TY - JOUR A1 - Naseem, Muhammad A1 - Dandekar, Thomas T1 - The Role of Auxin-Cytokinin Antagonism in Plant-Pathogen Interactions JF - PLOS Pathogens N2 - No abstract available. KW - disease KW - pseudomas-syringae KW - arabidpsis thaliana KW - immunity KW - organogenesis KW - transcription KW - resistance KW - crosstalk Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-131901 VL - 8 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haydn, Johannes M. A1 - Hufnagel, Anita A1 - Grimm, Johannes A1 - Maurus, Katja A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Meierjohann, Svenja T1 - The MAPK pathway as an apoptosis enhancer in melanoma JF - Oncotarget N2 - Inhibition of RAF/MEK/ERK signaling is beneficial for many patients with BRAFV600E–mutated melanoma. However, primary and secondary resistances restrict long-lasting therapy success. Combination therapies are therefore urgently needed. Here, we evaluate the cellular effect of combining a MEK inhibitor with a genotoxic apoptosis inducer. Strikingly, we observed that an activated MAPK pathway promotes in several melanoma cell lines the pro-apoptotic response to genotoxic stress, and MEK inhibition reduces intrinsic apoptosis. This goes along with MEK inhibitor induced increased RAS and P-AKT levels. The protective effect of the MEK inhibitor depends on PI3K signaling, which prevents the induction of pro-apoptotic PUMA that mediates apoptosis after DNA damage. We could show that the MEK inhibitor dependent feedback loop is enabled by several factors, including EGF receptor and members of the SPRED family. The simultaneous knockdown of SPRED1 and SPRED2 mimicked the effects of MEK inhibitor such as PUMA repression and protection from apoptosis. Our data demonstrate that MEK inhibition of BRAFV600E-positive melanoma cells can protect from genotoxic stress, thereby achieving the opposite of the intended anti-tumorigenic effect of the combination of MEK inhibitor with inducers of intrinsic apoptosis. KW - PI3K KW - melanoma KW - RAS KW - chemotherapy resistance KW - crosstalk Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-120649 SN - 1949-2553 VL - 5 IS - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pieczykolan, Aleksandra A1 - Huestegge, Lynn T1 - Oculomotor dominance in multitasking: Mechanisms of conflict resolution in cross-modal action N2 - In daily life, eye movement control usually occurs in the context of concurrent action demands in other effector domains. However, little research has focused on understanding how such cross-modal action demands are coordinated, especially when conflicting information needs to be processed conjunctly in different action modalities. In two experiments, we address this issue by studying vocal responses in the context of spatially conflicting eye movements (Experiment 1) and in the context of spatially conflicting manual actions (Experiment 2, under controlled eye fixation conditions). Crucially, a comparison across experiments allows us to assess resource scheduling priorities among the three effector systems by comparing the same (vocal) response demands in the context of eye movements in contrast to manual responses. The results indicate that in situations involving response conflict, eye movements are prioritized over concurrent action demands in another effector system. This oculomotor dominance effect corroborates previous observations in the context of multiple action demands without spatial response conflict. Furthermore, and in line with recent theoretical accounts of parallel multiple action control, resource scheduling patterns appear to be flexibly adjustable based on the temporal proximity of the two actions that need to be performed. KW - saccades KW - oculomotor dominance KW - dual-task control KW - divided attention KW - resource scheduling KW - crosstalk Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-111024 ER - TY - THES A1 - Lutz, Marion T1 - Effects of nerve growth factor on TGF-Beta,Smad signal transduction in PC12 cells T1 - Einfluß von NGF auf die TGF-ß/Smad Signaltransduktion in PC12 Zellen N2 - Transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) is a multifunctional cytokine that is engaged in regulating versatile cellular processes that are pivotal for development and homeostasis of most tissues in multicellular organisms. TGF-ß signal transduction is initially propagated by binding of TGF-ß to transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors, designated TßRI and TßRII. Upon activation, the receptors phosphorylate Smad proteins which serve as downstream mediators that enter the nucleus and finally trigger transcriptional responses of specific genes. During the past years, it became evident that signaling cascades do not proceed in a linear fashion but rather represent a complex network of numerous pathways that mutually influence each other. Along these lines, members of the TGF-ß superfamily are attributed to synergize with neurotrophins. Together, they mediate neurotrophic effects in different populations of the nervous system, suggesting that an interdependence exists between TGF-ßs on the one hand and neurotrophins on the other. In the present work, the crosstalk of NGF and TGF-ß/Smad signaling pathways is characterized in rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) which are frequently used as a model system for neuronal differentiation. PC12 cells were found to be unresponsive to TGF-ß due to limiting levels of TßRII. However, stimulation with NGF results in initiation of Smad-mediated transcription independent of TGF-ß. Binding of NGF to functional TrkA receptors triggers activation of Smad3. This NGF-dependent Smad activation occurs by a mechanism which is different from being induced by TGF-ß receptors in that it provokes a different phosphorylation pattern of R-Smads. Together with an inferior role of TßRI, Smad3 is proposed to serve as a substrate for cellular kinases other than TßRI. Based on the presented involvement of components of both, the MAPK/Erk and the TAK1/MKK6 cascade, signal mediators of these pathways rank as candidates to mediate direct activation of Smad3. Smad3 is subsequently translocated to the nucleus and activates transcription in a Smad4-dependent manner. Negative regulation is provided by Smad7 which was found to act as a potent inhibitor of Smad signaling not only in TGF-ß- but also in NGF-mediated cascades. The potential of NGF to activate the Smad pathway independent of TGF-ß might be of special importance in regulating expression of genes that are essential for the development and function of neuronal cells or of other NGF-sensitive cells, in particular those which are TGF-ß-resistant. N2 - Das multifunktionelle Zytokin TGF-ß ist an der Regulation vielfältiger zellulärer Prozesse beteiligt. Diese sind für die Entwicklung und die Homöostase der meisten Gewebe vielzelliger Organismen essenziell. Die TGF-ß Signaltransduktionskaskade wird durch die Bindung des Zytokins an spezifische transmembrane Serin/Threonin-Kinase Rezeptoren (TßRI und TßRII) initiiert. Eine solche Rezeptoraktivierung führt zur Phosphorylierung von Smad Proteinen. Diese dienen der Signalweiterleitung, indem sie anschließend in den Zellkern translozieren und dort die Transkription spezifischer Zielgene modulieren. In den letzten Jahren wurde deutlich, dass Signalkaskaden nicht nur linear weitergeleitet werden, sondern dass vielmehr ein komplexes Netzwerk aus zahlreichen, sich gegenseitig regulierenden, Signalwegen existiert. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auch den Mitgliedern der TGF-ß Superfamilie zugeschrieben, dass sie mit Neurotrophinen kooperieren und somit deren Effekte in unterschiedlichen neuronalen Zellpopulationen unterstützen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der "crosstalk" von NGF- und TGF-ß/Smad-Signalwegen charakterisiert. Als Zellsystem dienten dazu Ratten Pheochromocytoma Zellen (PC12), die weithin als Modellsystem für neuronale Differenzierung verwendet werden. Basierend auf der Expression limitierender Mengen an TßRII, zeigen PC12 Zellen keine Responsivität gegenüber TGF-ß. Stimulation mit NGF hingegen resultiert - unabhängig von TGF-ß - in der Initiation von Smad-vermittelter Transkription. Die initiale Bindung von NGF an TrkA Rezeptoren führt zur Aktivierung von Smad3. Diese NGF-induzierte Smad-Aktivierung unterscheidet sich von der durch TGF-ß-Rezeptoren initiierten Aktivierung hinsichtlich des Phosphorylierungsmusters der R-Smads. Da weiterhin gezeigt werden konnte, dass die TGF-ß Rezeptoren für NGF-induzierte Ereignisse eine untergeordnete Rolle spielen, wird angenommen, dass Smad3 ein Substrat für andere zelluläre Kinasen als TßRI ist. Die hier nachgewiesene Beteiligung der MAPK/Erk Kaskade sowie des TAK1/MKK6 Signalwegs an der Weiterleitung des NGF-Signals machen deren Signalmoleküle zu potenziellen Kinasen für die direkte Aktivierung von Smad3. Im Anschluß daran erfolgt die nukleäre Translokation des Smad3 und spezifische Promotoraktivierungen unter Beteiligung von Smad4. Abschließend konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Smad7 Protein, nicht nur nach TGF-ß- sondern auch nach NGF-Stimulation als effektiver Inhibitor der Smad Signalkaskade wirkt. Die bislang unbekannte Fähigkeit, den Smad-Signaltransduktionsweg unabhängig von TGF-ß zu aktivieren, schreibt NGF eine besondere Bedeutung für die Genregulation in neuronalen Zellpopulationen oder anderen NGF-sensitiven - insbesondere TGF-ß-resistenten - Zellen zu. KW - Transforming growth factor beta KW - Nervenwachstumsfaktor KW - Signaltransduktion KW - TGF-ß KW - NGF KW - Signaltransduktion KW - TGF-ß KW - NGF KW - signal transduction KW - crosstalk Y1 - 2002 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-4248 ER -