNFR2 are considered for tumor therapy and have indeed shown overwhelming anti-tumor activity in preclinical studies. Based on a brief summary of TNFR2 signaling and the immunoregulatory functions of TNFR2, we discuss here the main preclinical findings and insights gained with TNFR2 agonists and antagonists. In particular, we address the question of which TNFR2-associated molecular and cellular mechanisms underlie the observed anti-tumoral activities of TNFR2 agonists and antagonists.
KW  - NFkappaB
KW  - regulatory T-cell (Treg)
KW  - tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
KW  - TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2)
KW  - TNF receptor associated factor 1 and 2 (TRAF1, TRAF2)
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-275143
SN  - 2072-6694
VL  - 14
IS  - 11
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Roos, Claudia
T1  - Characterization of tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK)-induced signaling pathways
T1  - Charakterisierung TWEAK induzierter Signalwege
N2  - TWEAK ist ein typischer Vertreter der TNF Ligandenfamilie. TWEAK wird als Typ II Transmembranprotein exprimiert, kann jedoch durch proteolytische Prozessierung auch als lösliches Protein freigesetzt werden. In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass oligomerisiertes TWEAK in Hinblick auf die Aktivierung des klassischen NFκB Signalweges deutlich aktiver ist als lösliches, trimeres TWEAK. Jedoch sind beide TWEAK-Varianten in der Lage, die Depletion von TRAF2 und die Prozessierung von p100, beides Kennzeichen für die Aktivierung des alternativen NFκB Signalweges, zu induzieren. Ebenso wie andere lösliche TNF-Liganden, die ihren entsprechenden Rezeptor nur schwach aktivieren, erlangt lösliches TWEAK durch Oligomerisierung vergleichbare Aktivität zum membrangebundenen Liganden. TRAF2 spielt eine Schlüsselrolle in der TWEAK-vermittelten NFκB Aktivierung. Durch Depletion oder Degradation von TRAF2 fällt die Entscheidung, ob lediglich der alternative oder beide, der klassische und der alternative NFκB Signalweg aktiviert werden. Die Blockade des TWEAK-Rezeptors Fn14 inhibiert die Aktivierung der NFκB Signalwege, ungeachtet welche Form von TWEAK zur Stimulation genutzt wird. Das weist darauf hin, dass die unterschiedlichen Aktivitäten der beiden TWEAK-Varianten in der Induktion des klassischen und alternativen NFκB Signalweges nicht durch die Nutzung verschiedener Rezeptoren verursacht sind. Damit wird in dieser Arbeit anhand von TWEAK zum ersten mal gezeigt, dass ein TNF Ligand in unterschiedlichen Varianten qualitativ unterschiedliche Aktivitäten des entsprechenden TNF Rezeptors auslöst.
N2  - TWEAK is a typical member oft he TNF ligand family. Therefore it is initially expressed as a type II transmembrane protein, but a soluble variant can be released by proteolytic processing. In this work it is shown that oligomerized TWEAK is more competent than soluble, trimeric TWEAK regarding the activation of classical NFκB signaling pathway. However, both TWEAK variants are able to induce depletion of TRAF2 and processing of p100, which are hallmarks for the activation of the noncanonical NFκB pathway. Like other solube TNF ligands with no or poor activity on their corresponding receptor, TWEAK gains high activity upon oligomerization resembling the activity of the transmembrane ligand. TRAF2 has a key role in TWEAK-induced NFκB signaling. Depletion or degradation of TRAF2 is crucial for activation of the noncanonial or both, the classical and the noncanonical NFκB pathway. Blocking the TWEAK receptor Fn14 inhibits the activation of NFκB signaling, irrespective of the TWEAK form used for stimulation. This indicates that the different activities of the two TWEAK variants in activation of classical and noncanonical NFκB signaling are not caused by the use of different receptors. Therefore this study on TWEAK is the first reported case where one TNF ligand in different variants induces qualitatively different activities of the corresponding TNF receptor.
KW  - Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor
KW  - Signaltransduktion
KW  - Fn14
KW  - NFkappaB
KW  - p100
KW  - TRAF2
KW  - TWEAK
KW  - Fn14
KW  - NFkappaB
KW  - p100
KW  - TRAF2
KW  - TWEAK
Y1  - 2009
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-45295
ER  -