TY - JOUR A1 - Kirsch, Wladimir A1 - Ullrich, Benjamin A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - Are Effects of Action on Perception Real? Evidence from Transformed Movements JF - PLoS ONE N2 - It has been argued that several reported non-visual influences on perception cannot be truly perceptual. If they were, they should affect the perception of target objects and reference objects used to express perceptual judgments, and thus cancel each other out. This reasoning presumes that non-visual manipulations impact target objects and comparison objects equally. In the present study we show that equalizing a body-related manipulation between target objects and reference objects essentially abolishes the impact of that manipulation so as it should do when that manipulation actually altered perception. Moreover, the manipulation has an impact on judgements when applied to only the target object but not to the reference object, and that impact reverses when only applied to the reference object but not to the target object. A perceptual explanation predicts this reversal, whereas explanations in terms of post-perceptual response biases or demand effects do not. Altogether these results suggest that body-related influences on perception cannot as a whole be attributed to extra-perceptual factors. KW - vision KW - preprocessing KW - analysis of variance KW - sensory perception KW - hands KW - fingers KW - experimental design KW - perception Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-178574 VL - 11 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Greving, Sven A1 - Richter, Tobias T1 - Examining the testing effect in university teaching: retrievability and question format matter JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Review of learned material is crucial for the learning process. One approach that promises to increase the effectiveness of reviewing during learning is to answer questions about the learning content rather than restudying the material (testing effect). This effect is well established in lab experiments. However, existing research in educational contexts has often combined testing with additional didactical measures that hampers the interpretation of testing effects. We aimed to examine the testing effect in its pure form by implementing a minimal intervention design in a university lecture (N = 92). The last 10 min of each lecture session were used for reviewing the lecture content by either answering short-answer questions, multiple-choice questions, or reading summarizing statements about core lecture content. Three unannounced criterial tests measured the retention of learning content at different times (1, 12, and 23 weeks after the last lecture). A positive testing effect emerged for short-answer questions that targeted information that participants could retrieve from memory. This effect was independent of the time of test. The results indicated no testing effect for multiple-choice testing. These results suggest that short-answer testing but not multiple-choice testing may benefit learning in higher education contexts. KW - testing effect KW - university teaching KW - retrieval practice KW - question format KW - educational psychology KW - net testing effect KW - desirable difficulties Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190802 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfister, Roland A1 - Schwarz, Katharina A. A1 - Janczyk, Markus A1 - Dale, Rick A1 - Freeman, Jonathan B. T1 - Good things peak in pairs: a note on the bimodality coefficient JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - A commentary on Assessing bimodality to detect the presence of a dual cognitive process by Freeman, J. B., and Dale, R. (2013). Behav. Res. Methods 45, 83–97. doi: 10.3758/s13428-012-0225-x KW - distribution analysis KW - bimodality Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190413 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Foerster, Anna A1 - Pfister, Roland A1 - Schmidts, Constantin A1 - Dignath, David A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - Honesty saves time (and justifications) JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - A commentary on Honesty requires time (and lack of justifications) by Shalvi, S., Eldar, O., and Bereby-Meyer, Y. (2012). Psychol. Sci. 23, 1264–1270. doi: 10.1177/0956797612443835 KW - honesty Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190451 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meule, Adrian A1 - Vögele, Claus T1 - The psychology of eating JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - No abstract available. Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190460 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meule, Adrian T1 - Impulsivity and overeating: a closer look at the subscales of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - No abstract available. KW - Impulsivity KW - Overeating Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-190497 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schiele, Miriam A. A1 - Reinhard, Julia A1 - Reif, Andreas A1 - Domschke, Katharina A1 - Romanos, Marcel A1 - Deckert, Jürgen A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Developmental aspects of fear: Comparing the acquisition and generalization of conditioned fear in children and adults JF - Developmental Psychobiology N2 - Most research on human fear conditioning and its generalization has focused on adults whereas only little is known about these processes in children. Direct comparisons between child and adult populations are needed to determine developmental risk markers of fear and anxiety. We compared 267 children and 285 adults in a differential fear conditioning paradigm and generalization test. Skin conductance responses (SCR) and ratings of valence and arousal were obtained to indicate fear learning. Both groups displayed robust and similar differential conditioning on subjective and physiological levels. However, children showed heightened fear generalization compared to adults as indexed by higher arousal ratings and SCR to the generalization stimuli. Results indicate overgeneralization of conditioned fear as a developmental correlate of fear learning. The developmental change from a shallow to a steeper generalization gradient is likely related to the maturation of brain structures that modulate efficient discrimination between danger and (ambiguous) safety cues. KW - fear conditioning KW - fear generalization KW - development KW - skin conductance KW - maturation Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-189488 VL - 58 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lulé, Dorothée A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Ludolph, Albert C. T1 - Ethical principles in patient-centered medical care to support quality of life in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis JF - Frontiers in Neurology N2 - It is one of the primary goals of medical care to secure good quality of life (QoL) while prolonging survival. This is a major challenge in severe medical conditions with a prognosis such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Further, the definition of QoL and the question whether survival in this severe condition is compatible with a good QoL is a matter of subjective and culture-specific debate. Some people without neurodegenerative conditions believe that physical decline is incompatible with satisfactory QoL. Current data provide extensive evidence that psychosocial adaptation in ALS is possible, indicated by a satisfactory QoL. Thus, there is no fatalistic link of loss of QoL when physical health declines. There are intrinsic and extrinsic factors that have been shown to successfully facilitate and secure QoL in ALS which will be reviewed in the following article following the four ethical principles (1) Beneficence, (2) Non-maleficence, (3) Autonomy and (4) Justice, which are regarded as key elements of patient centered medical care according to Beauchamp and Childress. This is a JPND-funded work to summarize findings of the project NEEDSinALS (www.NEEDSinALS.com) which highlights subjective perspectives and preferences in medical decision making in ALS. KW - ethics KW - quality of life (QoL) KW - care KW - amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) KW - well-being KW - depression KW - coping KW - psychosocial adaptation Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-196239 SN - 1664-2295 VL - 10 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wiedemann, Katharina T1 - Frühzeitige Informationen über Systemgrenzen beim hochautomatisierten Fahren T1 - Early information about system limits during conditionally automated driving N2 - Fahrzeughersteller haben die Verfügbarkeit sogenannter hochautomatisierter Fahrfunktionen (SAE Level 3; SAE, 2018) in ihren Modellen angekündigt. Hierdurch wird der Fahrer in der Lage sein, sich permanent von der Fahraufgabe abzuwenden und fahrfremden Tätigkeiten nachzugehen. Allerdings muss er immer noch als Rückfallebene zur Verfügung stehen, um im Fall von Systemgrenzen oder -fehlern (siehe Gold, Naujoks, Radlmayr, Bellem & Jarosch, 2017), die Fahrzeugkontrolle zu übernehmen. Das Übernahmeerfordernis wird dem Fahrer durch die Ausgabe einer Übernameaufforderung vermittelt. Die Übernahme der manuellen Fahrzeugführung aus dem hochautomatisierten Fahren stellt aus psychologischer Sicht einen Aufgabenwechsel dar. Bei der Untersuchung von Aufgabenwechseln im Bereich der kognitiven und angewandten Psychologie zeigte sich vielfach, dass Aufgabenwechsel mit verlängerten Reaktionszeiten und erhöhten Fehlerraten assoziiert sind. Für den Anwendungsfall des automatisierten Fahrens liegen ebenfalls eine Reihe empirischer Studien vor, die darauf hinweisen, dass der Wechsel zum manuellen Fahren mit einer Verschlechterung der Fahrleistung gegenüber dem manuellen Fahren verbunden ist. Da Erkenntnisse vorliegen, dass eine Vorbereitung auf den Aufgabenwechsel die zu erwartenden Kosten verringern kann, ist das Ziel dieser Arbeit die Konzeption und empirische Evaluation einer Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstelle, die Nutzer hochautomatisierter Fahrzeuge durch frühzeitige Vorinformationen über Systemgrenzen auf die Kontrollübernahme vorbereitet. Drei Experimente im Fahrsimulator mit Bewegungssystem betrachteten jeweils unterschiedliche Aspekte frühzeitiger Vorinformationen über bevorstehende Übernahmen. Das erste Experiment untersuchte, ob Fahrer überhaupt von frühzeitigen Situationsankündigungen, beispielsweise im Sinne einer verbesserten Übernahmeleistung, profitieren. Das zweite Experiment befasste sich mit der Frage, wie solche Ankündigungen zeitlich und inhaltlich zu gestalten sind (d. h. wann sie präsentiert werden und welche Informationen sie enthalten sollten), und welchen Einfluss deren Gestaltung auf die Aufgabenbearbeitung (insbesondere deren Unterbrechung und spätere Wiederaufnahme) während der automatisierten Fahrt hat. Um herauszufinden, wie ein Anzeigekonzept zur längerfristigen Planung von fahrfremden Tätigkeiten während des automatisierten Fahrens beitragen könnte, fand im dritten Experiment ein Vergleich von Situationsankündigungen, die vor dem Erreichen einer Übernahmesituation ausgegeben wurden, mit kontinuierlich präsentierten Informationen über die verbleibende Distanz zur nächsten Systemgrenze statt. In allen Studien wurde neben den Auswirkungen frühzeitiger Vorinformationen auf die Übernahmeleistung und Bearbeitung von fahrfremden Tätigkeiten auch untersucht, welche Auswirkungen ein erweitertes Übernahmekonzept auf die Fahrerreaktion in Grenz- und Fehlerfällen, in denen Vorinformationen entweder nicht oder fehlerhaft angezeigt wurden, hat. Für die Gestaltung zukünftiger Übernahmekonzepte für hochautomatisierte Fahrzeuge kann basierend auf den Ergebnissen empfohlen werden, frühzeitige Anzeigen von Systemgrenzen zur Ermöglichung eines sicheren und komfortablen Wechsels zwischen dem manuellen und dem automatisierten Fahren in die Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstelle zu integrieren. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit liegt der empfohlene Zeitpunkt für diskrete Ankündigungen bei einer Reisegeschwindigkeit von 120 km/h bei etwa 1000 Meter (d. h. ca. 30 Sekunden) vor der Ausgabe der Übernahmeaufforderung. Zudem wird empfohlen zur Abschätzung der verbleibenden Zeit im automatisierten Modus eine Anzeige der Entfernung zur nächsten Systemgrenze in das Konzept zu integrieren, die dem Fahrer eine längerfristige Aufgabenplanung ermöglicht. Neben der reinen Anzeige des Übernahmeerfordernisses sollten dem Fahrer auch Informationen über das erforderliche Fahrmanöver nach der Kontrollübernahme übermittelt werden. N2 - Vehicle manufacturers have announced the availability of so-called conditionally automated driving (SAE Level 3, SAE, 2018) in their upcoming vehicles. As a result, drivers will no longer have to permanently carry out the driving task and are free to pursue non-driving related activities while the vehicle is conditionally automated. However, they still have to be available as a fallback to take over vehicle control in the event of a system limit or error (see Gold, Naujoks, Radlmayr, Bellem & Jarosch, 2017). The requirement to take over driving is communicated via a so-called takeover request. From a psychological point of view, taking over manual vehicle control after driving with the automation represents a task switch. Studies from the field of cognitive and applied psychology have shown that task switches are associated with prolonged reaction times and increased error rates. Regarding the application of these findings to automated driving, there are also a number of empirical studies indicating that switching to manual driving takes considerable time and is associated with a deterioration of driving performance compared to continous manual driving. Since there is evidence that preparation for the task switch can reduce the expected costs, the aim of this work is the conception and empirical evaluation of a human-machine-interface (HMI), which prepares users of conditionally automated vehicles for the takeover by providing them with early information about system limits. Three experiments in a motion-based driving simulator considered different aspects of early information about an upcoming system limit. The first experiment examined whether drivers benefit from early situation announcements compared to imminent takeover requests, for example in terms of improved takeover performance. The second experiment dealt with the question of how such announcements are to be designed in terms of their timing and content (i. e., when they should be presented and what information they should contain), and how they influence the interruption and subsequent resumption of non-driving related tasks that are carried out during the automated drive. To find out how the HMI could contribute to longer-term planning of non-driving related activities during automated driving, a comparison of discrete situation announcements issued before reaching a takeover situation with continuously presented information about the remaining distance to the next system limit took place in the third study. In addition to the effects of early information on takeover performance and engagement in non-driving related tasks, all studies also examined the effects of the extended takeover concept on the driver’s reaction during system failures in which prior information is either not displayed or is displayed incorrectly. Based on the results, it may be recommended to integrate early indications of system limits to enable a safe and comfortable task switch between automated and manual driving. The recommended timing for discrete announcements at a cruising speed of 120 km/h is approximately 1000 meter (i. e., approximately 30 seconds) before issuing an imminent takeover request right before the system limit. It is also recommended to include an indication of the remaining distance to an upcoming system limit in the display concept, which allows for a longer-term planning of non-driving related task during the automated driving. In addition to the mere indication of the takeover requirement, the driver should also be provided with information about the required driving maneuver after the takeover of control. KW - Autonomes Fahrzeug KW - Fahrerverhalten KW - Automatisiertes Fahren KW - Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion KW - Verkehrspsychologie KW - Mensch-Maschine-Schnittstelle KW - Automation Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-216581 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Boll, Sabine A1 - Bartholomaeus, Marie A1 - Peter, Ulrike A1 - Lupke, Ulrike A1 - Gamer, Matthias T1 - Attentional mechanisms of social perception are biased in social phobia JF - Journal of Anxiety Disorders N2 - Previous studies of social phobia have reported an increased vigilance to social threat cues but also an avoidance of socially relevant stimuli such as eye gaze. The primary aim of this study was to examine attentional mechanisms relevant for perceiving social cues by means of abnormalities in scanning of facial features in patients with social phobia. In two novel experimental paradigms, patients with social phobia and healthy controls matched on age, gender and education were compared regarding their gazing behavior towards facial cues. The first experiment was an emotion classification paradigm which allowed for differentiating reflexive attentional shifts from sustained attention towards diagnostically relevant facial features. In the second experiment, attentional orienting by gaze direction was assessed in a gaze-cueing paradigm in which non-predictive gaze cues shifted attention towards or away from subsequently presented targets. We found that patients as compared to controls reflexively oriented their attention more frequently towards the eyes of emotional faces in the emotion classification paradigm. This initial hypervigilance for the eye region was observed at very early attentional stages when faces were presented for 150 ms, and persisted when facial stimuli were shown for 3 s. Moreover, a delayed attentional orienting into the direction of eye gaze was observed in individuals with social phobia suggesting a differential time course of eye gaze processing in patients and controls. Our findings suggest that basic mechanisms of early attentional exploration of social cues are biased in social phobia and might contribute to the development and maintenance of the disorder. KW - Social anxiety KW - Eye gaze KW - Vigilance KW - Amygdala KW - Emotional expression KW - Gaze perception Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-189046 VL - 40 ER -