TY - THES A1 - Neumann, Arne T1 - Aktivierung phagozytierender Zellen durch "Advanced Glycation Endproducts" und beta-Amyloid-Implikationen für die Pathogenese der Alzheimer'schen Demenz T1 - Activation of phagocytic cells by "Advanced Glycation Endproducts" and beta-Amyloid Implications for Alzheimer's Disease pathogenesis N2 - Typisch für die Alzheimer' schen Erkrankung ist die Bildung unlöslicher Ablagerungen im Gehirn, sogenannter "seniler Plaques". Diese Plaques bestehen im Wesentlichen aus fibrillärem beta-Amyloid, das durch Glykierungen verändert vorliegen kann. Außerdem beinhalten die Plaques, sogenannte AGEs "Advanced Glycation Endproducts", die aus nichtenzymatisch glykierten Proteinen entstehen. Diese AGE-modifizierten Proteine sowie das fibrilläre beta-Amyloid sind in der Lage Mikrogliazellen zu aktivieren. Die sessilen Gehirnmakrophagen wirken in aktiviertem Zustand neurotoxisch, wobei es verschiedene Hypothesen gibt, wie die Mikrogliazellen zu dem neuronalen Zelltod führen. Um dieses zu untersuchen wurden murine Mikrogliazellen herangezogen, die als Merkmal ihrer Aktivierung auf die Translokation des Transkriptionsfaktors NF-kappa-B in den Zellkern überprüft wurden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Rahmenbedingungen näher untersucht, die zu der AGE vermittelten Mikrogliaaktivierung führen. Es wurde in vitro gezeigt, daß die Mikrogliaaktivierung zunächst durch eine hochmolekulare Hyaluronsäure, wie sie nativ in der extrazellulären Matrix vorliegt, verhindert wird. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte NF-kappa-B in Mikrogliazellen aktiviert werden, die in Gegenwart von Hyaluronsäurefragmenten mit AGE behandelt wurden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde festgestellt, daß die Mikrogliaaktivierbarkeit umgekehrt proportional zu der durchschnittlichen Hyaluronsäuremolekülgröße ist. Andere Glykosaminoglykane aus der extrazellulären Matrix, wie D-Glukuronsäure, N-Azetylglukosamin oder Chondroitin-4-sulfat reduzierten die Aktivierbarkeit der Mikrogliazellen nur geringfügig. Sowohl beta-Amyloid, als auch AGEs setzen während ihres Entstehungsprozesses reaktive Sauerstoffspezies frei, die Hyaluronsäure in kleinere Bruchstücke zerschneiden können. Die Signaltransduktion der AGE-aktivierten Mikrogliazellen wurde mittels unterschiedlicher Inhibitoren gehemmt und die Auswirkung auf die NF-kappa-B Aktivierung untersucht. Hier zeigte sich ein komplexes Netzwerk an aktivierten Signalwegen, so daß kein Rückschluß auf einen bestimmten Rezeptor möglich war. Daher wurde ein "in vitro Modell" entwickelt, um die ausschlaggebende neurotoxischen Komponenten der Mikrogliareaktion aufzufinden. Darin wurden die Signalkaskaden der aktivierten Mikroglia erneut durch pharmakologische Inhibierung unterbrochen, das zellfreie Medium das von diesen Mikrogliazellen sezerniert wurde, wurde als "konditioniertes Medium" für die Kultur muriner Neuronen eingesetzt. Diese wurden bezüglich ihrer Überlebensrate in diesem konditionierten Medium untersucht. Die Hemmung der Transkription oder der Translation in den Mikrogliazellen zeigte keine Reduktion der neurotoxischen Wirkung des konditionierten Mediums. Ebensowenig wirkten Inhibitoren der mitochondrialen Atmungskette, der Radikalquellen Xanthin Oxidase, Lipoxygenase oder Cyclooxygenase. Die Hemmung der NADPH Oxidase reduzierte die Neurotoxizität des konditionierten Mediums auf etwa 30 Prozent. Die NADPH Oxidase ist ein Enzymkomplex, der im Rahmen des "oxidativen bursts" große Mengen Superoxidanionen freisetzt. Um die Bedeutung der NADPH Oxidase Aktivierung für die neurotoxische Wirkung nachzuweisen, wurde eine Untereinheit der NADPH Oxidase, das membranständige gp91phox in den Mikrogliazellen deaktiviert. Dies führte dazu, daß diese Zellen kein Superoxid auf die Stimulation mit beta-Amyloid oder AGE hin abgaben, im Gegensatz zu den Mikrogliazellen mit funktioneller NADPH Oxidase. Das konditionierte Medium der NADPH Oxidase defizienten Zellen war nicht mehr neurotoxisch. Die freien Sauerstoffradikale die aufgrund der NADPH Oxidase Aktivierung entstehen, können zu einer NF-kappa-B Aktivierung führen. NF-kappa-B wurde erfolgreich in den Mikroglia durch exogenes Wasserstoffperoxid stimuliert, wobei aber keine neurotoxische Wirkung im Modellsystem festgestellt wurde. NF-kappa-B scheint damit nicht für die mikrogliavermittelte Neurotoxizität verantwortlich zu sein, im Gegensatz zu der NADPH Oxidase, deren Aktivität unmittelbar mit der Neurotoxizität korreliert ist. N2 - Senile plaques are a hallmark in Alzheimer's Disease progression. These plaques consist mainly of fibrillar beta-amyloid, which can be modified by glycation. In addition these plaques contain so called AGEs "Advanced Glycation Endproducts", emerging from nonenzymatic glycated proteins. Subsequent dehydration, condensation and oxidation produces a heterogenous group of heterocyclic, coloured and fluorescent compounds. These AGE modified proteins are resistant to proteases and their formation is irreversible. AGEs and beta-amyloid are able to activate Microglia cells, resulting in a neurotoxic effect, with several hypothesis of how microglia contribute to neuronal cell death. To investigate the neurotoxic effect murine microglia cells were used. The NF-kappa-B translocation into the nucleus was taken as an indicator of microglial activation. In this work conditions were investigated, that are necessary to activate murine microglia cells by AGE stimulation. High molecular weight hyaluronic acid from extracellular matrix, in its native form, is inhibiting activation of microglia cells in vitro. In contrast NF-kappa-B was activated in AGE stimulated microglia cells in the presence of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid fragments. Here it was shown that the ability to activate microglia cells is inversly proportional to the average size of the hyaluronic acid. The ability for activation of microglia cells was reduced only in parts by other extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans, like D-glucuronic acid, N-acetylglucosaminoglycane or chondroitine-4-sulfate. Ab and AGEs release reactive oxyen species during their develompent, which were shown to be able to cleave hyaluronic acid into small fragments. The signal transduction of AGE activated microglia cells was examined by measurement of NF-kappa-B activation reduced by different inhibitors. A complex network of signaling pathways was detected, without revealing a certain receptor. Therefore an "in vitro model" was established, to find out the main neurotoxic component in the reaction of microglia cells. Again the signaling pathways were inhibited pharmacologically, using the cell free medium produced by these microglia cells as "conditioned medium" in neuronal cell culture. The murine neuronal cells were tested for their surviving in the conditioned medium, to correlate activated signal pathways with neurotoxicity. Inhibition of translation or transcription in microglia cells led to no reduction of the neurotoxic effect of the conditioned medium, nor did the inhibition of the mitochochondrial respiratory chain or the radical sources xanthine oxidase, lipoxygenase or cyclooxygenase. Inhibition of NADPH oxidse was able to reduce the neurotoxicity of the conditioned medium down to 30 per cent. The NADPH oxidase is an enzyme complex , releasing huge numbers of superoxide anion radicals during the "oxidative burst". The neurotoxic component was released 30 min after activation of microglia cells into the conditioned medium, was bigger than 50 kDa and was removed out of the conditioned medium by EDTA chelation followed by dialysis. To proof the importance of NADPH oxidase activation for neurotoxicity, a part of the NADPH oxidase, the membranebound gp91phox was disrupted by gene targeting. As a consequence these cells did not react with superoxide release, when treated with beta-amyloid or AGE. Conditioned medium of these cells was not neurotoxic, in contrast to that of the microglia cells with a functional NADPH oxidase. The reactive oxygen species resulting from the NADPH oxidase activity are able to activate NF-kappa-B. Because of the wide range of gene activation performed by NF-kappa-B, there are various potential neurotoxic gene products to consider. For that reason NF-kappa-B was stimulated sucessfully in microglia cells with exogenous hydrogen stimulation, without a neurotoxic result in the model system. Activated NF-kappa-B seems not to be responsible for the microglia mediated neurotoxicity, whereas there is a direct correlation of NADPH oxidase activity and neurotoxicity. KW - Alzheimer-Krankheit KW - Amyloid KW - Glykolisierung KW - Mikroglia KW - Zelltod KW - Alzheimer' schen Erkrankung KW - seniler Plaques KW - AGEs KW - Advanced Glycation Endproducts KW - Mikroglia KW - Hyaluronsäure KW - NF-kappa-B KW - Glykosaminoglykane KW - Alzheimer' Disease KW - senile plaque KW - AGEs KW - advanced glycation endproducts KW - hyaluronic acid KW - NF-kappa-B KW - glucosaminoglycane KW - ECM KW - amyloid Y1 - 2001 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1796 ER - TY - THES A1 - Hausmann, Dominikus T1 - Die Bedeutung von cFLIPlong für die Todesrezeptor-abhängige Regulation der Apoptose in HaCaT-Keratinozyten T1 - Significance of cFLIPlong in death-receptor-dependent regulation of apoptosis in HaCaT N2 - Die Todesrezeptoren der TNF-Familie sind neben der Vermittlung von Apoptosesignalen auch in der Lage, nicht-apoptotische intrazelluläre Signalwege zu beeinflussen. Der Caspase-8-Inhibitor cFLIPlong inhibiert dosisabhängig die Prozessierung der Initiator-Caspase-8 am TRAIL-DISC (death inducing signalling complex) und hemmt die Aktivierung des NF-kappa-B-Signalweges über die Modulation der Rekrutierung und Spaltung des für die NF-kappa-B-Aktivierung notwendigen RIP (receptor interactin protein)am DISC. N2 - TNF-derived death-receptors are not only involved in transducing apoptosis-signalling but also modulate non-apoptotic pathways. Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein cFLIPlong is able to block processing of initiator-caspases in the TRAIL-DISC dependent on the FLIP/Casp-8- level. It also interacts with NF-kappa-B-signalling pathways by modulating the recruitment and processing of receptor-interacting-protein RIP in the TRAIL-DISC-complex. KW - Apoptosis KW - Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor KW - Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor KW - Interferon KW - Bcl-2-Proteinfamilie KW - Caspasen KW - Fas-Ligand KW - Onkologie KW - HaCaT KW - TRAIL KW - RIP KW - TRAIL-Rezeptor KW - cFLIP KW - Nuklearfaktor KW - apoptosis KW - NF-kappa-B KW - cFLIP KW - RIP KW - TRAIL-receptor Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75892 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klingseisen, Laura A1 - Ehrenschwender, Martin A1 - Heigl, Ulrike A1 - Wajant, Harald A1 - Hehlgans, Thomas A1 - Schütze, Stefan A1 - Schneider-Brachert, Wulf T1 - E3-14.7K Is Recruited to TNF-Receptor 1 and Blocks TNF Cytolysis Independent from Interaction with Optineurin JF - PLoS One N2 - Escape from the host immune system is essential for intracellular pathogens. The adenoviral protein E3-14.7K (14.7K) is known as a general inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced apoptosis. It efficiently blocks TNF-receptor 1 (TNFR1) internalization but the underlying molecular mechanism still remains elusive. Direct interaction of 14.7K and/or associated proteins with the TNFR1 complex has been discussed although to date not proven. In our study, we provide for the first time evidence for recruitment of 14.7K and the 14.7K interacting protein optineurin to TNFR1. Various functions have been implicated for optineurin such as regulation of receptor endocytosis, vesicle trafficking, regulation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) pathway and antiviral signaling. We therefore hypothesized that binding of optineurin to 14.7K and recruitment of both proteins to the TNFR1 complex is essential for protection against TNF-induced cytotoxic effects. To precisely dissect the individual role of 14.7K and optineurin, we generated and characterized a 14.7K mutant that does not confer TNF-resistance but is still able to interact with optineurin. In H1299 and KB cells expressing 14.7K wild-type protein, neither decrease in cell viability nor cleavage of caspases was observed upon stimulation with TNF. In sharp contrast, cells expressing the non-protective mutant of 14.7K displayed reduced viability and cleavage of initiator and effector caspases upon TNF treatment, indicating ongoing apoptotic cell death. Knockdown of optineurin in 14.7K expressing cells did not alter the protective effect as measured by cell viability and caspase activation. Taken together, we conclude that optineurin despite its substantial role in vesicular trafficking, endocytosis of cell surface receptors and recruitment to the TNFR1 complex is dispensable for the 14.7K-mediated protection against TNF-induced apoptosis. KW - 14.7K KW - tumor necrosis factor KW - NF-kappa-B KW - E3 14.7-kilodalton protein KW - myosin-VI KW - apoptosis KW - cells KW - compartmentalization KW - inhibitor KW - binding Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135687 VL - 7 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Karnati, Srikanth A1 - Guntas, Gulcan A1 - Rajendran, Ranjithkumar A1 - Shityakov, Sergey A1 - Höring, Marcus A1 - Liebisch, Gerhard A1 - Kosanovic, Djuro A1 - Ergün, Süleyman A1 - Nagai, Michiaki A1 - Förster, Carola Y. T1 - Quantitative lipidomic analysis of Takotsubo syndrome patients' serum JF - Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine N2 - Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), also known as the transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome, is in contemporary times known as novel acute cardiac syndrome. It is characterized by transient left ventricular apical akinesis and hyperkinesis of the basal left ventricular portions. Although the precise etiology of TTS is unknown, events like the sudden release of stress hormones, such as the catecholamines and the increased inflammatory status might be plausible causes leading to the cardiovascular pathologies. Recent studies have highlighted that an imbalance in lipid accumulation might promote a deviant immune response as observed in TTS. However, there is no information on comprehensive profiling of serum lipids of TTS patients. Therefore, we investigated a detailed quantitative lipid analysis of TTS patients using ES-MSI. Our results showed significant differences in the majority of lipid species composition in the TTS patients compared to the control group. Furthermore, the computational analyses presented was able to link the altered lipids to the pro-inflammatory cytokines and disseminate possible mechanistic pathways involving TNFα and IL-6. Taken together, our study provides an extensive quantitative lipidome of TTS patients, which may provide a valuable Pre-diagnostic tool. This would facilitate the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of the disease and to prevent the development of TTS in the future. KW - TTS KW - inflammation KW - lipids KW - TNF-α KW - IL6 KW - PIK3R1 KW - NF-kappa-B KW - phosphatidylinositol Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-270832 SN - 2297-055X VL - 9 IS - 797154 ER -