TY - JOUR A1 - Eck, Julia A1 - Dignath, David A1 - Kalckert, Andreas A1 - Pfister, Roland T1 - Instant disembodiment of virtual body parts JF - Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics N2 - Evidence from multisensory body illusions suggests that body representations may be malleable, for instance, by embodying external objects. However, adjusting body representations to current task demands also implies that external objects become disembodied from the body representation if they are no longer required. In the current web-based study, we induced the embodiment of a two-dimensional (2D) virtual hand that could be controlled by active movements of a computer mouse or on a touchpad. Following initial embodiment, we probed for disembodiment by comparing two conditions: Participants either continued moving the virtual hand or they stopped moving and kept the hand still. Based on theoretical accounts that conceptualize body representations as a set of multisensory bindings, we expected gradual disembodiment of the virtual hand if the body representations are no longer updated through correlated visuomotor signals. In contrast to our prediction, the virtual hand was instantly disembodied as soon as participants stopped moving it. This result was replicated in two follow-up experiments. The observed instantaneous disembodiment might suggest that humans are sensitive to the rapid changes that characterize action and body in virtual environments, and hence adjust corresponding body representations particularly swiftly. KW - body representation KW - embodiment KW - disembodiment KW - moving rubber hand illusion KW - virtual hand illusion Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324844 VL - 84 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffmann, Mareike A. A1 - Koch, Iring A1 - Huestegge, Lynn T1 - Are some effector systems harder to switch to? In search of cost asymmetries when switching between manual, vocal, and oculomotor tasks JF - Memory & Cognition N2 - In task-switching studies, performance is typically worse in task-switch trials than in task-repetition trials. These switch costs are often asymmetrical, a phenomenon that has been explained by referring to a dominance of one task over the other. Previous studies also indicated that response modalities associated with two tasks may be considered as integral components for defining a task set. However, a systematic assessment of the role of response modalities in task switching is still lacking: Are some response modalities harder to switch to than others? The present study systematically examined switch costs when combining tasks that differ only with respect to their associated effector systems. In Experiment 1, 16 participants switched (in unpredictable sequence) between oculomotor and vocal tasks. In Experiment 2, 72 participants switched (in pairwise combinations) between oculomotor, vocal, and manual tasks. We observed systematic performance costs when switching between response modalities under otherwise constant task features and could thereby replicate previous observations of response modality switch costs. However, we did not observe any substantial switch-cost asymmetries. As previous studies using temporally overlapping dual-task paradigms found substantial prioritization effects (in terms of asymmetric costs) especially for oculomotor tasks, the present results suggest different underlying processes in sequential task switching than in simultaneous multitasking. While more research is needed to further substantiate a lack of response modality switch-cost asymmetries in a broader range of task switching situations, we suggest that task-set representations related to specific response modalities may exhibit rapid decay. KW - cognitive control KW - task switching KW - response modalities Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324887 VL - 50 IS - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Franz, David J. T1 - Moral responsibility for self-deluding beings JF - Philosophia N2 - In this article, I argue for four theses. First, libertarian and compatibilist accounts of moral responsibility agree that the capability of practical reason is the central feature of moral responsibility. Second, this viewpoint leads to a reasons-focused account of human behavior. Examples of human action discussed in debates about moral responsibility suggest that typical human actions are driven primarily by the agent’s subjective reasons and are sufficiently transparent for the agent. Third, this conception of self-transparent action is a questionable idealization. As shown by psychological research on self-assessment, motivated reasoning, and terror management theory, humans oftentimes have only a limited understanding of their conduct. Self-deception is rather the rule than the exception. Fourth, taking the limited self-transparency of practical reason seriously leads to a socially contextualized conception of moral responsibility. KW - moral responsibility KW - self-deception KW - reasoning biases KW - practical reasoning KW - rationalization KW - motivated reasoning Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-324871 SN - 0048-3893 VL - 50 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ju, Qianqian A1 - Gan, Yiqun A1 - Rinn, Robin A1 - Duan, Yanping A1 - Lippke, Sonia T1 - Health Status Stability of Patients in a Medical Rehabilitation Program: What Are the Roles of Time, Physical Fitness Level, and Self-efficacy? JF - International Journal of Behavioral Medicine N2 - Background Individuals’ physical and mental health, as well as their chances of returning to work after their ability to work is damaged, can be addressed by medical rehabilitation. Aim This study investigated the developmental trends of mental and physical health among patients in medical rehabilitation and the roles of self-efficacy and physical fitness in the development of mental and physical health. Design A longitudinal design that included four time-point measurements across 15 months. Setting A medical rehabilitation center in Germany. Population Participants included 201 patients who were recruited from a medical rehabilitation center. Methods To objectively measure physical fitness (lung functioning), oxygen reabsorption at anaerobic threshold (VO2AT) was used, along with several self-report scales. Results We found a nonlinear change in mental health among medical rehabilitation patients. The results underscored the importance of medical rehabilitation for patients’ mental health over time. In addition, patients’ physical health was stable over time. The initial level of physical fitness (VO2AT) positively predicted their mental health and kept the trend more stable. Self-efficacy appeared to have a positive relationship with mental health after rehabilitation treatment. Conclusions This study revealed a nonlinear change in mental health among medical rehabilitation patients. Self-efficacy was positively related to mental health, and the initial level of physical fitness positively predicted the level of mental health after rehabilitation treatment. Clinical Rehabilitation More attention could be given to physical capacity and self-efficacy for improving and maintaining rehabilitants’ mental health. KW - latent growth curve model KW - mental health KW - physical fitness KW - self-efficacy KW - physical health Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-308445 SN - 1070-5503 SN - 1532-7558 VL - 29 IS - 5 ER - TY - THES A1 - Hartlieb [geb. Faust], Verena T1 - Die Bedeutung der phonologischen Bewusstheit für die Entwicklung mathematischer Kompetenzen bei Kindern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund : Ergebnisse einer Längsschnittstudie vom Beginn des Vorschuljahres bis zum Ende der ersten Klasse T1 - The importance of phonological awareness for the development of mathematical competencies in children with and without migration background N2 - Die Entwicklung mathematischer Kompetenzen beginnt bereits vor Schuleintritt und wird durch viele Faktoren beeinflusst. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird primär untersucht, ob die phonologische Bewusstheit als (meta-)sprachliche Kompetenz auch für die frühe mathematische Kompetenzentwicklung bedeutsam ist und ob sich bei Kindern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund vergleichbare Zusammenhänge finden lassen. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt bildet die Überprüfung von differenziellen Effekten von ausgewählten, mathematischen Vorschultrainings sowie eines Trainings der phonologischen Bewusstheit auf die mathematischen Kompetenzen unter Berücksichtigung des Migrationshintergrundes. Die statistischen Analysen basieren auf einer Stichprobe von über 370 Kindern, die im Verlauf der Längsschnittstudie zu vier Messzeitpunkten, jeweils am Beginn und Ende des Vorschul- bzw. ersten Schuljahres, untersucht wurden. Durch Berechnung hierarchischer Regressionsanalysen ließ sich global kein zusätzlicher Erklärungsbeitrag der phonologischen Bewusstheit neben den mathematischen Ausgangskompetenzen feststellen. Der Vergleich der beiden Migrationsgruppen ergab keine strukturellen Unterschiede. Die Überprüfung von spezifischen Effekten durch mathematische Vorschulprogramme (Krajewski et al., 2007; Friedrich & de Galgóczy, 2004; Preiß, 2004, 2005) und von unspezifischen Effekten durch ein Training der phonologischen Bewusstheit und der Buchstaben-Laut-Zuordnung (Küspert & Schneider, 2008; Plume & Schneider, 2004) auf die mathematischen Kompetenzen lieferte nur vereinzelt positive Effekte, die jedoch bei Berücksichtigung von individuellen und familiären Kontrollvariablen reduziert wurden. Die Generalisierbarkeit der Ergebnisse ist durch die komplexe Datenstruktur verbunden mit kleinen Stichprobengrößen in den jeweiligen Faktorenstufen limitiert. Insgesamt ermöglicht die vorliegende Arbeit eine differenzierte Betrachtung der mathematischen Kompetenzentwicklung bei Kindern mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund und liefert wichtige Implikationen für Forschung und Praxis. N2 - The development of mathematical competencies begins even before entering school and is influenced by many factors. The present work primarily investigates whether phonological awareness as a (meta-)linguistic competence is also important for the early development of mathematical competencies and whether comparable relations can be found in children with and without migration background. Another focus is the examination of differential effects of selected, mathematical preschool trainings as well as a training of phonological awareness on mathematical competencies, taking into account the migration background. The statistical analyses are based on a sample of over 370 children who were examined at four measurement points during the longitudinal study, each at the beginning and end of the preschool or first school year. By calculating hierarchical regression analyses, no additional explanatory contribution of phonological awareness in addition to the initial mathematical competencies could be determined globally. The comparison of children with and without migration background revealed no structural differences. The verification of specific effects by preschool mathematical trainings (Krajewski et al., 2007; Friedrich & de Galgóczy, 2004; Preiß, 2004, 2005) and of non-specific effects by a training of phonological awareness and of letter-sound correspondences (Küspert & Schneider, 2008; Plume & Schneider, 2004) on mathematical competencies provides only some positive effects, which have been reduced when individual and family aspects were controlled for. The generalizability of the results is limited by the complex data structure combined with small sample sizes in the respective factor levels. Overall, the present work enables a differentiated consideration of the development of competencies in mathematics in children with and without migration background and provides important implications for research and practice. KW - Mathematik KW - Phonologische Bewusstheit KW - Migrationshintergrund KW - mathematische Kompetenzentwicklung KW - mathematische und schriftsprachliche Vorläuferkompetenzen KW - spezifische und unspezifische Trainingseffekte KW - Kinder im Vorschulalter und frühen Grundschulalter Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-244047 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weiß, Martin A1 - Hein, Grit A1 - Hewig, Johannes T1 - Between joy and sympathy: Smiling and sad recipient faces increase prosocial behavior in the dictator game JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - In human interactions, the facial expression of a bargaining partner may contain relevant information that affects prosocial decisions. We were interested in whether facial expressions of the recipient in the dictator game influence dictators´ ehavior. To test this, we conducted an online study (n = 106) based on a modified version of a dictator game. The dictators allocated money between themselves and another person (recipient), who had no possibility to respond to the dictator. Importantly, before the allocation decision, the dictator was presented with the facial expression of the recipient (angry, disgusted, sad, smiling, or neutral). The results showed that dictators sent more money to recipients with sad or smiling facial expressions and less to recipients with angry or disgusted facial expressions compared with a neutral facial expression. Moreover, based on the sequential analysis of the decision and the interaction partner in the preceding trial, we found that decision-making depends upon previous interactions. KW - emotional influence KW - dictator game KW - facial expression KW - social decision-making Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-241106 VL - 18 IS - 11 ER - TY - THES A1 - Gromer, Daniel T1 - Mechanisms Underlying Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Specific Phobias T1 - Wirkmechanismen der Expositionstherapie in virtueller Realität bei spezifischen Phobien N2 - Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) is an effective cognitive-behavioral treatment for anxiety disorders that comprises systematic confrontations to virtual representations of feared stimuli and situations. However, not all patients respond to VRET, and some patients relapse after successful treatment. One explanation for this limitation of VRET is that its underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood, leaving room for further improvement. On these grounds, the present thesis aimed to investigate two major research questions: first, it explored how virtual stimuli induce fear responses in height-fearful participants, and second, it tested if VRET outcome could be improved by incorporating techniques derived from two different theories of exposure therapy. To this end, five studies in virtual reality (VR) were conducted. Study 1 (N = 99) established a virtual environment for height exposure using a Computer Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) and investigated the effects of tactile wind simulation in VR. Height-fearful and non-fearful participants climbed a virtual outlook, and half of the participants received wind simulation. Results revealed that height-fearful participants showed stronger fear responses, on both a subjective and behavioral level, and that wind simulation increased subjective fear. However, adding tactile wind simulation in VR did not affect presence, the user's sense of 'being there' in the virtual environment. Replicating previous studies, fear and presence in VR were correlated, and the correlation was higher in height-fearful compared to non-fearful participants. Study 2 (N = 43) sought to corroborate the findings of the first study, using a different VR system for exposure (a head-mounted display) and measuring physiological fear responses. In addition, the effects of a visual cognitive distractor on fear in VR were investigated. Participants' fear responses were evident on both a subjective and physiological level---although much more pronounced on skin conductance than on heart rate---but the virtual distractor did not affect the strength of fear responses. In Study 3 (N = 50), the effects of trait height-fearfulness and height level on fear responses were investigated in more detail. Self-rated level of acrophobia and five different height levels in VR (1 m--20 m) were used as linear predictors of subjective and physiological indices of fear. Results showed that subjective fear and skin conductance responses were a function of both trait height-fearfulness and height level, whereas no clear effects were visible for heart rate. Study 4 (N = 64 + N = 49) aimed to advance the understanding of the relationship between presence and fear in VR. Previous research indicates a positive correlation between both measures, but possible causal mechanisms have not yet been identified. The study was the first to experimentally manipulate both presence (via the visual and auditive realism of the virtual environment) and fear (by presenting both height and control situations). Results indicated a causal effect of fear on presence, i.e., experiencing fear in a virtual environment led to a stronger sense of `being there' in the virtual environment. However, conversely, presence increased by higher scene realism did not affect fear responses. Nonetheless, presence seemed to have some effects on fear responding via another pathway, as participants whose presence levels were highest in the first safe context were also those who had the strongest fear responses in a later height situation. This finding indicated the importance of immersive user characteristics in the emergence of presence and fear in VR. The findings of the first four studies were integrated into a model of fear in VR, extending previous models and highlighting factors that lead to the emergence of both fear and presence in VR. Results of the studies showed that fear responses towards virtual heights were affected by trait height-fearfulness, phobic elements in the virtual environment, and, at least to some degree, on presence. Presence, on the other hand, was affected by experiencing fear in VR, immersion---the characteristics of the VR system---and immersive user characteristics. Of note, the manipulations of immersion used in the present thesis, visual and auditory realism of the virtual environment and tactile wind simulation, were not particularly effective in manipulating presence. Finally, Study 5 (N = 34) compared two different implementations of VRET for acrophobia to investigate mechanisms underlying its efficacy. The first implementation followed the Emotional Processing Theory, assuming that fear reduction during exposure is crucial for positive treatment outcome. In this condition, patients were asked to focus on their fear responses and on the decline of fear (habituation) during exposures. The second implementation was based on the inhibitory learning model, assuming that expectancy violation is the primary mechanism underlying exposure therapy efficacy. In this condition, patients were asked to focus on the non-occurrence of feared outcomes (e.g., 'I could fall off') during exposure. Based on predictions of the inhibitory learning model, the hypothesis for the study was that expectancy-violation-based exposure would outperform habituation-based exposure. After two treatment sessions in VR, both treatment conditions effectively reduced the patients' fear of heights, but the two conditions did not differ in their efficacy. The study replicated previous studies by showing that VRET is an effective treatment for acrophobia; however, contrary to the assumption, explicitly targeting the violation of threat expectancies did not improve outcome. This finding adds to other studies failing to provide clear evidence for expectancy violation as the primary mechanism underlying exposure therapy. Possible explanations for this finding and clinical implications are discussed, along with suggestions for further research. N2 - Die Expositionstherapie in virtueller Realität (VRET) ist ein wirksames kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutisches Verfahren zur Behandlung von Angststörungen. Bei einer VRET werden Patienten nach psychoedukativer Vorbereitung mit virtuellen Repräsentationen der von ihnen gefürchteten Objekte oder Situationen konfrontiert. Die VRET zeigt allerdings nicht bei allen Patienten die gewünschte Wirksamkeit, und einige Patienten erleben selbst nach erfolgreicher Therapie eine Rückkehr der Angst. Da die zugrunde liegenden Wirkfaktoren der VRET noch nicht ausreichend aufgeklärt sind, lässt sich ihre Effektivtät möglicherweise noch weiter verbessern. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es daher zwei Fragen zu untersuchen. Zum einen, wie genau virtuelle Reize Furchtreaktionen bei höhenängstlichen Personen auslösen, und zum anderen, ob sich VRET durch den Einsatz spezifischer Techniken, welche aus Theorien zur Expositionstherapie abgeleitet wurden, verbessern lässt. Um die Fragen zu beantworten, wurden im Rahmen der Dissertation fünf Studien durchgeführt. In Studie 1 (N = 99) wurde eine virtuelle Umgebung für Höhenexposition etabliert und Effekte von taktiler Windsimulation in virtueller Realität (VR) untersucht. In der Studie hatten höhenängstliche und nicht-ängstliche Probanden die Aufgabe einen virtuellen Turm zu besteigen, wobei die Hälfte der Probanden währenddessen eine Windsimulation dargeboten bekam. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass höhenängstliche Probanden stärkere Furchtreaktionen zeigten, was sich sowohl im Bericht als auch im Verhalten äußerte. Zusätzlich erhöhte die Windsimulation die subjektiv Furcht der Probanden. Die Windsimulation hatte allerdings keinen Einfluss auf das Präsenzerleben, d. h. wie sehr sich Probanden so gefühlt hatten als seien sie tatsächlich in der virtuellen Umgebung gewesen. In der Studie konnten darüber hinaus zwei Befunde vorheriger Studien zum Präsenzerleben repliziert werden. Furcht und Präsenz korrelierten positiv, und dieser Zusammenhang war bei höhenängstlichen Probanden stärker als bei nicht-ängstlichen Probanden. Die Studie konnte zeigen, dass sich VR eignet um Furcht auf verschiedenen Reaktionsebenen zu untersuchen und es darüber hinaus möglich ist, Furcht in VR experimentell zu manipulieren. In Studie 2 (N = 43) sollten die Ergebnisse der ersten Studie bestätigt werden. Hierfür wurden ein anderes VR-System für die Exposition eingesetzt sowie die Erfassung von Furchtreaktionen um physiologische Maße ergänzt. Zusätzlich wurde der Einfluss einer visuell-kognitiven Distraktionsaufgabe in VR auf Furchtreaktionen untersucht. Die Furchtreaktionen der Probanden zeigten sich sowohl auf subjektiver als auch physiologischer Ebene, wobei Reaktionen der Hautleitfähigkeit stärker ausgeprägt waren als Veränderungen der Herzrate. Ein Einfluss der ablenkenden visuell-kognitiven Aufgabe auf Furchtreaktionen konnte nicht gezeigt werden. Die Studie konnte insgesamt verdeutlichen, dass die Eigenschaft von VR, Furcht zu erzeugen, nicht an einen bestimmten Versuchsaufbau gebunden ist und sich Furcht in VR auf allen Reaktionsebenen zeigt. Studie 3 (N = 50) hatte das Ziel, den Einfluss von Höhenängstlichkeit und Höhe auf Furchreaktionen genauer zu untersuchen. Hierfür wurde per Fragebogen erfasste Höhenängstlichkeit sowie fünf verschiedene Höhen (1 m--20 m) als lineare Prädiktoren für subjektive und physiologische Furchtindizes verwendet. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass subjektive Furcht und Hautleitfähigkeitsreaktionen in Abhängigkeit von sowohl Höhenängstlichkeit als auch Höhe zunahmen. Für die Herzrate zeigten sich hingegen keine eindeutigen Effekte. Die Studie konnte zusammenfassend zeigen, dass sich die Furchtreaktionen in VR spezifisch auf Höhe zeigten. In Studie 4 (N = 64 + N = 49) sollte der Zusammenhang zwischen Furcht und Präsenzerleben in VR genauer untersucht werden. Vorangegangene Studien zeigten eine positive Korrelation zwischen beiden Maßen, konnten jedoch keine Aussagen über einen möglichen Kausalzusammenhang machen. Die vorliegende Studie war daher die erste, welche sowohl Präsenz als auch Furcht experimentell manipulierte. Präsenz wurde über die Darbietung unterschiedlich realistischer virtueller Umgebungen, Furcht über die Darbietung von Höhen und Kontrollumgebungen manipuliert. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigten, dass es einen kausalen Effekt von Furcht auf Präsenzerleben gab, d. h. das Erleben von Furcht in einer Höhensituation in VR führte zu erhöhtem Präsenzerleben. Umgekehrt gab es jedoch keinen Effekt von experimentell manipuliertem Präsenzerleben auf die Stärke der Furchtreaktion. Es zeigte sich allerdings, dass Personen, welche in der ersten sicheren Situation das stärkste Präsenzerleben berichteten, später auch die stärksten Furchtreaktionen zeigten, was darauf schließen lässt, dass es möglicherwiese dennoch Effekte von Präsenzerleben auf Furcht gibt. Dieses Ergebnis weist auf die Bedeutung von möglichen Persönlichkeitsunterschieden hin, welche für das Erleben von Präsenz und Furcht in VR von Bedeutung sind. Die Studie verdeutlichte damit zum einen die Komplexität des Zusammenhangs zwischen Furcht und Präsenzerleben und erlaubte zum anderen erstmals Kausalschlüsse zwischen beiden Maßen. Die Ergebnisse der ersten vier Studien wurden in einem Modell zur Furcht in VR zusammengefasst. Basierend auf bestehenden Modellen zeigt das neue Modell Faktoren auf, welche für die Entstehung von Furcht und Präsenz bedeutsam sind. So konnten die Studien zeigen, dass Furchtreaktionen in Abhängigkeit von habitueller Höhenangst, der furchtbezogenen Relevanz der virtuellen Umgebung (z. B. Höhe), sowie zum Teil vom Präsenzerleben, auftreten. Bezüglich des Präsenzerlebens betont das Modell die Relevanz von aktuellem Furchterleben, Immersion (den Charakteristika des VR-Systems) und immersiven Nutzercharakteristika (z. B. Absorption). Zu erwähnen ist, dass die in der vorliegenden Dissertation untersuchten Manipulationen von Immersion (visueller und auditiver Realismus der virtuellen Umgebung und taktile Windsimulation) jedoch keine sonderlich starken Effekte auf Präsenz hatten. In Studie 5 (N = 34) wurden abschließend im Rahmen einer Therapiestudie zwei verschiedene VRET-Ansätze miteinander verglichen. Die erste Gruppe von Patienten erhielt hierbei eine Therapie auf Basis der Emotional Processing Theory. In dieser Bedingung wurden die Patienten während der Exposition gebeten, sich auf ihr Furchterleben und dessen Rückgang über die Zeit (Habituation) zu konzentrieren. Die zweite Gruppe von Patienten erhielt eine Therapie auf Basis des Inhibitory Learning Models. In dieser Bedingung wurden die Patienten gebeten, gezielt ihre Befürchtungen (z. B. "Ich könnte herunterfallen") zu überprüfen und zu widerlegen. Es wurde auf Basis der Vorhersage des Inhibitory Learning Models, dass Erwartungswiderlegung der zentrale Wirkfaktor der Expositionstherapie ist, angenommen, dass eine Therapie auf Basis der Widerlegung von Befürchtungen effektiver ist als eine Therapie auf Basis von Habituation. Nach zwei Therapiesitzungen berichteten die Patienten in beiden Gruppen einen signifikaten Rückgang ihrer Höhenangst, es zeigten sich jedoch keine Wirksamkeitsunterschiede zwischen den Gruppen. Die Studie konnte damit zwar vorherige Befunde replizieren, die zeigten, dass VRET eine effektive Behandlung für Höhenangst ist, die spezifische Fokussierung auf Erwartungswiderlegung zeigte jedoch keinen Vorteil. Dieser Befund reiht sich damit in eine Reihe von Studien ein, die Erwartungswiderlegung als zentralen Wirkfaktor der Expositionstherapie nicht nachweisen konnten. Mögliche Gründe für diesen Befund sowie daraus folgende klinische Implikationen und Vorschläge für weitere Forschung werden diskutiert. KW - Virtuelle Realität KW - Höhenangst KW - Expositionstherapie Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-207334 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Breil, Christina A1 - Kanske, Philipp A1 - Pittig, Roxana A1 - Böckler, Anne T1 - A revised instrument for the assessment of empathy and Theory of Mind in adolescents: Introducing the EmpaToM-Y JF - Behavior Research Methods N2 - Empathy and Theory of Mind (ToM) are two core components of social understanding. The EmpaToM is a validated social video task that allows for independent manipulation and assessment of the two capacities. First applications revealed that empathy and ToM are dissociable constructs on a neuronal as well as on a behavioral level. As the EmpaToM has been designed for the assessment of social understanding in adults, it has a high degree of complexity and comprises topics that are inadequate for minors. For this reason, we designed a new version of the EmpaToM that is especially suited to measure empathy and ToM in youths. In experiment 1, we successfully validated the EmpaToM-Y on the original EmpaToM in an adult sample (N = 61), revealing a similar pattern of results across tasks and strong correlations of all constructs. As intended, the performance measure for ToM and the control condition of the EmpaToM-Y showed reduced difficulty. In experiment 2, we tested the feasibility of the EmpaToM-Y in a group of teenagers (N = 36). Results indicate a reliable empathy induction and higher demands of ToM questions for adolescents. We provide a promising task for future research targeting inter-individual variability of socio-cognitive and socio-affective capacities as well as their precursors and outcomes in healthy minors and clinical populations. KW - empathy KW - Theory of Mind KW - social cognition KW - social understanding KW - mentalizing KW - asolescence KW - development Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-302877 VL - 53 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pittig, Andre A1 - Heinig, Ingmar A1 - Goerigk, Stephan A1 - Thiel, Freya A1 - Hummel, Katrin A1 - Scholl, Lucie A1 - Deckert, Jürgen A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Domschke, Katharina A1 - Lueken, Ulrike A1 - Fydrich, Thomas A1 - Fehm, Lydia A1 - Plag, Jens A1 - Ströhle, Andreas A1 - Kircher, Tilo A1 - Straube, Benjamin A1 - Rief, Winfried A1 - Koelkebeck, Katja A1 - Arolt, Volker A1 - Dannlowski, Udo A1 - Margraf, Jürgen A1 - Totzeck, Christina A1 - Schneider, Silvia A1 - Neudeck, Peter A1 - Craske, Michelle G. A1 - Hollandt, Maike A1 - Richter, Jan A1 - Hamm, Alfons A1 - Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich T1 - Efficacy of temporally intensified exposure for anxiety disorders: A multicenter randomized clinical trial JF - Depression and Anxiety N2 - Background The need to optimize exposure treatments for anxiety disorders may be addressed by temporally intensified exposure sessions. Effects on symptom reduction and public health benefits should be examined across different anxiety disorders with comorbid conditions. Methods This multicenter randomized controlled trial compared two variants of prediction error-based exposure therapy (PeEx) in various anxiety disorders (both 12 sessions + 2 booster sessions, 100 min/session): temporally intensified exposure (PeEx-I) with exposure sessions condensed to 2 weeks (n = 358) and standard nonintensified exposure (PeEx-S) with weekly exposure sessions (n = 368). Primary outcomes were anxiety symptoms (pre, post, and 6-months follow-up). Secondary outcomes were global severity (across sessions), quality of life, disability days, and comorbid depression. Results Both treatments resulted in substantial improvements at post (PeEx-I: d\(_{within}\) = 1.50, PeEx-S: d\(_{within}\) = 1.78) and follow-up (PeEx-I: d\(_{within}\) = 2.34; PeEx-S: d\(_{within}\) = 2.03). Both groups showed formally equivalent symptom reduction at post and follow-up. However, time until response during treatment was 32% shorter in PeEx-I (median = 68 days) than PeEx-S (108 days; TR\(_{PeEx-I}\)-I = 0.68). Interestingly, drop-out rates were lower during intensified exposure. PeEx-I was also superior in reducing disability days and improving quality of life at follow-up without increasing relapse. Conclusions Both treatment variants focusing on the transdiagnostic exposure-based violation of threat beliefs were effective in reducing symptom severity and disability in severe anxiety disorders. Temporally intensified exposure resulted in faster treatment response with substantial public health benefits and lower drop-out during the exposure phase, without higher relapse. Clinicians can expect better or at least comparable outcomes when delivering exposure in a temporally intensified manner. KW - randomized controlled trial KW - anxiety disorders KW - exposure therapy KW - intensified treatment KW - public health Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-257331 VL - 38 IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gary, Sebastian A1 - Lenhard, Wolfgang A1 - Lenhard, Alexandra T1 - Modelling norm scores with the cNORM package in R JF - Psych N2 - In this article, we explain and demonstrate how to model norm scores with the cNORM package in R. This package is designed specifically to determine norm scores when the latent ability to be measured covaries with age or other explanatory variables such as grade level. The mathematical method used in this package draws on polynomial regression to model a three-dimensional hyperplane that smoothly and continuously captures the relation between raw scores, norm scores and the explanatory variable. By doing so, it overcomes the typical problems of classical norming methods, such as overly large age intervals, missing norm scores, large amounts of sampling error in the subsamples or huge requirements with regard to the sample size. After a brief introduction to the mathematics of the model, we describe the individual methods of the package. We close the article with a practical example using data from a real reading comprehension test. KW - regression-based norming KW - continuous norming KW - inferential norming KW - data smoothing KW - curve fitting KW - percentile estimation Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-284143 SN - 2624-8611 VL - 3 IS - 3 SP - 501 EP - 521 ER -