TY - JOUR A1 - Lenhard, Alexandra A1 - Minten, Marie-Pierre A1 - Lenhard, Wolfgang T1 - When biology takes over: TV formats like The Bachelor and The Bachelorette confirm evolutionary theories of partner selection JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Introduction: In this study, we investigated the impact of age on mate selection preferences in males and females, and explored how the formation and duration of committed relationships depend on the sex of the person making the selection. Methods: To this end, we utilized data from the television dating shows The Bachelor and The Bachelorette. In these programs, either a single man (“bachelor”) or a woman (“bachelorette”) has the opportunity to select a potential long-term partner from a pool of candidates. Our analysis encompassed a total of n = 169 seasons from 23 different countries, beginning with the first airing in 2002. Results: We found that the likelihood of the final couple continuing their relationship beyond the broadcast was higher in The Bachelorette than in The Bachelor, although the duration of these relationships was not significantly influenced by the type of show. On average, women were younger, both when selecting their partner and when being chosen. However, men exhibited a greater preference for larger age differences than women. Furthermore, the age of the chosen male partners significantly increased with the age of the “bachelorettes,” whereas “bachelors” consistently favored women around 25.5 years old, regardless of their own age. Discussion: We discuss these findings within the context of parental investment theory and sexual strategies theory. KW - mating strategies KW - parental investment theory KW - sex differences KW - relationship duration KW - Cox proportional regression analysis Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-325717 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 14 ER - TY - THES A1 - Müller, Saskia T1 - The Influence of Personality and Trust on Information Processing and Decision Making in the Specific Context of Online Marketing T1 - Der Einfluss von Persönlichkeit und Vertrauen auf Informationsverarbeitung und Entscheidungsfindung im spezifischen Kontext des Online-Marketings N2 - Trust carries the capacity to shift the focus from risks to opportunities of a situation. Scientific studies from the field of trust research point out that besides situation-specific factors (i.e., stimuli of the environment), cross-situationally stable interindividual differences (i.e., personality) are involved in the emergence of trust. Stable interindividual differences are particularly influential to the subjective experience of situational conditions when crucial information is incomplete. The online shopping environment classifies as a prime example of markets with asymmetric information. Research has examined online consumer trust in the light of signaling theory to understand the effects of trust-enhancing signals. Previous research largely neglects interindividual differences in the perception, processing and reaction to these signals. Against this background, this scientific work has two primary objectives: the investigation of (1) interindividual differences in the evaluation of trust-enhancing signals and (2) a personality-based personalization of trust-enhancing signals in its effect on cognition and behavior. For this purpose, an interactive online shop setup was created, which served as realistic environmental framework. First, the results show a trust-enhancing effect of both objective and subjective personalization, with a superiority of subjective over objective personalization. Second, results suggest a particular susceptibility of the beliefs component of trust. Third, the results suggest that personalization exerts a specifically strong effect in what is, by definition, the particularly uncertain environment of credence goods. Fourth, results indicate that while the trust-enhancing effects of personalization operate (largely) independently of personality, the effect of personality on trust seems to depend on the condition of signal presentation. Taken together, the present work makes a contribution to understanding the effect of personality-adapted signaling environments on the emergence of trust and decision making in the specific context of B2C e-commerce. N2 - Vertrauen verlagert den Fokus von Risiken auf Chancen einer Situation. Studien aus dem Bereich der Vertrauensforschung weisen darauf hin, dass neben situationsspezifischen Faktoren (d.h. Stimuli der Umwelt) auch situationsübergreifende interindividuelle Unterschiede (d.h. die Persönlichkeit) an der Entstehung von Vertrauen beteiligt sind. Stabile interindividuelle Unterschiede sind besonders einflussreich für das subjektive Erleben, wenn entscheidende Informationen unvollständig sind. Das Online-Einkaufsumfeld gilt als Paradebeispiel für Märkte mit asymmetrischen Informationen. Die bisherige Forschung in diesem Bereich hat das Vertrauen im Lichte der Signaltheorie untersucht, um die Auswirkungen vertrauensfördernder Signale zu verstehen. Dabei wurden jedoch weitgehend interindividuelle Unterschiede in der Wahrnehmung, Verarbeitung und Reaktion auf diese Signale vernachlässigt. Diese Arbeit verfolgt daher zwei primäre Ziele: die Untersuchung von (1) interindividuellen Unterschieden in der Bewertung vertrauensfördernder Signale und (2) einer persönlichkeitsbasierten Personalisierung vertrauensfördernder Signale. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein interaktiver Online-Shop konzipiert, der als realistischer Umweltrahmen diente. Erstens zeigen die Ergebnisse eine vertrauensfördernde Wirkung sowohl von objektiver als auch von subjektiver Personalisierung mit einer Überlegenheit der subjektiven Personalisierung. Zweitens deuten die Ergebnisse auf eine besondere Suszeptibilität der Einstellungskomponente des Vertrauens hin. Drittens legen die Ergebnisse nahe, dass die Personalisierung eine besonders starke Wirkung im Bereich der per Definition besonders unsicherheitsbehafteten Vertrauensgüter ausübt. Viertens zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die vertrauensfördernden Effekte der Personalisierung zwar (weitgehend) unabhängig von der Persönlichkeit wirken, der Effekt der Persönlichkeit auf das Vertrauen jedoch von den Bedingungen der Signalpräsentation abzuhängen scheint. Insgesamt leistet die vorliegende Arbeit einen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Wirkung von persönlichkeitsangepassten Signalisierungsumgebungen auf die Entstehung von Vertrauen und die Entscheidungsfindung im spezifischen Kontext des B2C-E-Commerce. KW - Persönlichkeit KW - Vertrauen KW - Personalisierung KW - Personality KW - Trust KW - Personalization Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-359526 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huestegge, Lynn A1 - Pieczykolan, Aleks A1 - Koch, Iring T1 - A Gestalt account of human behavior is supported by evidence from switching between single and dual actions JF - Scientific Reports N2 - The question of how behavior is represented in the mind lies at the core of psychology as the science of mind and behavior. While a long-standing research tradition has established two opposing fundamental views of perceptual representation, Structuralism and Gestalt psychology, we test both accounts with respect to action representation: Are multiple actions (characterizing human behavior in general) represented as the sum of their component actions (Structuralist view) or holistically (Gestalt view)? Using a single-/dual-response switch paradigm, we analyzed switches between dual ([A + B]) and single ([A], [B]) responses across different effector systems and revealed comparable performance in partial repetitions and full switches of behavioral requirements (e.g., in [A + B] → [A] vs. [B] → [A], or [A] → [A + B] vs. [B] → [A + B]), but only when the presence of dimensional overlap between responses allows for Gestalt formation. This evidence for a Gestalt view of behavior in our paradigm challenges some fundamental assumptions in current (tacitly Structuralist) action control theories (in particular the idea that all actions are represented compositionally with reference to their components), provides a novel explanatory angle for understanding complex, highly synchronized human behavior (e.g., dance), and delimitates the degree to which complex behavior can be analyzed in terms of its basic components. KW - cognitive neuroscience KW - human behaviour KW - learning and memory Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357862 VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirsch, Wladimir A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - Human perception of spatial frequency varies with stimulus orientation and location in the visual field JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Neuroanatomical variations across the visual field of human observers go along with corresponding variations of the perceived coarseness of visual stimuli. Here we show that horizontal gratings are perceived as having lower spatial frequency than vertical gratings when occurring along the horizontal meridian of the visual field, whereas gratings occurring along the vertical meridian show the exact opposite effect. This finding indicates a new peculiarity of processes operating along the cardinal axes of the visual field. KW - neuroscience KW - psychology Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357888 VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirsch, Wladimir A1 - Kunde, Wilfried T1 - Changes in body perception following virtual object manipulation are accompanied by changes of the internal reference scale JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Changes in body perception often arise when observers are confronted with related yet discrepant multisensory signals. Some of these effects are interpreted as outcomes of sensory integration of various signals, whereas related biases are ascribed to learning-dependent recalibration of coding individual signals. The present study explored whether the same sensorimotor experience entails changes in body perception that are indicative of multisensory integration and those that indicate recalibration. Participants enclosed visual objects by a pair of visual cursors controlled by finger movements. Then either they judged their perceived finger posture (indicating multisensory integration) or they produced a certain finger posture (indicating recalibration). An experimental variation of the size of the visual object resulted in systematic and opposite biases of the perceived and produced finger distances. This pattern of results is consistent with the assumption that multisensory integration and recalibration had a common origin in the task we used. KW - human behaviour KW - perception Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357876 VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hilger, Kirsten A1 - Häge, Anne-Sophie A1 - Zedler, Christina A1 - Jost, Michael A1 - Pauli, Paul T1 - Virtual reality to understand pain-associated approach behaviour: a proof-of-concept study JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Pain-associated approach and avoidance behaviours are critically involved in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Empirical research suggests a key role of operant learning mechanisms, and first experimental paradigms were developed for their investigation within a controlled laboratory setting. We introduce a new Virtual Reality paradigm to the study of pain-related behaviour and investigate pain experiences on multiple dimensions. The paradigm evaluates the effects of three-tiered heat-pain stimuli applied contingent versus non-contingent with three types of arm movements in naturalistic virtual sceneries. Behaviour, self-reported pain-related fear, pain expectancy and electrodermal activity were assessed in 42 healthy participants during an acquisition phase (contingent movement-pain association) and a modification phase (no contingent movement-pain association). Pain-associated approach behaviour, as measured by arm movements followed by a severe heat stimulus, quickly decreased in-line with the arm movement-pain contingency. Slower effects were observed in fear of movement-related pain and pain expectancy ratings. During the subsequent modification phase, the removal of the pain contingencies modified all three indices. In both phases, skin conductance responses resemble the pattern observed for approach behaviour, while skin conductance levels equal the pattern observed for the self-ratings. Our findings highlight a fast reduction in approach behaviour in the face of acute pain and inform about accompanying psychological and physiological processes. We discuss strength and limitations of our paradigm for future investigations with the ultimate goal of gaining a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in chronic pain development, maintenance, and its therapy. KW - anxiety KW - human behaviour Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-357817 VL - 13 ER - TY - THES A1 - Glaser, Julia T1 - Nachhaltiges Lernen an der Hochschule: Untersuchungen zu Randbedingungen und Transfereffekten von digitalen Übungstests auf das Behalten von Lehrinhalten T1 - The Testing Effect in the Lecture Hall: How to Adapt it to Individual Characteristics and Situational Circumstances? N2 - Learning accompanies us throughout our lives, from early childhood education through school, training and university to learning at work. However, much of what we learn is quickly forgotten. The use of practice tests is a learning strategy that contributes to the acquisition of sustainable knowledge, i.e. knowledge that is permanently available and can be retrieved when it is needed. This dissertation first presents findings from previous research on testing in real educational contexts and discusses theoretically why certain learner or situational characteristics might influence the effectiveness of the testing effect. Furthermore, a cycle of three experiments is presented, which were used to investigate whether the positive effect of practice tests on retention (testing effect) depends on personal or situational characteristics and also promotes the retention of lecture content that was not directly tested (transfer) in the context of regular psychology lectures in teacher training courses. In an additional chapter, feedback from students on the implementation of the study in the classroom context is examined in more detail. Finally, the results of the three studies are discussed and placed in relation to the theories presented. The central conclusion from the studies presented is that the testing effect appears to be a very effective learning strategy that can be used effectively in university teaching and leads to better learning outcomes regardless of learner characteristics. However, the practice tests should cover the entire range of relevant content, as transfer effects to non-tested content are not to be expected. N2 - Lernen begleitet uns unser Leben lang, von der frühkindlichen Bildung über Schule, Ausbildung und Universität bis hin zum Lernen im Beruf. Vieles von dem, was wir lernen, wird aber rasch wieder vergessen. Die Nutzung von Übungstests ist eine Lernstrategie, die zum Erwerb nachhaltigen Wissens beiträgt, also Wissen, das dauerhaft zur Verfügung steht und abgerufen werden kann, wenn es benötigt wird. In dieser Dissertation werden zunächst Befunde aus der bisherigen Forschung zum Testen in realen Bildungskontexten vorgestellt und theoretisch erörtert, warum bestimmte Lerner- oder Situationsmerkmale die Effektivität des Testungseffekts beeinflussen könnten. Weiterhin wird ein Zyklus aus drei Experimenten vorgestellt, anhand derer im Rahmen regulärer Psychologievorlesungen im Lehramtsstudium erforscht wurde, ob der positive Effekt von Übungstests auf das Behalten (Testungseffekt) von Personen- oder Situationsmerkmalen abhängt und auch das Behalten von Vorlesungsinhalten fördert, die nicht direkt getestet wurden (Transfer). In einem Zusatzkapitel wird Feedback von Studierenden zur Umsetzung der Studie im Klassenraumkontext näher beleuchtet. Die Ergebnisse der drei Studien werden abschließend diskutiert und in Bezug zu vorgestellten Theorien gesetzt. Die zentrale Schlussfolgerung aus den vorgestellten Studien ist die Erkenntnis, dass der Testungseffekt eine sehr wirksame Lernstrategie zu sein scheint, die sich sinnvoll in der Hochschullehre einsetzen lässt und unabhängig von Lernermerkmalen zu besseren Lernergebnissen führt. Die Übungstests sollten aber die gesamte Bandbreite relevanter Inhalte abdecken, da Transfereffekte zu nicht getesteten Inhalten nicht zu erwarten sind. KW - Transfer KW - individual characteristics KW - retrieval practice KW - metacognitive activation KW - Metakognition KW - Hochschule KW - Lehrstoff KW - testing effect KW - transfer KW - practice testing KW - metacognition Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-358665 ER - TY - THES A1 - Hutterer, née Herzog, Katharina T1 - Treatment-like use of discrimination training to reduce generalization of conditioned fear T1 - Behandlungsähnlicher Einsatz eines Diskriminationstrainings zur Verringerung von Generalisierung konditionierter Furcht N2 - Anxiety patients overgeneralize fear, also because of an inability to perceptually discriminate threat and safety signals. Therefore, some studies have developed discrimination training that successfully reduced the occurrence of fear generalization. The present work is the first to take a treatment-like approach by using discrimination training after generalization has occurred. Therefore, two studies were conducted with healthy participants using the same fear conditioning and generalization paradigm, with two faces as conditioned stimuli (CSs), and four facial morphs between CSs as generalization stimuli (GSs). Only one face (CS+) was followed by a loud scream (unconditioned stimulus, US). In Study 1, participants underwent either fear-relevant (discriminating faces) or fear-irrelevant discrimination training (discriminating width of lines) or a non-discriminative control training between the two generalization tests, each with or without feedback (n = 20 each). Generalization of US expectancy was reduced more effectively by fear-relevant compared to fear-irrelevant discrimination training. However, neither discrimination training was more effective than non-discriminative control training. Moreover, feedback reduced generalization of US expectancy only in discrimination training. Study 2 was designed to replicate the effects of the discrimination-training conditions in a large sample (N = 244) and examine their benefits in individuals at risk for anxiety disorders. Again, feedback reduced fear generalization particularly well for US expectancy. Fear relevance was not confirmed to be particularly fear-reducing in healthy participants, but may enhance training effects in individuals at risk of anxiety disorder. In summary, this work provides evidence that existing fear generalization can be reduced by discrimination training, likely involving several (higher-level) processes besides perceptual discrimination (e.g., motivational mechanisms in feedback conditions). Its use may be promising as part of individualized therapy for patients with difficulty discriminating similar stimuli. N2 - Angstpatienten übergeneralisieren Furcht, unter anderem weil sie nicht in der Lage sind, Bedrohungs- und Sicherheitsreize zu unterscheiden. Daher wurde in einigen Studien ein Diskriminationstraining entwickelt, das das Auftreten von Furchtgeneralisierung erfolgreich reduzierte. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist die erste, die einen behandlungsähnlichen Ansatz verfolgt, indem sie Diskriminationstraining einsetzt, nachdem die Generalisierung stattgefunden hat. Zu diesem Zweck wurden zwei Studien mit gesunden Teilnehmern durchgeführt, die dasselbe Paradigma zur Furchtkonditionierung und -generalisierung verwendeten, mit zwei Gesichtern als konditionierte Stimuli (CSs) und vier Gesichtsmorphen zwischen den CS als Generalisierungsstimuli (GSs). Nur auf ein Gesicht (CS+) folgte ein lauter Schrei (unkonditionierter Stimulus, US). In Studie 1 durchliefen die Teilnehmer zwischen den beiden Generalisierungstests entweder ein furchtrelevantes (Unterscheidung von Gesichtern) oder ein furchtirrelevantes Diskriminationstraining (Unterscheidung der Breite von Linien) oder ein non-diskriminatives Kontrolltraining, jeweils mit oder ohne Feedback (jeweils n = 20). Die Generalisierung der US-Erwartung wurde durch furchtrelevante im Vergleich zu furchtirrelevanten Diskriminationstrainings effektiver reduziert. Keines der beiden Diskriminationstrainings war jedoch effektiver als ein non-diskriminatives Kontrolltraining. Darüber hinaus verringerte das Feedback die Generalisierung der US-Erwartung nur im Diskriminationstraining. Studie 2 sollte die Effekte der Diskriminationstrainingsbedingungen in einer großen Stichprobe (N = 244) replizieren und ihre Effekte bei Individuen mit einem Risiko für Angststörungen untersuchen. Auch hier reduzierte das Feedback die Furchtgeneralisierung besonders gut für die US-Erwartung. Die Furchtrelevanz erwies sich bei gesunden Teilnehmern nicht als besonders furchtreduzierend, könnte aber die Trainingseffekte bei Personen mit einem Risiko einer Angststörung verstärken. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass diese Arbeit Hinweise dafür liefert, dass bestehende Furchtgeneralisierung durch ein Diskriminationstraining reduziert werden kann, wobei wahrscheinlich mehrere Prozesse (höherer Ordnung) neben der perzeptuellen Diskrimination beteiligt sind (z. B. motivationale Mechanismen in den Feedback Bedingungen). Die Anwendung des Diskriminationstrainings als Teil einer individualisierten Therapie für Patienten mit Schwierigkeiten bei der Unterscheidung ähnlicher Stimuli könnte vielversprechend sein. KW - Furcht KW - Generalisierung KW - Diskriminationslernen KW - classical conditioning KW - fear generalization KW - discrimination training KW - Diskriminationstraining KW - Klassische Konditionierung Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-317286 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Smith Pasqualini, Marcia A1 - Macht, Michael A1 - Ellgring, Heiner T1 - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for People with Parkinson’s Disease and Caregivers : A Guide for Mental Health Professionals N2 - The need for mental health support within the Parkinson’s disease (PD) community has never been greater, yet many practitioners lack the knowledge or experience to address the unique challenges associated with PD. This book serves as a practical guide for mental health professionals to assist individuals with PD and caregivers through the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy techniques, with the goal of enhancing their well-being and quality of life. The book includes a review of information about PD and mental health, and four structured group programs designed to address issues that are common in people with PD and caregivers: • Coping with stress and illness • Communicating about PD • Emotional expression in PD • Interventions for caregivers The programs presented in this book can be utilized as they are, personalized for individual use, or adapted for research protocols. Additionally, the information can serve as a valuable resource for people with PD and their family members, who can learn about PD and be introduced to evidence-based strategies that can be used conjointly with professionals to improve their experience of living with PD. KW - Parkinson-Krankheit KW - Psychotherapie KW - Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie KW - Kommunikationstraining KW - Stressbewältigung KW - Parkinson-Erkrankung KW - Parkinson’s Disease KW - Training von Patienten und Angehörigen KW - psychotherapy KW - cognitive-behavioral therapy KW - patient and caregiver education KW - psychological interventions KW - communication training KW - stress management Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-345196 SN - 978-3-95826-226-3 SN - 978-3-95826-227-0 N1 - Parallel erschienen als Druckausgabe bei Würzburg University Press, ISBN 978-3-95826-226-3, 34,90 Euro. PB - Würzburg University Press CY - Würzburg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lawitschka, Anita A1 - Brunmair, Matthias A1 - Bauer, Dorothea A1 - Zubarovskaya, Natalia A1 - Felder-Puig, Rosemarie A1 - Strahm, Brigitte A1 - Bader, Peter A1 - Strauss, Gabriele A1 - Albert, Michael A1 - Luettichau, Irene von A1 - Greinix, Hildegard A1 - Wolff, Daniel A1 - Peters, Christina T1 - Psychometric properties of the Activities Scale for Kids-performance after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in adolescents and children BT - Results of a prospective study on behalf of the German-Austrian-Swiss GVHD Consortium JF - Wiener klinische Wochenschrift N2 - Background The psychometric properties of an instrument, the Activity Scale for Kids-performance (ASKp), were assessed which was proposed to capture physical functioning after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Additionally, this multicenter observational prospective study investigated the influence of clinical correlates focusing on chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). Methods Patient-reported ASKp, clinician-reported Karnofsky/Lansky status (KPS/PSS), patient characteristics and cGVHD details were assessed of 55 patients with a median age of 12 years at baseline after day +100 post-HSCT and every 3 months during the next 18 months. The psychometric properties were evaluated and ASKp and KPS/PSS status was compared using ANOVAS and multiple regression models. Results The German version of the ASKp showed good psychometric properties except for ceiling effects. Discrimination ability of the ASKp was good regarding the need for devices but failed to predict cGVHD patients. Both the ASKp and the KPS/PSS were associated with patients after adoptive cell therapy being in need for devices, suffering from overlap cGVHD and from steroid side effects but not with patients’ age and gender. In contrast to the KPS/PSS the ASKp only showed significant differences after merging moderate and severe cGHVD patients when comparing them to No-cGVHD (F = 4.050; p = 0.049), being outperformed by the KPS/PSS (F = 20.082; p < 0.001). Conclusion The ASKp showed no clear advantages compared to KPS/PSS even though economical and patients’ effort was higher. Further application range may be limited through ceiling effects. Both should be taken into consideration. Therefore, the results may not support the usage of ASKp after HSCT and rather suggest KPS/PSS, both patient and clinician reported. KW - physical functioning KW - cancer patients KW - AYAs KW - GVHD Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-281100 VL - 133 IS - 1-2 ER -