TY - JOUR A1 - Shirakashi, Ryo A1 - Sisario, Dmitri A1 - Taban, Danush A1 - Korsa, Tessa A1 - Wanner, Sophia B. A1 - Neubauer, Julia A1 - Djuzenova, Cholpon S. A1 - Zimmermann, Heiko A1 - Sukhorukov, Vladimir L. T1 - Contraction of the rigor actomyosin complex drives bulk hemoglobin expulsion from hemolyzing erythrocytes JF - Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology N2 - Erythrocyte ghost formation via hemolysis is a key event in the physiological clearance of senescent red blood cells (RBCs) in the spleen. The turnover rate of millions of RBCs per second necessitates a rapid efflux of hemoglobin (Hb) from RBCs by a not yet identified mechanism. Using high-speed video-microscopy of isolated RBCs, we show that electroporation-induced efflux of cytosolic ATP and other small solutes leads to transient cell shrinkage and echinocytosis, followed by osmotic swelling to the critical hemolytic volume. The onset of hemolysis coincided with a sudden self-propelled cell motion, accompanied by cell contraction and Hb-jet ejection. Our biomechanical model, which relates the Hb-jet-driven cell motion to the cytosolic pressure generation via elastic contraction of the RBC membrane, showed that the contributions of the bilayer and the bilayer-anchored spectrin cytoskeleton to the hemolytic cell motion are negligible. Consistent with the biomechanical analysis, our biochemical experiments, involving extracellular ATP and the myosin inhibitor blebbistatin, identify the low abundant non-muscle myosin 2A (NM2A) as the key contributor to the Hb-jet emission and fast hemolytic cell motion. Thus, our data reveal a rapid myosin-based mechanism of hemolysis, as opposed to a much slower diffusive Hb efflux. KW - electroporation KW - cell velocimetry KW - hemoglobin jet KW - non-muscle myosin KW - echinocytes KW - cytoskeleton Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-325107 VL - 22 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Butt, Elke A1 - Howard, Cory M. A1 - Raman, Dayanidhi T1 - LASP1 in cellular signaling and gene expression: more than just a cytoskeletal regulator JF - Cells N2 - LIM and SH3 protein 1 was originally identified as a structural cytoskeletal protein with scaffolding function. However, recent data suggest additional roles in cell signaling and gene expression, especially in tumor cells. These novel functions are primarily regulated by the site-specific phosphorylation of LASP1. This review will focus on specific phosphorylation-dependent interaction between LASP1 and cellular proteins that orchestrate primary tumor progression and metastasis. More specifically, we will describe the role of LASP1 in chemokine receptor, and PI3K/AKT signaling. We outline the nuclear role for LASP1 in terms of epigenetics and transcriptional regulation and modulation of oncogenic mRNA translation. Finally, newly identified roles for the cytoskeletal function of LASP1 next to its known canonical F-actin binding properties are included. KW - LASP1 KW - AKT KW - CXCR4 KW - structure KW - cytoskeleton KW - phosphorylation KW - transcriptional regulation KW - epigenetics KW - nucleus Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-297447 SN - 2073-4409 VL - 11 IS - 23 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Broster Reix, Christine E. A1 - Florimond, Célia A1 - Cayrel, Anne A1 - Mailhé, Amélie A1 - Agnero-Rigot, Corentin A1 - Landrein, Nicolas A1 - Dacheux, Denis A1 - Havlicek, Katharina A1 - Bonhivers, Mélanie A1 - Morriswood, Brooke A1 - Robinson, Derrick R. T1 - Bhalin, an essential cytoskeleton-associated protein of Trypanosoma brucei linking TbBILBO1 of the flagellar pocket collar with the hook complex JF - Microorganisms N2 - Background: In most trypanosomes, endo and exocytosis only occur at a unique organelle called the flagellar pocket (FP) and the flagellum exits the cell via the FP. Investigations of essential cytoskeleton-associated structures located at this site have revealed a number of essential proteins. The protein TbBILBO1 is located at the neck of the FP in a structure called the flagellar pocket collar (FPC) and is essential for biogenesis of the FPC and parasite survival. TbMORN1 is a protein that is present on a closely linked structure called the hook complex (HC) and is located anterior to and overlapping the collar. TbMORN1 is essential in the bloodstream form of T. brucei. We now describe the location and function of BHALIN, an essential, new FPC-HC protein. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, we show that a newly characterised protein, BHALIN (BILBO1 Hook Associated LINker protein), is localised to both the FPC and HC and has a TbBILBO1 binding domain, which was confirmed in vitro. Knockdown of BHALIN by RNAi in the bloodstream form parasites led to cell death, indicating an essential role in cell viability. Conclusions/Significance: Our results demonstrate the essential role of a newly characterised hook complex protein, BHALIN, that influences flagellar pocket organisation and function in bloodstream form T. brucei parasites. KW - trypanosoma KW - flagellar pocket KW - hook complex KW - endocytosis KW - cytoskeleton KW - protozoan KW - flagellar pocket collar Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250301 SN - 2076-2607 VL - 9 IS - 11 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wagner, Rabea Marie T1 - The Bacterial Exo- and Endo-Cytoskeleton Spatially Confines Functional Membrane Microdomain Dynamics in \(Bacillus\) \(subtilis\) T1 - Das bakterielle Außen- und Innenskelett begrenzt die Mobilität funktionaler Membranmikrodomänen in \(Bacillus\) \(subtilis\) räumlich N2 - Cellular membranes form a boundary to shield the inside of a cell from the outside. This is of special importance for bacteria, unicellular organisms whose membranes are in direct contact with the environment. The membrane needs to allow the reception of information about beneficial and harmful environmental conditions for the cell to evoke an appropriate response. Information gathering is mediated by proteins that need to be correctly organized in the membrane to be able to transmit information. Several principles of membrane organization are known that show a heterogeneous distribution of membrane lipids and proteins. One of them is functional membrane microdomains (FMM) which are platforms with a distinct lipid and protein composition. FMM move within the membrane and their integrity is important for several cellular processes like signal transduction, membrane trafficking and cellular differentiation. FMM harbor the marker proteins flotillins which are scaffolding proteins that act as chaperones in tethering protein cargo to FMM. This enhances the efficiency of cargo protein oligomerization or complex formation which in turn is important for their functionality. The bacterium Bacillus subtilis contains two flotillin proteins, FloA and FloT. They form different FMM assemblies which are structurally similar, but differ in the protein cargo and thus in the specific function. In this work, the mobility of FloA and FloT assemblies in the membrane was dissected using live-cell fluorescence microscopy techniques coupled to genetic, biochemical and molecular biological methods. A characteristic mobility pattern was observed which revealed that the mobility of both flotillins was spatially restricted. Restrictions were bigger for FloT resulting in a decreased diffusion coefficient compared to FloA. Flotillin mobility depends on the interplay of several factors. Firstly, the intrinsic properties of flotillins determine the binding of different protein interaction partners. These proteins directly affect the mobility of flotillins. Additionally, binding of interaction partners determines the assembly size of FloA and FloT. This indirectly affects the mobility, as the endo-cytoskeleton spatially restricts flotillin mobility in a size-dependent manner. Furthermore, the extracellular cell wall plays a dual role in flotillin mobility: its synthesis stimulates flotillin mobility, while at the same time its presence restricts flotillin mobility. As the intracellular flotillins do not have spatial access to the exo-cytoskeleton, this connection is likely mediated indirectly by their cell wall-associated protein interaction partners. Together the exo- and the endo-cytoskeleton restrict the mobility of FloA and FloT. Similar structural restrictions of flotillin mobility have been reported for plant cells as well, where the actin cytoskeleton and the cell wall restrict flotillin mobility. These similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells indicate that the restriction of flotillin mobility might be a conserved mechanism. N2 - Zelluläre Membranen bilden eine Barriere um das Zellinnere von dem -äußeren abzuschirmen. Das ist insbesondere bei Bakterien wichtig, einzellige Organismen, deren Membranen in direktem Kontakt zu ihrer Umgebung stehen. Die Membran muss es ermöglichen, Informationen über mögliche vorteilhafte oder schädliche Einflüsse in der Umgebung wahrzunehmen, damit die Zelle dementsprechend eine Reaktion initiieren kann. Die Informationsaufnahme und die resultierenden Reaktionen werden von Membranproteinen in Gang gesetzt, deren Organisation in der Membran Voraussetzung für ihre Funktionalität ist. Mehrere Prinzipien zur Membranorganisation sind bekannt, die alle eine heterogene Verteilung von Proteinen und Lipiden zu Grunde legen. Ein Beispiel für ein solches Prinzip sind funktionelle Membranmikrodomänen (FMM), Plattformen mit einer besonderen Lipid- und Proteinzusammensetzung. FMM bewegen sich in der Membran und ihre Integrität ist für viele zelluläre Prozesse wichtig, zum Beispiel für Signaltransduktion, Membrantransport oder zur zellulären Differenzierung. Flotilline sind Markerproteine für FMM. Sie bilden eine Art Gerüst und funktionieren als Chaperone, indem sie die sogenannten Frachtproteine in den FMM binden. Dort wird die Effizienz der Oligomerisierung oder Komplexbildung der Frachtproteine gesteigert, was für ihre Funktionalität und die ihrer assoziierten Prozesse von Bedeutung ist. In dem Bakterium Bacillus subtilis gibt es zwei Flotilline, FloA und FloT. Diese formen FMM Plattformen, die zwar strukturell ähnlich sind, sich aber in ihren Frachtproteinen und somit auch in ihren spezifischen Funktionen unterscheiden. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Mobilität der FloA- und FloT-abhängigen Plattformen in der Membran untersucht. Dafür wurden Technologien der Fluoreszenzmikroskopie mit genetischen, biochemischen und molekularbiologischen Ansätzen kombiniert. Charakteristische Bewegungsmuster wurden beobachtet, die zeigten, dass die Beweglichkeit beider Flotilline räumlich begrenzt war. Dabei war die Einschränkung für FloT größer, und dementsprechend der Diffusionskoeffizient kleiner verglichen mit FloA. Die Mobilität von FloA und FloT hängt von dem Zusammenspiel mehrerer Faktoren ab. Zum einen bestimmen intrinsische Eigenschaften der Flotillinproteine ihre Fähigkeit verschiedene Interaktionspartner zu binden. Diese wirken sich dann direkt auf die Mobilität von Flotillinen aus. Des Weiteren bestimmt die Bindung verschiedener Interaktionspartner auch die Größe der FloA- und FloT- abhängigen Plattformen. Die resultierenden Größen beeinflussen die Mobilität indirekt, da das zelluläre Innenskelett die Flotillinmobilität räumlich in größenabhängiger Weise begrenzt. Außerdem spielt das Außenskelett der Zelle, die Zellwand, eine zweifache Rolle: die Zellwandsynthese fördert die Mobilität der Flotilline, während die Zellwand an sich gleichzeitig die Mobilität der Flotilline einschränkt. Da Flotilline räumlich keine Verbindung zum Außenskelett haben, wird diese Verbindung wahrscheinlich durch ihre Zellwand-assoziierten Interaktionspartner übermittelt. Zusammenfassend beschränken das Außen- und das Innenskelett die Mobilität von FloA und FloT. In Pflanzen wurden ähnliche strukturelle Beschränkungen der Mobilität von Flotillinen durch das Aktin- Zytoskelett und die Zellwand beschrieben. Diese Ähnlichkeit zwischen prokaryotischen und eukaryotischen Zellen deutet darauf hin, dass die Beschränkung der Mobilität der Flotillin-Plattformen ein konservierter Mechanismus sein könnte. KW - Heubacillus KW - Bakterienzellwand KW - Plasmamembran KW - Zellskelett KW - Bacillus subtilis KW - functional membrane microdomains KW - membrane dynamics KW - bacterial lipid rafts KW - cytoskeleton KW - cell wall Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-217458 ER - TY - THES A1 - Spindler, Markus T1 - The role of the adhesion and degranulation promoting adapter protein (ADAP) in platelet production T1 - Die Rolle des adhesion and degranulation promoting adapter Proteins (ADAP) in der Thrombopoese N2 - Bone marrow (BM) megakaryocytes (MKs) produce platelets by extending proplatelets into sinusoidal blood vessels. Although this process is fundamental to maintain normal platelet counts in circulation only little is known about the regulation of directed proplatelet formation. As revealed in this thesis, ADAP (adhesion and degranulation promoting adapter protein) deficiency (constitutive as well as MK and platelet-specific) resulted in a microthrombocytopenia in mice, recapitulating the clinical hallmark of patients with mutations in the ADAP gene. The thrombocytopenia was caused by a combination of an enhanced removal of platelets from the circulation by macrophages and a platelet production defect. This defect led to an ectopic release of (pro)platelet-like particles into the bone marrow compartment, with a massive accumulation of such fragments around sinusoids. In vitro studies of cultured BM cell-derived MKs revealed a polarization defect of the demarcation membrane system, which is dependent on F-actin dynamics. ADAP-deficient MKs spread on collagen and fibronectin displayed a reduced F-actin content and podosome density in the lowest confocal plane. In addition, ADAP-deficient MKs exhibited a reduced capacity to adhere on Horm collagen and in line with that the activation of beta1-integrins in the lowest confocal plane of spread MKs was diminished. These results point to ADAP as a novel regulator of terminal platelet formation. Beside ADAP-deficient mice, three other knockout mouse models (deficiency for profilin1 (PFN1), Wiskott-Aldrich-syndrome protein (WASP) and Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 2 (ARPC2)) exist, which display ectopic release of (pro)platelet-like particles. As shown in the final part of the thesis, the pattern of the ectopic release of (pro)platelet-like particles in these genetically modified mice (PFN1 and WASP) was comparable to ADAP-deficient mice. Furthermore, all tested mutant MKs displayed an adhesion defect as well as a reduced podosome density on Horm collagen. These results indicate that similar mechanisms might apply for ectopic release. N2 - Die Megakaryozyten (MKn) des Knochenmarks produzieren Thrombozyten durch die Ausbildung und Verlängerung von Proplättchen in die sinusoidalen Blutgefäße. Obwohl dieser Prozess für die Aufrechterhaltung der normalen Thrombozytenzahl in der Blutzirkulation von grundlegender Bedeutung ist, ist über die Regulation der gerichteten Proplättchenbildung und damit der Thrombozytenproduktion nur wenig bekannt. Wie in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, führte sowohl die konstitutive als auch die MK- und Thrombozyten-spezifische Defizienz von ADAP (adhesion and degranulation promoting adapter protein) in Mäusen zu einer Mikrothrombozytopenie, ähnlich wie dies bei Patienten mit Mutationen im ADAP Gen zu beobachten ist. Die Thrombozytopenie wurde durch eine Kombination aus einer verstärkten Entfernung (clearance) von Thrombozyten aus der Zirkulation durch Makrophagen und einem Defekt in der Thrombozytenproduktion verursacht. Dieser Defekt führte zu einer ektopischen Freisetzung von Proplättchen-ähnlichen Partikeln ins Knochenmark und zur Anreicherung derartiger Fragmente um die Sinusoiden. In vitro-Studien an kultivierten MKn aus Zellen des Knochenmarks zeigten einen Polarisationsdefekt des Demarkationsmembransystems, welcher abhängig von der F-Aktin-Dynamik ist. ADAP-defiziente MKn wiesen nach Spreading auf Kollagen und Fibronektin einen reduzierten F-Aktin Gehalt und eine geringere Dichte von Podosomen in der untersten konfokalen Ebene auf. Zusätzlich zeigten ADAP-defiziente MKn beim Spreading Versuch eine verminderte Kapazität sich an Horm Kollagen anzuhaften, und die Aktivierung von beta1-Integrinen war in der untersten konfokalen Ebene von MKn reduziert. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass ADAP ein wichtiges Protein im terminalen Schritt der Thrombozytenproduktion ist. Neben ADAP-defizienten Mäusen existieren drei weitere Knockout-Mausmodelle (für die Proteine: Profilin1 (PFN1), Wiskott-Aldrich-Syndrom-Protein (WASP) und Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 2 (ARPC2)), die eine ektopische Freisetzung von Proplättchen-ähnlichen Partikeln zeigen. Wie im letzten Teil der Arbeit gezeigt, war das Muster der ektopischen Freisetzung von Proplättchen-ähnlichen Partikeln in diesen genetisch veränderten Mäusen (PFN1 und WASP) zu den ADAP-defizienten Mäusen vergleichbar. Darüber hinaus zeigten die MKn von den knockout Mäusen einen Adhäsionsdefekt sowie eine reduzierte Podosomendichte auf Horm Kollagen. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass ähnliche Mechanismen für die Freisetzung von Proplättchen-ähnlichen Partikeln in das Knochenmark verantwortlich sein könnten. KW - Adhesion and degranulation promoting adapter protein KW - Megakaryocyte KW - ectopic release KW - platelet KW - cytoskeleton Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200977 ER - TY - THES A1 - Scheller [geb. Birkholz], Inga T1 - Studies on the role of actin-binding proteins in platelet production and function in mice T1 - Zur Rolle von Aktin-bindenden Proteinen in der Bildung und der Funktion von Thrombozyten in der Maus N2 - Platelet activation and aggregation at sites of vascular injury involves massive cytoskeletal re-organization, which is required for proper platelet function. Moreover, the cytoskeleton plays central roles in megakaryo- and thrombopoiesis. Thus, cytoskeletal protein aberrations can be the underlying reason for many pathological phenotypes. Although intensive research is carried out to identify the key players involved in cytoskeletal reorganization, the signaling cascades orchestrating these complex processes are still poorly understood. This thesis investigates the role of three actin-binding proteins, Coactosin-like (Cotl) 1, Profilin (Pfn) 1 and Thymosin (T) β4, in platelet formation and function using genetically modified mice. ADF-H-containing proteins such as Twinfilin or Cofilin are well characterized as regulators of thrombopoesis and cytoskeletal reorganization. Although Cotl1 belongs to the ADF-H protein family, lack of Cotl1 did not affect platelet count or cytoskeletal dynamics. However, Cotl1-deficiency resulted in significant protection from arterial thrombus formation and ischemic stroke in vivo. Defective GPIb-vWF interactions and altered second wave mediator release present potential reasons for the beneficial effect of Cotl1-deficiency. These results reveal an unexpected function of Cotl1 as a regulator of thrombosis and hemostasis, establishing it as a potential target for a safe therapeutic therapy to prevent arterial thrombosis or ischemic stroke. Recent studies showed that the organization of the circumferential actin cytoskeleton modulates calpain-mediated αIIbβ3 integrin closure, thereby also controlling αIIbβ3 integrin localization. The second part of this thesis identified the actin-sequestering protein Pfn1 as a central regulator of platelet integrin function as Pfn1-deficient platelets displayed almost abolished αIIbβ3 integrin signaling. This translated into a profound protection from arterial thrombus formation and prolonged tail bleeding times in vivo which was caused by enhanced calpain-dependent integrin closure. These findings further emphasize the importance of a functional actin cytoskeleton for intact platelet function in vitro and in vivo. Tβ4 is a moonlighting protein, acting as one of the major actin-sequestering proteins in cells of higher eukaryotes and exerting various paracrine functions including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and pro-angiogenic effects. Although excessively studied, its role for cytoskeletal dynamics, the distinction between endo- and exogenous protein function and its uptake and release mechanisms are still poorly understood. Constitutive Tβ4-deficiency resulted in thrombocytopenia accompanied by a largely diminished G-actin pool in platelets and divergent effects on platelet reactivity. Pre-incubation of platelets with recombinant Tβ4 will help to understand the function of endo- and exogenous protein, which is under current investigation. N2 - Die Aktivierung und Aggregation von Thrombozyten bei Gefäßverletzungen zieht massive Umstrukturierungen des Zytoskeletts nach sich, die eine Voraussetzung für die intakte Funktion der Zellen darstellen. Des Weiteren nimmt das Zytoskelett eine zentrale Rolle in der Megakaryo- und Thrombopoese ein. Daher können Anomalien zytoskeletaler Proteine eine Vielzahl von Krankheitsbildern verursachen. Obwohl intensiv an den beteiligten Proteinen geforscht wird, sind die Signalkaskaden, die den komplexen Vorgang der Umstrukturierung des Zytoskeletts steuern, noch weitgehend unbekannt. In dieser Dissertation wurden drei Aktin-bindende Proteine, Coactosin-like (Cotl) 1, Profilin (Pfn) 1 und Thymosin (T) β4, hinsichtlich ihrer Rolle für die Bildung und Funktion von Thrombozyten mittels genetisch veränderter Mäuse untersucht. Proteine wie Twinfilin oder Cofilin, die ADF-H-Domänen enthalten, sind oftmals an der Thrombopoese sowie an zytoskeletaler Umstrukturierung beteiligt. Obgleich Cotl1 der ADF-H Proteinfamilie zugehörig ist, konnte in Cotl1-defizienten Mäusen weder eine Veränderung der Thrombozytenzahlen, noch der zytoskeletalen Dynamik festgestellt werden. Unerwarteter-weise zog eine Cotl1-Defizienz in vivo einen Schutz vor arterieller Thrombose und Schlaganfall nach sich. Defekte GPIb-vWF-Interaktionen sowie eine veränderte Freisetzung von sekundären intrazellulären Mediatoren zeigen mögliche Gründe für den schützenden Effekt einer Cotl1-Defizienz auf. Diese Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass Cotl1 ein zentraler Regulator von Thrombose und Hämostase ist und etabliert es damit als potentielle antithrombotische Zielstruktur für eine effektive und sichere Behandlung von kardio- und zerebrovaskulären Erkrankungen. Studien zeigten, dass die Organisation des kortikalen Aktin-Zytoskeletts die Calpain-vermittelte αIIbβ3-Integrin-Inaktivierung moduliert und dadurch die Lokalisation der Integrine kontrolliert. Der zweite Teil dieser Dissertation identifizierte das Aktin-komplexierende Molekül Pfn1 als zentralen Regulator der Integrinfunktion in Thrombozyten, da Pfn1-defiziente Thrombozyten eine stark verminderte Reaktivität nach αIIbβ3-Integrin Aktivierung zeigten. Dies führte zu einem profunden Schutz vor arterieller Thrombusbildung und verlängerten Blutungszeiten in vivo, der durch eine verstärkte Calpain-vermittelte Integrin-Inaktivierung verursacht wurde. Diese Befunde unterstreichen erneut die zentrale Bedeutung eines funktionales Aktin-Zytoskeletts für die Aufrechterhaltung der Thrombozytenfunktion in vitro und in vivo. Tβ4 ist ein bivalentes Protein, das einerseits eine Funktion als Aktin-komplexierendes Protein in Zellen höherer Eukaryoten ausübt und andererseits unterschiedliche parakrine Funktionen hat, zu denen entzündungshemmende, immunmodulierende und pro-angiogene Wirkungen zählen. Obwohl intensiv an Tβ4 geforscht wird, ist seine Bedeutung für die Dynamik des Zytoskeletts sowie die Unterscheidung zwischen endo- und exogener Proteinfunktion und seine Aufnahme- und Freisetzungsmechanismen kaum verstanden. Konstitutive Tβ4-Defizienz zog eine Thrombozytopenie, begleitet von einem stark verminderten G-Aktin-Gehalt in Thrombozyten und gegensätzlichen Effekten auf die Thrombozytenreaktivität, nach sich. Der Effekt von rekombinant exprimiertem Tβ4 auf Thrombozyten, der derzeit untersucht wird, wird zum besseren Verständnis der endo- und exogenen Proteinfunktion, beitragen. KW - Thrombozyt KW - Zellskelett KW - Maus KW - platelet KW - cytoskeleton KW - Thymosin b4 KW - Profilin KW - Coactosin-like Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-168582 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tarau, Ioana-Sandra A1 - Berlin, Andreas A1 - Curcio, Christine A. A1 - Ach, Thomas T1 - The cytoskeleton of the retinal pigment epithelium: from normal aging to age-related macular degeneration JF - International Journal of Molecular Science N2 - The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a unique epithelium, with major roles which are essential in the visual cycle and homeostasis of the outer retina. The RPE is a monolayer of polygonal and pigmented cells strategically placed between the neuroretina and Bruch membrane, adjacent to the fenestrated capillaries of the choriocapillaris. It shows strong apical (towards photoreceptors) to basal/basolateral (towards Bruch membrane) polarization. Multiple functions are bound to a complex structure of highly organized and polarized intracellular components: the cytoskeleton. A strong connection between the intracellular cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix is indispensable to maintaining the function of the RPE and thus, the photoreceptors. Impairments of these intracellular structures and the regular architecture they maintain often result in a disrupted cytoskeleton, which can be found in many retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This review article will give an overview of current knowledge on the molecules and proteins involved in cytoskeleton formation in cells, including RPE and how the cytoskeleton is affected under stress conditions — especially in AMD. KW - retinal pigment epithelium KW - cytoskeleton KW - aging KW - age-related macular degeneration KW - actin KW - microfilament KW - microtubules KW - stress fiber Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201781 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 20 IS - 14 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Morriswood, Brooke T1 - Form, fabric, and function of a flagellum-associated cytoskeletal structure. JF - Cells N2 - Trypanosoma brucei is a uniflagellated protist and the causative agent of African trypanosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease. The single flagellum of T. brucei is essential to a number of cellular processes such as motility, and has been a longstanding focus of scientific enquiry. A number of cytoskeletal structures are associated with the flagellum in T. brucei, and one such structure—a multiprotein complex containing the repeat motif protein TbMORN1—is the focus of this review. The TbMORN1-containing complex, which was discovered less than ten years ago, is essential for the viability of the mammalian-infective form of T. brucei. The complex has an unusual asymmetric morphology, and is coiled around the flagellum to form a hook shape. Proteomic analysis using the proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) technique has elucidated a number of its components. Recent work has uncovered a role for TbMORN1 in facilitating protein entry into the cell, thus providing a link between the cytoskeleton and the endomembrane system. This review summarises the extant data on the complex, highlights the outstanding questions for future enquiry, and provides speculation as to its possible role in a size-exclusion mechanism for regulating protein entry. The review additionally clarifies the nomenclature associated with this topic, and proposes the adoption of the term “hook complex” to replace the former name “bilobe” to describe the complex. KW - BioID KW - Trypanosoma brucei KW - cytoskeleton KW - TbMORN1 KW - MORN-repeat Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-149467 VL - 4 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alizadehrad, Davod A1 - Krüger, Timothy A1 - Engstler, Markus A1 - Stark, Holger T1 - Simulating the complex cell design of Trypanosoma brucei and its motility JF - PLOS Computational Biology N2 - The flagellate Trypanosoma brucei, which causes the sleeping sickness when infecting a mammalian host, goes through an intricate life cycle. It has a rather complex propulsion mechanism and swims in diverse microenvironments. These continuously exert selective pressure, to which the trypanosome adjusts with its architecture and behavior. As a result, the trypanosome assumes a diversity of complex morphotypes during its life cycle. However, although cell biology has detailed form and function of most of them, experimental data on the dynamic behavior and development of most morphotypes is lacking. Here we show that simulation science can predict intermediate cell designs by conducting specific and controlled modifications of an accurate, nature-inspired cell model, which we developed using information from live cell analyses. The cell models account for several important characteristics of the real trypanosomal morphotypes, such as the geometry and elastic properties of the cell body, and their swimming mechanism using an eukaryotic flagellum. We introduce an elastic network model for the cell body, including bending rigidity and simulate swimming in a fluid environment, using the mesoscale simulation technique called multi-particle collision dynamics. The in silico trypanosome of the bloodstream form displays the characteristic in vivo rotational and translational motility pattern that is crucial for survival and virulence in the vertebrate host. Moreover, our model accurately simulates the trypanosome's tumbling and backward motion. We show that the distinctive course of the attached flagellum around the cell body is one important aspect to produce the observed swimming behavior in a viscous fluid, and also required to reach the maximal swimming velocity. Changing details of the flagellar attachment generates less efficient swimmers. We also simulate different morphotypes that occur during the parasite's development in the tsetse fly, and predict a flagellar course we have not been able to measure in experiments so far. KW - multiparticle collision dynamics KW - human african trypanosomiasis KW - biology KW - cytoskeleton KW - flow KW - flagellar motility KW - tsetse fly KW - propulsion KW - cytokinesis KW - parasites Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-144610 VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bogdan, Sven A1 - Schultz, Jörg A1 - Grosshans, Jörg T1 - Formin’ cellular structures: Physiological roles of Diaphanous (Dia) in actin dynamics JF - Communicative & Integrative Biology N2 - Members of the Diaphanous (Dia) protein family are key regulators of fundamental actin driven cellular processes, which are conserved from yeast to humans. Researchers have uncovered diverse physiological roles in cell morphology, cell motility, cell polarity, and cell division, which are involved in shaping cells into tissues and organs. The identification of numerous binding partners led to substantial progress in our understanding of the differential functions of Dia proteins. Genetic approaches and new microscopy techniques allow important new insights into their localization, activity, and molecular principles of regulation. KW - Drosophila KW - cytoskeleton KW - actin KW - nucleator KW - development KW - formin Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121305 VL - 6 IS - e27634 ER -