TY - JOUR A1 - Mussel, Patrick A1 - Göritz, Anja S. A1 - Hewig, Johannes T1 - The value of a smile: Facial expression affects ultimatum-game responses JF - Judgment and Decision Making N2 - In social interaction, the facial expression of an opponent contains information that may influence the interaction. We asked whether facial expression affects decision-making in the ultimatum game. In this two-person game, the proposer divides a sum of money into two parts, one for each player, and then the responder decides whether to accept the offer or reject it. Rejection means that neither player gets any money. Results of a large-sample study support our hypothesis that offers from proposers with a smiling facial expression are more often accepted, compared to a neutral facial expression. Moreover, we found lower acceptance rates for offers from proposers with an angry facial expression. KW - ultimatum game KW - emotions KW - decision-making KW - facial expressions Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-129639 VL - 8 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meule, Adrian A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Blechert, Jens T1 - Time course of electrocortical food-cue responses during cognitive regulation of craving JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - In our current obesogenic environment, exposure to visual food-cues can easily lead to craving and overeating because short-term, pleasurable effects of food intake dominate over the anticipated long-term adverse effects such as weight gain and associated health problems. Here we contrasted these two conditions during food-cue presentation while acquiring event-related potentials (ERPs) and subjective craving ratings. Female participants (n = 25) were presented with either high-calorie (HC) or low-calorie (LC) food images under instructions to imagine either immediate (NOW) or long-term effects (LATER) of consumption. On subjective ratings for HC foods, the LATER perspective reduced cravings as compared to the NOW perspective. For LC foods, by contrast, craving increased under the LATER perspective. Early ERPs (occipital N1, 150-200 ms) were sensitive to food type but not to perspective. Late ERPs (late positive potential, LPP, 350-550 ms) were larger in the HC-LATER condition than in all other conditions, possibly indicating that a cognitive focus on negative long-term consequences induced negative arousal. This enhancement for HC-LATER attenuated to the level of the LC conditions during the later slow wave (550-3000 ms), but amplitude in the HC-NOW condition was larger than in all other conditions, possibly due to a delayed appetitive response. Across all conditions, LPP amplitudes were positively correlated with self-reported emotional eating. In sum, results reveal that regulation effects are secondary to an early attentional analysis of food type and dynamically evolve over time. Adopting a long-term perspective on eating might promote a healthier food choice across a range of food types. KW - EEG KW - disorder examination questionnaire KW - eating disorder KW - emotion regulation KW - future directions KW - attention KW - brain KW - high-calorie KW - german version KW - bulimia nervosa KW - chocolate images KW - event-related potentials KW - eating KW - calorie content KW - food-cues KW - food craving KW - LPP KW - slow wave Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-122566 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 4 IS - 669 ER - TY - THES A1 - Braun, Barbara T1 - Versorgung pathologischer Glücksspieler: Differentielle Aspekte der Inanspruchnahme von Hilfsangeboten T1 - Health care for pathological gamblers: individual characteristics of service utilization N2 - Ziele. Die Zielsetzung der vorliegenden Arbeit war eine Bewertung der Versorgungslage von Personen mit glücksspielbezogenen Problemen in Deutschland. Dabei wurden 1) der Zugang zum Versorgungssystem, nämlich 1.1) Problembewusstsein bzgl. glücksspielbezogener Probleme und Erreichbarkeit von Glücksspielern über das Internet und 1.2) Faktoren der Inanspruchnahme von Hilfsangeboten untersucht sowie 1.3) eine Charakterisierung der Klientel in ambulanten Suchthilfeeinrichtungen und deren Zugang zum Hilfesystem vorgenommen. Zudem wurden in ambulanten Suchthilfeeinrichtungen 2) die erbrachten Leistungen für Personen mit glücksspielbezogenen Problemen und Einflussfaktoren auf die Versorgungsnutzung bzw. den Behandlungsverlauf sowie 3) das Behandlungsergebnis einer Analyse unterzogen. Methodik. Die Arbeit basiert auf drei Studien: einer Onlinestudie (OS), einer Versorgungsstudie (VS) und einer Bevölkerungsstudie (BS). In der OS wurde eine Gelegenheitsstichprobe von Personen, die einen im Internet bereitgestellten Selbsttest zu pathologischem Glücksspielen (PG) vollständig ausfüllten (n=277) und bei Erfüllen der Einschlusskriterien anschließend an einer vertiefenden Studie teilnahmen (n=52), hinsichtlich soziodemographischer Charakteristika, Spielverhalten und spielbezogener Motive, PG inklusive Folgen, Beratungserfahrungen sowie psychopathologischen Variablen untersucht. In den anderen Studien wurden weitestgehend dieselben Instrumente verwendet. Die VS war eine Verlaufsstudie (Messzeitpunkte: Behandlungsbeginn und -ende), bei der konsekutiv Klienten aus n=36 ambulanten Suchthilfeeinrichtungen in Bayern aufgenommen wurden, die sich zwischen April 2009 und August 2010 vorstellten (n=461). Für die BS wurden Daten aus dem Epidemiologi-schen Suchtsurvey 2006 und 2009 herangezogen, einer Deutschland weiten repräsentativen Querschnittbefragung 18- bis 64-Jähriger Erwachsener (2006: n=7.810; 2009: n=8.002). Ergebnisse. Zum Zugang zur Versorgung sind 1.1) über das Internet erreichbare Glücksspieler hauptsächlich junge, ledige Männer, von denen ungefähr die Hälfte die Diagnose PG erfüllen. Anhand der Spielmotive lassen sich drei Spielerklassen abbilden, die sich hinsichtlich ihres Schweregrads von PG unterschieden. Die Bereitschaft zur Teilnahme an einem Online-Präventionsprogramm hängt hauptsächlich mit der Anzahl erfüllter DSM-IV-Kriterien für PG zusammen. Im Gegensatz zur VS sind die online erreichten Glücksspieler jünger und zu einem höheren Anteil subklinisch pathologische Glücksspieler (SPG, ein bis vier erfüllte DSM-IV-Kriterien für PG). 1.2) Hinsichtlich der Faktoren der Inanspruchnahme bestätigen sich systematische Unterschiede zwischen Glücksspielern in Behandlung und nicht in Behandlung. Ebenso zeigen sich Unterschiede zwischen SPGr und pathologischen Glücksspielern (PGr). Dabei ist die Anzahl erfüllter DSM-IV-Kriterien für PG der wichtigste Prädiktor für einen positiven Behandlungsstatus. Auch soziodemographische Merkmale, insbesondere Alter und Staatsangehörigkeit, spielen eine Rolle. 1.3) Die Mehrheit der Klienten in ambulanten Suchthilfeeinrichtungen ist männlich, durchschnittlich 37 Jahre alt, ledig und kinderlos und hat häufig eine ausländische Staatsbürgerschaft. Die am häufigsten gespielte und bevorzugte Spielform ist das Spielen an Geldspielautomaten. Viele der Klienten haben bereits im Vorfeld Hilfe in Anspruch genommen und Gründe für die Vorstellung in der Beratungsstelle waren in ungefähr drei Viertel der Fällen finanzielle Probleme und bei ungefähr der Hälfte Probleme in der Partnerschaft. In der ambulanten Suchthilfe sind 2) Prädiktoren für eine längere Kontaktdauer u.a. der Einbezug der Familie und Gruppengespräche. Behandlungsabbrüche werden u.a. durch eine nicht-deutsche Staatsbürgerschaft und höhere Spielfrequenz vorhergesagt. 3) Reguläre Beendigung und höhere Kontaktzahl sind u.a. Prädiktoren für eine Verbesserung der Glücksspielsymptomatik. Schlussfolgerungen. Vor dem Hintergrund der Ergebnisse werden Implikationen für die Weiterentwicklung des Versorgungssystems zum einen im Sinne einer Erweiterung und Anpassung der Versorgungsstrukturen abgeleitet, wobei auf Information und Aufklärung, Früherkennung und Frühintervention mit einem Fokus auf Online-Angeboten sowie zielgruppen-spezifische Angebote unter anderem für Angehörige eingegangen wird. Auch die Wichtigkeit der Vernetzung verschiedener an der Beratung/Behandlung von PGr beteiligten Einrichtungen wird herausgestellt. Zum anderen beziehen sich die diskutierten möglichen Weiterentwicklungen auf das Versorgungsangebot und Behandlungsmerkmale, was Therapieumfeld/-voraussetzungen, Therapieplanung sowie therapeutische Maßnahmen beinhaltet. N2 - Aim. The aim of the following thesis was to analyze the health care situation of persons with gambling related problems in Germany. Research questions included 1) the access to treatment: 1.1) problem awareness with regard to pathological gambling (PG) and reachability of gamblers via the Internet, 1.2) factors influencing help seeking behavior and 1.3) characterization of gamblers in outpatient addiction care facilities. Furthermore, in the context of outpatient addiction care facilities 2) treatment measures and factors of treatment utilization as well as 3) improvement of gambling related problems were investigated. Methods. The thesis based on three studies: the online study (OS), the treatment study (TS) and the general population study (GS). After filling an online self-test completely (n=277), subjects fulfilling the inclusion criteria were recruited for the OS (n=52) as convenience sample. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, gambling behavior and motives, PG and consequences, former treatment and psychopathological symptoms was collected. In the other studies mostly the same instruments were used. In the VS, patients presenting in n=36 Bavarian outpatient addiction care services between April 2009 and August 2010 were examined at beginning and end of treatment consecutively (n=461). Data used for the GS comprised the Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse 2006 and 2009, a representative cross-sectional study of Germans aged 18 to 64 (2006: n=7,810; 2009: n=8,002). Results. Regarding access to treatment 1.1) Gamblers reachable via the Internet are mostly young single men and about half of them fulfills the diagnosis of PG. Taking into account gambling motives, three classes can be derived which differ with regard to severity of PG. Willingness to attend an online prevention program is associated with the number of fulfilled DSM-IV-criteria of PG. In comparison with the TS subjects in the OS are younger and more often subclinical pathological gamblers (SPGr, fulfilling one to four DMS-IV-criteria). 1.2) With regard to factors of help seeking systematic differences between gamblers in treatment and gamblers not in treatment are found. Also, SPGr and pathological gamblers (PGr) differ. Number of fulfilled DSM-IV-criteria is the main predictor for being in treatment. Furthermore, an impact of socio-demographic characteristics as age and nationality is noted. 1.3) The majority of patients in outpatient addiction care facilities is male, about 37 years, single, childless and has often a foreign nationality. Gambling on gaming machines is the most frequently participated and most preferred gambling activity. Many patients had attended some kind of treatment beforehand. Commonly indicated reasons for seeking help are financial problems (about three quarters) and relationship problems (about half of the cases). With regard to outpatient addiction care 2) predictors of more treatment contacts are, amongst others, inclusion of the family and group therapy. Treatment drop-out is, amongst others, predicted by foreign nationality and higher gambling frequency. 3) Regular treatment termination and more treatment contacts are, amongst others, predictors of improvement of gambling problems. Conclusions. In light of the results, implications for advancements of health care services are proposed with regard to, first, the extension and adaptation of health care structures which included the following aspects: information and dissemination, early detection and early intervention focusing on Internet based offers as well as offers for specific target group, e.g. for significant others. Also, the importance of cooperation between different services con-cerned with counseling/treatment for PG was stressed. Second, discussed advancements refer to tailoring of treatment offers according to patients´ needs, i.e. treatment setting and preconditions, treatment planning and treatment measures. KW - Glücksspieler KW - Pathologischer Glücksspieler KW - pathological gamblers KW - Pathologisches Spielen KW - Charakterisierung KW - Problembewusstsein KW - Suchthilfe KW - Versorgungsnutzung KW - characterization KW - problem awareness KW - addiction care KW - treatment utilization KW - Spielsucht KW - Suchtkrankenhilfe KW - Versorgung Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-95703 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarz, Katharina A. A1 - Wieser, Matthias J. A1 - Gerdes, Antje B. M. A1 - Mühlberger, Andreas A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Why are you looking like that? How the context influences evaluation and processing of human faces JF - Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience N2 - Perception and evaluation of facial expressions are known to be heavily modulated by emotional features of contextual information. Such contextual effects, however, might also be driven by non-emotional aspects of contextual information, an interaction of emotional and non-emotional factors, and by the observers’ inherent traits. Therefore, we sought to assess whether contextual information about self-reference in addition to information about valence influences the evaluation and neural processing of neutral faces. Furthermore, we investigated whether social anxiety moderates these effects. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, participants viewed neutral facial expressions preceded by a contextual sentence conveying either positive or negative evaluations about the participant or about somebody else. Contextual influences were reflected in rating and fMRI measures, with strong effects of self-reference on brain activity in the medial prefrontal cortex and right fusiform gyrus. Additionally, social anxiety strongly affected the response to faces conveying negative, self-related evaluations as revealed by the participants’ rating patterns and brain activity in cortical midline structures and regions of interest in the left and right middle frontal gyrus. These results suggest that face perception and processing are highly individual processes influenced by emotional and non-emotional aspects of contextual information and further modulated by individual personality traits. KW - social anxiety KW - facial expression KW - context KW - self-reference Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-132126 VL - 8 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herbert, Cornelia A1 - Sfärlea, Anca A1 - Blumenthal, Terry T1 - Your emotion or mine: labeling feelings alters emotional face perception—an ERP study on automatic and intentional affect labeling JF - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience N2 - Empirical evidence suggests that words are powerful regulators of emotion processing. Although a number of studies have used words as contextual cues for emotion processing, the role of what is being labeled by the words (i.e., one's own emotion as compared to the emotion expressed by the sender) is poorly understood. The present study reports results from two experiments which used ERP methodology to evaluate the impact of emotional faces and self- vs. sender-related emotional pronoun-noun pairs (e.g., my fear vs. his fear) as cues for emotional face processing. The influence of self- and sender-related cues on the processing of fearful, angry and happy faces was investigated in two contexts: an automatic (experiment 1) and intentional affect labeling task (experiment 2), along with control conditions of passive face processing. ERP patterns varied as a function of the label's reference (self vs. sender) and the intentionality of the labeling task (experiment 1 vs. experiment 2). In experiment 1, self-related labels increased the motivational relevance of the emotional faces in the time-window of the EPN component. Processing of sender-related labels improved emotion recognition specifically for fearful faces in the N170 time-window. Spontaneous processing of affective labels modulated later stages of face processing as well. Amplitudes of the late positive potential (LPP) were reduced for fearful, happy, and angry faces relative to the control condition of passive viewing. During intentional regulation (experiment 2) amplitudes of the LPP were enhanced for emotional faces when subjects used the self-related emotion labels to label their own emotion during face processing, and they rated the faces as higher in arousal than the emotional faces that had been presented in the “label sender's emotion” condition or the passive viewing condition. The present results argue in favor of a differentiated view of language-as-context for emotion processing. KW - emotion regulation KW - language-as-context KW - affect labeling KW - face processing KW - event-related brain potentials KW - social context KW - social cognition KW - perspective taking Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-97065 ER -