TY - JOUR A1 - Kasaragod, Vikram Babu A1 - Schindelin, Hermann T1 - Structure of Heteropentameric GABAA Receptors and Receptor-Anchoring Properties of Gephyrin JF - Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience N2 - γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAARs) mediate the majority of fast synaptic inhibition in the central nervous system (CNS). GABAARs belong to the Cys-loop superfamily of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGIC) and are assembled from 19 different subunits. As dysfunctional GABAergic neurotransmission manifests itself in neurodevelopmental disorders including epilepsy and anxiety, GABAARs are key drug targets. The majority of synaptic GABAARs are anchored at the inhibitory postsynaptic membrane by the principal scaffolding protein gephyrin, which acts as the central organizer in maintaining the architecture of the inhibitory postsynaptic density (iPSD). This interaction is mediated by the long intracellular loop located in between transmembrane helices 3 and 4 (M3–M4 loop) of the receptors and a universal receptor-binding pocket residing in the C-terminal domain of gephyrin. In 2014, the crystal structure of the β3-homopentameric GABAAR provided crucial information regarding the architecture of the receptor; however, an understanding of the structure and assembly of heteropentameric receptors at the atomic level was lacking. This review article will highlight recent advances in understanding the structure of heteropentameric synaptic GABAARs and how these structures have provided fundamental insights into the assembly of these multi-subunit receptors as well as their modulation by diverse ligands including the physiological agonist GABA. We will further discuss the role of gephyrin in the anchoring of synaptic GABAARs and glycine receptors (GlyRs), which are crucial for maintaining the architecture of the iPSD. Finally, we will also summarize how anti-malarial artemisinin drugs modulate gephyrin-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission. KW - GABAA KW - gephyrin KW - diazepam KW - GABA KW - PIP2 KW - artemisinin KW - Cryo-EM KW - inhibitory neurotransmission Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-189308 SN - 1662-5099 VL - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kasaragod, Vikram Babu A1 - Schindelin, Hermann T1 - Structure of heteropentameric GABA\(_A\) receptors and receptor-anchoring properties of gephyrin JF - Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience N2 - γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABA\(_A\)Rs) mediate the majority of fast synaptic inhibition in the central nervous system (CNS). GABA\(_A\)Rs belong to the Cys-loop superfamily of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGIC) and are assembled from 19 different subunits. As dysfunctional GABAergic neurotransmission manifests itself in neurodevelopmental disorders including epilepsy and anxiety, GABA\(_A\)Rs are key drug targets. The majority of synaptic GABA\(_A\)Rs are anchored at the inhibitory postsynaptic membrane by the principal scaffolding protein gephyrin, which acts as the central organizer in maintaining the architecture of the inhibitory postsynaptic density (iPSD). This interaction is mediated by the long intracellular loop located in between transmembrane helices 3 and 4 (M3–M4 loop) of the receptors and a universal receptor-binding pocket residing in the C-terminal domain of gephyrin. In 2014, the crystal structure of the β3-homopentameric GABA\(_A\)R provided crucial information regarding the architecture of the receptor; however, an understanding of the structure and assembly of heteropentameric receptors at the atomic level was lacking. This review article will highlight recent advances in understanding the structure of heteropentameric synaptic GABA\(_A\)Rs and how these structures have provided fundamental insights into the assembly of these multi-subunit receptors as well as their modulation by diverse ligands including the physiological agonist GABA. We will further discuss the role of gephyrin in the anchoring of synaptic GABA\(_A\)Rs and glycine receptors (GlyRs), which are crucial for maintaining the architecture of the iPSD. Finally, we will also summarize how anti-malarial artemisinin drugs modulate gephyrin-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission. KW - GABAA receptors KW - gephyrin KW - diazepam KW - GABA KW - PIP2 KW - artemisinin KW - Cryo-EM KW - inhibitory neurotransmission Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201886 VL - 12 IS - 191 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wallstein, Rebecca T1 - Artemisinin-Derivate in Süd-West Nigeria - Gesundheitsverhalten, Therapiestrategien, Verfügbarkeit und Qualität T1 - Artemisinin-derivates in south-west Nigeria – Healthcare-seeking behaviour, treatment strategies, availability and quality N2 - Im Rahmen der Zusammenarbeit des Missionsärztlichen Instituts in Würzburg mit dem Sacred Heart Hospital (Nigeria) wurden vor Ort im Hinblick auf das Problem der Arzneimittelfälschungen in Nigeria und dem Auftreten von einzelnen Resistenzen gegen Artemisinin-Derivate Untersuchungen bezüglich der aktuellen Situation im Kampf gegen Malaria im Großraum Abeokuta durchgeführt. Der Kenntnisstand über Malaria und das Gesundheitsverhalten einer für die nigerianische Bevölkerung möglichst repräsentativen Probandengruppe (n=100) wurden mithilfe eines Fragebogens erfasst. Ebenfalls mithilfe eines Fragebogens wurden die Therapiestrategien der einheimischen Ärzte (n=34) gegen Malaria untersucht und die Verfügbarkeit und Qualität von Artemisinin- Derivaten im Untersuchungsgebiet durch den Erwerb von Medikamenten-Samples (n=29) und anschließende Labortests überprüft. Die Befragung der Bevölkerung ergab, dass Wissen bezüglich der Ursachen, Symptome und Prävention der Malaria durchaus vorhanden ist, wobei große Unterschiede abhängig vom Bildungsstand bestanden. Vor allem ältere Menschen verfügten über wesentlich geringere Schulbildung und verließen sich deshalb sehr viel mehr auf die traditionelle Medizin. Darüber hinaus war eine oftmalige Bagatellisierung der Malaria auffällig, weshalb viele Probanden (53%) sich im Krankheitsfall gegen das Aufsuchen eines Krankenhauses entschieden. Die Befragung bezüglich der Therapiestrategien der einheimischen Ärzte zeigte, dass die Richtlinien der WHO bezüglich der Verwendung von ACT offensichtlich optimal angenommen und angewandt werden. Als mögliches Problem stellte sich die von 76,7% der Ärzte nur selten angewandte Labordiagnostik dar, eine Tatsache, die Fehldiagnosen begünstigt. Bei der Testung der Medikamente erwiesen sich 14,3% der Proben als minderwertig oder sogar gefälscht, was offiziellen Angaben entspricht. Zudem handelte es sich bei 37,9% der Arzneimittelproben um Monopräparate, was im Hinblick auf Resistenzbildung mehr als bedenklich ist. Diese Resultate weisen darauf hin, dass im Südwesten Nigerias die Malaria-Problematik noch immer nicht adäquat gelöst ist. Immer noch erhalten viel zu wenige Menschen eine optimale Therapie, was zu einem großen Teil an fehlendem Wissen und damit verbundenem falschem Gesundheitsverhalten, an dem großen Einfluss der traditionellen Medizin und an der Präsenz von gefälschten, wirkungslosen Arzneimitteln auf dem Markt liegt. N2 - Considering the problem of counterfeit drugs in Nigeria and the occurrence of resistances against artemisinin-derivates, investigations regarding the current situation in Abeokuta and its surrounding areas had to be carried out. Knowledge about malaria and healthcare-seeking behaviour of the local population (n=100) was investigated by means of a questionnaire, as well as antimalarial treatment strategies of local doctors (n=34). Furthermore availability and quality of artemisinin-derivates were checked by purchasing drug samples (n=29) and subjecting them to laboratory tests. Questioning the local population showed that knowledge about malaria (causes, symptoms, prevention) is definitely existing, although major differences depending on the level of education could be observed. Especially the elderly had a very low level of education and, therefore, relied a lot more on traditional medicine. Moreover it became obvious that malaria is often trivialized, so that many people didn’t choose to go to the hospital in case of an infection. Questioning the local doctors regarding their treatment strategies showed that WHO treatment guidelines were obviously widely accepted and applied. A possible problem could be that 76,7 % of the interviewed doctors stated that they rarely use laboratory test for diagnostics. A fact, which favours misdiagnosis. By testing the drug samples, 14,3% proved to be substandard or even counterfeit. Moreover, 37,9% of the samples were monotherapies, which is more than alarming regarding the development of resistances. These results indicate that the problem of malaria is still not adequately solved in south-west Nigeria. Too few people receive an optimal therapy due to lack of knowledge, wrong healthcare-seeking behaviour, the big influence of traditional medicine and the presence of ineffective counterfeit drugs on the market. KW - Malaria KW - Antimalariamittel KW - Nigeria KW - Abeokuta KW - Gesundheitsverhalten KW - Medikamentenfälschungen KW - Therapiestrategien KW - Artemisinin KW - malaria KW - therapy KW - Nigeria KW - counterfeit drugs KW - artemisinin Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-65600 ER -