TY - JOUR A1 - Glotzbach, Evelyn A1 - Mühlberger, Andreas A1 - Gschwendtner, Kathrin A1 - Fallgatter, Andreas J A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Herrmann, Martin J T1 - Prefrontal Brain Activation During Emotional Processing: A Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy Study (fNIRS) JF - The Open Neuroimaging Journal N2 - The limbic system and especially the amygdala have been identified as key structures in emotion induction and regulation. Recently research has additionally focused on the influence of prefrontal areas on emotion processing in the limbic system and the amygdala. Results from fMRI studies indicate that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved not only in emotion induction but also in emotion regulation. However, studies using fNIRS only report prefrontal brain activation during emotion induction. So far it lacks the attempt to compare emotion induction and emotion regulation with regard to prefrontal activation measured with fNIRS, to exclude the possibility that the reported prefrontal brain activation in fNIRS studies are mainly caused by automatic emotion regulation processes. Therefore this work tried to distinguish emotion induction from regulation via fNIRS of the prefrontal cortex. 20 healthy women viewed neutral pictures as a baseline condition, fearful pictures as induction condition and reappraised fearful pictures as regulation condition in randomized order. As predicted, the view-fearful condition led to higher arousal ratings than the view-neutral condition with the reappraise-fearful condition in between. For the fNIRS results the induction condition showed an activation of the bilateral PFC compared to the baseline condition (viewing neutral). The regulation condition showed an activation only of the left PFC compared to the baseline condition, although the direct comparison between induction and regulation condition revealed no significant difference in brain activation. Therefore our study underscores the results of previous fNIRS studies showing prefrontal brain activation during emotion induction and rejects the hypothesis that this prefrontal brain activation might only be a result of automatic emotion regulation processes. KW - fNIRS KW - Emotional processing KW - emotional regulation Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-141714 VL - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Egetemeir, Johanna A1 - Stenneken, Prisca A1 - Koehler, Saskia A1 - Fallgatter, Andreas J. A1 - Herrmann, Martin J. T1 - Exploring the neural basis of real-life joint action: measuring brain activation during joint table setting with functional near-infrared spectroscopy JF - FRONTIERS IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE N2 - Many every-day life situations require two or more individuals to execute actions together. Assessing brain activation during naturalistic tasks to uncover relevant processes underlying such real-life joint action situations has remained a methodological challenge. In the present study, we introduce a novel joint action paradigm that enables the assessment of brain activation during real-life joint action tasks using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We monitored brain activation of participants who coordinated complex actions with a partner sitting opposite them. Participants performed table setting tasks, either alone (solo action) or in cooperation with a partner (joint action), or they observed the partner performing the task (action observation). Comparing joint action and solo action revealed stronger activation (higher [oxy-Hb]-concentration) during joint action in a number of areas. Among these were areas in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) that additionally showed an overlap of activation during action observation and solo action. Areas with such a close link between action observation and action execution have been associated with action simulation processes. The magnitude of activation in these IPL areas also varied according to joint action type and its respective demand on action simulation. The results validate fNIRS as an imaging technique for exploring the functional correlates of interindividual action coordination in real-life settings and suggest that coordinating actions in real-life situations requires simulating the actions of the partner. KW - joint action KW - fNIRS KW - neuroimaging KW - social interaction KW - real-life interaction KW - simulation Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-137054 N1 - Copyright © 2011 Egetemeir, Stenneken, Koehler, Fallgatter and Herrmann.This is an open-access article subject to a non-exclusive license between the authors and Frontiers Media SA,which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited andother Frontiers conditions are complied with. VL - 5 IS - 9, Artikel 95 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herrmann, Martin J. A1 - Glotzbach, Evelyn A1 - Mühlberger, Andreas A1 - Gschwendtner, Kathrin A1 - Fallgatter, Andreas J. A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Prefrontal Brain Activation During Emotional Processing: A Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy Study (fNIRS) JF - The Open Neuroimaging Journal N2 - The limbic system and especially the amygdala have been identified as key structures in emotion induction and regulation. Recently research has additionally focused on the influence of prefrontal areas on emotion processing in the limbic system and the amygdala. Results from fMRI studies indicate that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved not only in emotion induction but also in emotion regulation. However, studies using fNIRS only report prefrontal brain activation during emotion induction. So far it lacks the attempt to compare emotion induction and emotion regulation with regard to prefrontal activation measured with fNIRS, to exclude the possibility that the reported prefrontal brain activation in fNIRS studies are mainly caused by automatic emotion regulation processes. Therefore this work tried to distinguish emotion induction from regulation via fNIRS of the prefrontal cortex. 20 healthy women viewed neutral pictures as a baseline condition, fearful pictures as induction condition and reappraised fearful pictures as regulation condition in randomized order. As predicted, the view-fearful condition led to higher arousal ratings than the view-neutral condition with the reappraise-fearful condition in between. For the fNIRS results the induction condition showed an activation of the bilateral PFC compared to the baseline condition (viewing neutral). The regulation condition showed an activation only of the left PFC compared to the baseline condition, although the direct comparison between induction and regulation condition revealed no significant difference in brain activation. Therefore our study underscores the results of previous fNIRS studies showing prefrontal brain activation during emotion induction and rejects the hypothesis that this prefrontal brain activation might only be a result of automatic emotion regulation processes. KW - fNIRS KW - Emotional processing KW - emotional regulation Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97437 ER - TY - THES A1 - Bretscher, Franziska T1 - Präfrontale Aktivierung während einer Aufgabe zum Arbeitsgedächtnis bei Kindern mit ADHS T1 - Prefrontal activation during working memory in children with ADHD N2 - Bei Kindern mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) konnten Defizite in der Leistung des Arbeitsgedächtnisses nachgewiesen werden. In zahlreichen funktionell bildgebenden Studien zeigte sich außerdem ein mit dem Arbeitsgedächtnis assoziierter Unterschied in der präfrontalen Aktivierung im Vergleich zu Gesunden. Bisher wurde jedoch noch nicht näher analysiert, ob diese Defizite von der Komponente (visuell-räumliches (SWM) oder visuell-bildliches Arbeitsgedächtnis (OWM)) oder dem Prozess des Arbeitsgedächtnisses (untergeordnete Speichersysteme oder zentrale Exekutive) abhängig sind. Diese Arbeit ist die erste, die mit der funktionellen Nah-Infrarot Spektroskopie (fNIRS) das Arbeitsgedächtnis bei Kindern mit ADHS untersucht. Dabei war das Hauptziel zum einen die Replikation von Gruppenunterschieden in Verhalten und präfrontaler Aktivierung und zum anderen die Gewinnung näherer Informationen über die differentielle Ausprägung der präfrontalen Defizite bei ADHS. Die Stichprobe bestand aus 19 Kindern mit ADHS vom kombinierten Typ (DSM-IV) und 19 Kontrollkindern, die vergleichbar waren nach Alter (8-15 Jahre), Geschlecht, Händigkeit und Intelligenz. Das von uns gewählte Paradigma differenzierte zwischen Aufgaben zum OWM und SWM, innerhalb derer wiederum zwei prozessabhängige Phasen (Speicherung und Abgleich) unterschieden wurden, und enthielt zusätzlich eine Kontrollaufgabe (CON). Die präfrontale Aktivierung wurde mittels fNIRS über die Konzentrationsänderungen der Chromophoren oxygeniertes Hämoglobin (O2Hb) und deoxygeniertes Hämoglobin (HHb) bestimmt. Es zeigte sich ein signifikant unterschiedliches Verhalten abhängig von der Bedingung (CON > SWM > OWM). Eine typische präfrontale Aktivierung des Arbeitsgedächtnisses mit der höchsten Aktivierung im dorsolateralen präfrontalen Kortex (DLPFC) beschränkte sich auf die Abgleichphase. Weder in Hinblick auf das Verhalten noch auf die präfrontale Aktivierung konnten signifikante Gruppenunterschiede nachgewiesen werden. Für das Nichtauftreten von Gruppenunterschieden können verschiedene mögliche Gründe angeführt werden. Unter anderem legten explorative Analysen nahe, dass Kinder mit ADHS und gesunde Kinder unterschiedlichen Reifungsprozessen unterliegen. Auch scheint die chronische Einnahme der ADHS-Standardmedikation einen Einfluss auf die Hirnaktivität zu nehmen. Die Diskussion unserer Ergebnisse stellt zusammen mit der Offenlegung von Kritikpunkten an unserer sowie an vorhergehenden Studien einen wichtigen Ansatzpunkt zur Versuchsoptimierung in zukünftigen Arbeiten dar. Darüber hinaus ist weitere Forschung nötig, um detailliertere Kenntnisse über den Einfluss von Alter, Reifungsprozessen, chronischer MPH-Medikation, ADHS-Subtypen und dem Aufgabendesign zu erlangen. N2 - It has been reported that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have deficits in working-memory on a behavioural level. In addition numerous functional brain imaging studies have revealed a difference in prefrontal activation associated with working memory in comparison to healthy controls. So far it is unknown whether the prefrontal deficits depend on the components (object (OWM) and spatial visual working memory (SWM)) or processes (storage/rehearsal and central executive) of working memory. This study is the first to investigate working memory in children with ADHD by functional near-infrared spectroscopy. The main objectives were to replicate group differences in performance and prefrontal activation as well as to gain further information on the characteristic of prefrontal deficits in ADHD. The sample consisted of 19 children with ADHD combined type and 19 controls matched for age (8-15 years), sex, handedness, and intelligence. The working memory task included OWM and SWM and a control task. It was distinguished between two phases: storage- and matching phase. Prefrontal brain activity was measured by concentration changes of oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin. Working memory performance was found to differ significantly for conditions. A typical prefrontal activation of working memory with highest amount in the dorsolateral region was detected only during the matching phase. No differences between groups were found in terms of performance and prefrontal activations. Different reasons were discussed. Explorative analyses indicate that there might be differences in the process of maturation between children with ADHD and controls. Moreover it appears that long-term medication with methylphenidate has an influence on brain activity. By considering the present data and reviewing the existing imaging literature on working memory in ADHD suggestions were given on how to optimize the design of experiment in the future. Further research is necessary to gain detailed knowledge about the influence of age, process of maturation, long-term medication and ADHD subtypes. KW - Aufmerksamkeits-Defizit-Syndrom KW - Arbeitsgedächtnis KW - NIR-Spektroskopie KW - Präfrontaler Cortex KW - visuell-bildliches Arbeitsgedächtnis KW - visuell-räumliches Arbeitsgedächtnis KW - ADHD KW - object and spatial visual working memory KW - fNIRS KW - prefrontal cortex Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-66037 ER -