TY - JOUR A1 - Platte, Petra A1 - Herbert, Cornelia A1 - Pauli, Paul A1 - Breslin, Paul A. S. T1 - Oral Perceptions of Fat and Taste Stimuli Are Modulated by Affect and Mood Induction JF - PLoS ONE N2 - This study examined the impact of three clinical psychological variables (non-pathological levels of depression and anxiety, as well as experimentally manipulated mood) on fat and taste perception in healthy subjects. After a baseline orosensory evaluation, ‘sad’, ‘happy’ and ‘neutral’ video clips were presented to induce corresponding moods in eighty participants. Following mood manipulation, subjects rated five different oral stimuli, appearing sweet, umami, sour, bitter, fatty, which were delivered at five different concentrations each. Depression levels were assessed with Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) and anxiety levels were assessed via the Spielberger’s STAI-trait and state questionnaire. Overall, subjects were able to track the concentrations of the stimuli correctly, yet depression level affected taste ratings. First, depression scores were positively correlated with sucrose ratings. Second, subjects with depression scores above the sample median rated sucrose and quinine as more intense after mood induction (positive, negative and neutral). Third and most important, the group with enhanced depression scores did not rate low and high fat stimuli differently after positive or negative mood induction, whereas, during baseline or during the non-emotional neutral condition they rated the fat intensity as increasing with concentration. Consistent with others’ prior observations we also found that sweet and bitter stimuli at baseline were rated as more intense by participants with higher anxiety scores and that after positive and negative mood induction, citric acid was rated as stronger tasting compared to baseline. The observation that subjects with mild subclinical depression rated low and high fat stimuli similarly when in positive or negative mood is novel and likely has potential implications for unhealthy eating patterns. This deficit may foster unconscious eating of fatty foods in sub-clinical mildly depressed populations. KW - analysis of variance KW - anxiety KW - citric acid KW - depression KW - glutamate KW - quinine KW - sensory perception KW - sucrose Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96421 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meule, Adrian A1 - Fath, Katharina A1 - Real, Ruben G. L. A1 - Sütterlin, Stefan A1 - Vögele, Claus A1 - Kübler, Andrea T1 - Quality of life, emotion regulation, and heart rate variability in individuals with intellectual disabilities and concomitant impaired vision JF - Psychology of Well-Being: Theory, Research and Practice N2 - Background Positive associations have been found between quality of life, emotion regulation strategies, and heart rate variability (HRV) in people without intellectual disabilities. However, emotion regulation and HRV have rarely been investigated in people with intellectual disabilities. Assessment of subjectively reported quality of life and emotion regulation strategies in this population is even more difficult when participants are also visually impaired. Methods Subjective and objective quality of life, emotion regulation strategies, and HRV at rest were measured in a sample of people with intellectual disabilities and concomitant impaired vision (N = 35). Heart rate was recorded during a 10 min resting period. For the assessment of quality of life and emotion regulation, custom made tactile versions of questionnaire-based instruments were used that enabled participants to grasp response categories. Results The combined use of reappraisal and suppression as emotion regulation strategies was associated with higher HRV and quality of life. HRV was associated with objective quality of life only. Emotion regulation strategies partially mediated the relationship between HRV and quality of life. Conclusions Results replicate findings about associations between quality of life, emotion regulation, and HRV and extend them to individuals with intellectual disabilities. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that quality of life and emotion regulation could be assessed in such populations even with concomitant impaired vision with modified tactile versions of established questionnaires. HRV may be used as a physiological index to evaluate physical and affective conditions in this population. KW - Quality of life KW - Emotion regulation KW - Heart rate variability KW - Cardiac autonomic regulation KW - Intellectual disability KW - Impaired vision Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-96247 UR - http://www.psywb.com/content/3/1/1 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kaufmann, Tobias T1 - Brain-computer interfaces based on event-related potentials: toward fast, reliable and easy-to-use communication systems for people with neurodegenerative disease T1 - Gehirn-Computer Schnittstellen basierend auf ereigniskorrelierten Potentialen: Entwicklung von schnellen, zuverlässigen und leicht zu bedienenden Kommunikationssystemen für Menschen mit neurodegenerativer Erkrankung N2 - Objective: Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) provide a muscle independent interaction channel making them particularly valuable for individuals with severe motor impairment. Thus, different BCI systems and applications have been proposed as assistive technology (AT) solutions for such patients. The most prominent system for communication utilizes event-related potentials (ERP) obtained from the electroencephalogram (EEG) to allow for communication on a character-by-character basis. Yet in their current state of technology, daily life use cases of such systems are rare. In addition to the high EEG preparation effort, one of the main reasons is the low information throughput compared to other existing AT solutions. Furthermore, when testing BCI systems in patients, a performance drop is usually observed compared to healthy users. Patients often display a low signal-to-noise ratio of the recorded EEG and detection of brain responses may be aggravated due to internally (e.g. spasm) or externally induced artifacts (e.g. from ventilation devices). Consequently, practical BCI systems need to cope with mani-fold inter-individual differences. Whilst these high demands lead to increasing complexity of the technology, daily life use of BCI systems requires straightforward setup including an easy-to-use graphical user interface that nonprofessionals can handle without expert support. Research questions of this thesis: This dissertation project aimed at bringing forward BCI technology toward a possible integration into end-users' daily life. Four basic research questions were addressed: (1) Can we identify performance predictors so that we can provide users with individual BCI solutions without the need of multiple, demanding testing sessions? (2) Can we provide complex BCI technology in an automated, user-friendly and easy-to-use manner, so that BCIs can be used without expert support at end-users' homes? (3) How can we account for and improve the low information transfer rates as compared to other existing assistive technology solutions? (4) How can we prevent the performance drop often seen when bringing BCI technology that was tested in healthy users to those with severe motor impairment? Results and discussion: (1) Heart rate variability (HRV) as an index of inhibitory control (i.e. the ability to allocate attention resources and inhibit distracting stimuli) was significantly related to ERP-BCI performance and accounted for almost 26% of variance. HRV is easy to assess from short heartbeat recordings and may thus serve as a performance predictor for ERP-BCIs. Due to missing software solutions for appropriate processing of artifacts in heartbeat data (electrocardiogram and inter-beat interval data), our own tool was developed that is available free of charge. To date, more than 100 researchers worldwide have requested the tool. Recently, a new version was developed and released together with a website (www.artiifact.de). (2) Furthermore, a study of this thesis demonstrated that BCI technology can be incorporated into easy-to-use software, including auto-calibration and predictive text entry. Naïve, healthy nonprofessionals were able to control the software without expert support and successfully spelled words using the auto-calibrated BCI. They reported that software handling was straightforward and that they would be able to explain the system to others. However, future research is required to study transfer of the results to patient samples. (3) The commonly used ERP-BCI paradigm was significantly improved. Instead of simply highlighting visually displayed characters as is usually done, pictures of famous faces were used as stimulus material. As a result, specific brain potentials involved in face recognition and face processing were elicited. The event-related EEG thus displayed an increased signal-to-noise ratio, which facilitated the detection of ERPs extremely well. Consequently, BCI performance was significantly increased. (4) The good results of this new face-flashing paradigm achieved with healthy participants transferred well to users with neurodegenerative disease. Using a face paradigm boosted information throughput. Importantly, two users who were highly inefficient with the commonly used paradigm displayed high accuracy when exposed to the face paradigm. The increased signal-to-noise ratio of the recorded EEG thus helped them to overcome their BCI inefficiency. Significance: The presented work at hand (1) successfully identified a physiological predictor of ERP-BCI performance, (2) proved the technology ready to be operated by naïve nonprofessionals without expert support, (3) significantly improved the commonly used spelling paradigm and (4) thereby displayed a way to effectively prevent BCI inefficiency in patients with neurodegenerative disease. Additionally, missing software solutions for appropriate handling of artifacts in heartbeat data encouraged development of our own software tool that is available to the research community free of charge. In sum, this thesis significantly improved current BCI technology and enhanced our understanding of physiological correlates of BCI performance. N2 - Zielsetzung: Gehirn-Computer Schnittstellen (engl. Brain-Computer Interface, BCI) bilden einen muskel-unabhängigen Interaktionskanal, was sie besonders für Menschen mit starken, motorischen Einschränkungen wertvoll macht. Daher wurden verschiedene BCI-Systeme und -Anwendungen als unterstützende Technologien (UT) für diese Patienten vorgeschlagen. Das am häufigsten verwendete System zu Kommunikationszwecken basiert auf ereigniskorrelierten Potentialen (EKP) des Elektroenzephalogramms (EEG) und ermöglicht es Buchstabe für Buchstabe zu kommunizieren. Zum derzeitigen Stand der Technik sind Berichte über alltägliche Verwendung von BCI-Systemen jedoch selten. Zusätzlich zu dem hohen Präparationsaufwand, der mit dem Messen eines EEGs verbunden ist, ist eine der Hauptursachen der verhältnismäßig geringe Informationstransfer im Vergleich zu anderen existierenden UT-Lösungen. Zudem wird häufig beobachtet, dass das BCI-Kontrollvermögen bei Patienten deutlich niedriger ist als bei gesunden Nutzern. Das EEG von Patienten weißt häufig ein niedrigeres Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis auf und die Erkennung von Hirnantworten kann durch interne (z. B. Spasmus) oder externe Artefakte (z. B. von einem Beatmungsgerät herrührend) zusätzlich erschwert werden. Somit müssen praxisrelevante BCI-Systeme mit einer Vielfalt von interindividuellen Unterschieden klar kommen. Obschon diese hohen Anforderungen zu einer zunehmend komplexeren Technologie führen, erfordert der Alltagsgebrauch von BCI-Systemen einen einfachen Aufbau inklusive leicht zu bedienender, grafischer Benutzeroberfläche, die von Laien, ohne Unterstützung von Experten, bedient werden kann. Forschungsfragestellungen dieser Dissertationsschrift: Das Dissertationsprojekt bezweckte die Weiterentwicklung von BCI-Systemen, um den Weg für eine Integration in das tägliche Leben von Benutzern zu bahnen. Vier grundlegende Forschungsfragestellungen wurden adressiert: (1) Können Prädiktoren des BCI-Kontrollvermögens gefunden werden, sodass Nutzer mit individuell angepassten BCI-Lösungen versorgt werden können, ohne dass mehrfache, anstrengende Testsitzungen notwendig sind? (2) Kann komplexe BCI-Technologie auf automatisierte, nutzerfreundliche und leicht zu bedienende Weise bereitgestellt werden, sodass BCIs, ohne die Unterstützung von Experten, zuhause verwendet werden können? (3) Wie kann man den im Vergleich zu anderen existierenden UT-Lösungen niedrigen Informationstransferraten begegnen und sie erhöhen? (4) Wie kann ein Abfall des Kontrollvermögens verhindert werden, der häufig in Erscheinung tritt, wenn man BCI-Technologie, die an Gesunden getestet wurde, zu Patienten mit starken motorischen Einschränkungen bringt? Ergebnisse und Diskussion: (1) Herzratenvariabilität als Index des inhibitorischen Kontrollvermögens (die Fähigkeit Aufmerksamkeitsressourcen bereitzustellen und ablenkende Reize zu inhibieren) wurde zu EKP-BCI-Kontrollvermögen in einen signifikanten Bezug gesetzt und klärte beinahe 26% der Varianz auf. HRV ist leicht aus kurzen Aufzeichnungen des Herzschlags zu erheben und könnte daher als Prädiktor des EKP-BCI-Kontrollvermögens dienen. Aufgrund fehlender Softwarelösungen für angemessene Artefaktbehandlung in Aufzeichnungen des Herzschlags (Elektrokardiogramm und Interbeat-Intervall Daten) wurde ein eigenes Programm entwickelt, das frei erhältlich ist. Bis heute wurde es von mehr als 100 Wissenschaftlern weltweit angefordert. Unlängst wurde zudem eine neue Version entwickelt, die zusammen mit einer Website veröffentlicht wurde (www.artiifact.de). (2) Des Weiteren zeigte eine Studie dieser Dissertation, dass BCI-Technologie samt Auto-Kalibration und Wortvervollständigung in eine leicht zu bedienende Software integriert werden kann. Ungeschulte, gesunde Probanden waren in der Lage die Software ohne Unterstützung von Experten zu bedienen und buchstabierten mit dem auto-kalibrierten BCI erfolgreich Wörter. Sie gaben an, dass die Bedienung der Software leicht zu tätigen sei und dass sie in der Lage wären, das System anderen zu erklären. Jedoch muss zukünftige Forschung klären, ob sich die Ergebnisse auf Patienten übertragen lassen. (3) Das häufig verwendete EKP-BCI-Paradigma wurde signifikant verbessert. Statt - wie normalerweise getätigt - visuell präsentierte Buchstaben einfach aufleuchten zu lassen, wurden Bilder berühmter Gesichter als Stimulationsmaterial verwendet. Hierdurch wurden spezifische Gehirnpotentiale der Gesichtserkennung und -verarbeitung ausgelöst. Das ereigniskorrelierte EEG wies daher ein höheres Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis auf, was die Detektion von EKPs stark vereinfachte. Infolgedessen war das BCI-Kontrollvermögen signifikant erhöht. (4) Die guten Ergebnisse dieses neuen Gesichter-Stimulus-Paradigmas, die mit gesunden Probanden erreicht wurden, ließen sich gut auf Patienten mit neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen übertragen. Die Verwendung eines Gesichter-Paradigmas erhöhte den Informationstransfer erheblich. Zwei Nutzer, die sehr ineffizient im Umgang mit dem herkömmlichen BCI-System waren, erreichten zudem ein hohes Kontrollvermögen mit dem Gesichter-Paradigma. Das erhöhte Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis des aufgezeichneten EEGs half ihnen somit ihre BCI Ineffizienz zu überwinden. Signifikanz: Die hier vorgestellte Arbeit (1) identifizierte einen physiologischen Prädiktor des EKP-BCI-Kontrollvermögens, (2) zeigte, dass die Technologie bereit ist für die Verwendung durch ungeschulte Laien ohne Unterstützung von Experten, (3) verbesserte das herkömmliche Kommunikationsparadigma signifikant, und (4) zeigte hierdurch einen Weg auf, die BCI Ineffizienz von Patienten mit neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen effektiv zu verhindern. Die fehlende Softwarelösung zur angemessenen Behandlung von Artefakten in Aufzeichnungen des Herzschlags animierte zudem zur Entwicklung einer eigenen Anwendung, die der Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft kostenfrei zur Verfügung gestellt wird. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass dieses Dissertationsprojekt somit derzeitige BCI-Technologie signifikant verbesserte und unser Verständnis physiologischer Korrelate des BCI-Kontrollvermögens erweiterte. KW - Gehirn-Computer-Schnittstelle KW - Herzfrequenzvariabilität KW - Nervendegeneration KW - BCI KW - HRV Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-83441 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herbert, Cornelia A1 - Kübler, Andrea A1 - Vögele, Klaus T1 - Risk for Eating Disorders Modulates Startle-Responses to Body Words N2 - Body image disturbances are core symptoms of eating disorders (EDs). Recent evidence suggests that changes in body image may occur prior to ED onset and are not restricted to in-vivo exposure (e.g. mirror image), but also evident during presentation of abstract cues such as body shape and weight-related words. In the present study startle modulation, heart rate and subjective evaluations were examined during reading of body words and neutral words in 41 student female volunteers screened for risk of EDs. The aim was to determine if responses to body words are attributable to a general negativity bias regardless of ED risk or if activated, ED relevant negative body schemas facilitate priming of defensive responses. Heart rate and word ratings differed between body words and neutral words in the whole female sample, supporting a general processing bias for body weight and shape-related concepts in young women regardless of ED risk. Startle modulation was specifically related to eating disorder symptoms, as was indicated by significant positive correlations with self-reported body dissatisfaction. These results emphasize the relevance of examining body schema representations as a function of ED risk across different levels of responding. Peripheral-physiological measures such as the startle reflex could possibly be used as predictors of females’ risk for developing EDs in the future. KW - Psychologie Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-78140 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Halder, Sebastian A1 - Hammer, Eva Maria A1 - Kleih, Sonja Claudia A1 - Bogdan, Martin A1 - Rosenstiel, Wolfgang A1 - Birbaumer, Nils A1 - Kübler, Andrea T1 - Prediction of Auditory and Visual P300 Brain-Computer Interface Aptitude N2 - Objective: Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) provide a non-muscular communication channel for patients with late-stage motoneuron disease (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)) or otherwise motor impaired people and are also used for motor rehabilitation in chronic stroke. Differences in the ability to use a BCI vary from person to person and from session to session. A reliable predictor of aptitude would allow for the selection of suitable BCI paradigms. For this reason, we investigated whether P300 BCI aptitude could be predicted from a short experiment with a standard auditory oddball. Methods: Forty healthy participants performed an electroencephalography (EEG) based visual and auditory P300-BCI spelling task in a single session. In addition, prior to each session an auditory oddball was presented. Features extracted from the auditory oddball were analyzed with respect to predictive power for BCI aptitude. Results: Correlation between auditory oddball response and P300 BCI accuracy revealed a strong relationship between accuracy and N2 amplitude and the amplitude of a late ERP component between 400 and 600 ms. Interestingly, the P3 amplitude of the auditory oddball response was not correlated with accuracy. Conclusions: Event-related potentials recorded during a standard auditory oddball session moderately predict aptitude in an audiory and highly in a visual P300 BCI. The predictor will allow for faster paradigm selection. Significance: Our method will reduce strain on patients because unsuccessful training may be avoided, provided the results can be generalized to the patient population. KW - Psychologie Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-77992 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herbort, Oliver A1 - Butz, Martin V. T1 - Too good to be true? Ideomotor theory from a computational perspective N2 - In recent years, Ideomotor Theory has regained widespread attention and sparked the development of a number of theories on goal-directed behavior and learning. However, there are two issues with previous studies’ use of Ideomotor Theory. Although Ideomotor Theory is seen as very general, it is often studied in settings that are considerably more simplistic than most natural situations. Moreover, Ideomotor Theory’s claim that effect anticipations directly trigger actions and that action-effect learning is based on the formation of direct action-effect associations is hard to address empirically. We address these points from a computational perspective. A simple computational model of Ideomotor Theory was tested in tasks with different degrees of complexity.The model evaluation showed that Ideomotor Theory is a computationally feasible approach for understanding efficient action-effect learning for goal-directed behavior if the following preconditions are met: (1) The range of potential actions and effects has to be restricted. (2) Effects have to follow actions within a short time window. (3) Actions have to be simple and may not require sequencing. The first two preconditions also limit human performance and thus support Ideomotor Theory. The last precondition can be circumvented by extending the model with more complex, indirect action generation processes. In conclusion, we suggest that IdeomotorTheory offers a comprehensive framework to understand action-effect learning. However, we also suggest that additional processes may mediate the conversion of effect anticipations into actions in many situations. KW - Psychologie KW - ideomotor theory KW - associative learning KW - computational model KW - planning KW - consolidation Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76383 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wieser, Mattias J. A1 - Brosch, Tobias T1 - Faces in context: A review and systematization of contextual influences on affective face processing N2 - Facial expressions are of eminent importance for social interaction as they convey information about other individuals’ emotions and social intentions. According to the predominant “basic emotion” approach, the perception of emotion in faces is based on the rapid, auto- matic categorization of prototypical, universal expressions. Consequently, the perception of facial expressions has typically been investigated using isolated, de-contextualized, static pictures of facial expressions that maximize the distinction between categories. However, in everyday life, an individual’s face is not perceived in isolation, but almost always appears within a situational context, which may arise from other people, the physical environment surrounding the face, as well as multichannel information from the sender. Furthermore, situational context may be provided by the perceiver, including already present social infor- mation gained from affective learning and implicit processing biases such as race bias.Thus, the perception of facial expressions is presumably always influenced by contextual vari- ables. In this comprehensive review, we aim at (1) systematizing the contextual variables that may influence the perception of facial expressions and (2) summarizing experimental paradigms and findings that have been used to investigate these influences. The studies reviewed here demonstrate that perception and neural processing of facial expressions are substantially modified by contextual information, including verbal, visual, and auditory information presented together with the face as well as knowledge or processing biases already present in the observer. These findings further challenge the assumption of auto- matic, hardwired categorical emotion extraction mechanisms predicted by basic emotion theories. Taking into account a recent model on face processing, we discuss where and when these different contextual influences may take place, thus outlining potential avenues in future research. KW - Psychologie KW - facial expression KW - face perception KW - emotion KW - context KW - “basic emotion” Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76351 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schubert, Lisa T1 - The Respective Impact of Stimulus Valence and Processing Fluency on Evaluative Judgments in Stereotype Disconfirmation T1 - Der relative Einfluss von Stimulusvalenz und Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit auf evaluative Urteile im Stereotypkontext N2 - Both specific stimulus valence and unspecific processing dynamics can influence evaluative responses. Eight experiments investigated their respective influence on evaluative judgments in the domain of stereotyping. Valence of stereotypic information and consistency-driven fluency were manipulated in an impression formation paradigm. When information about the to-be-evaluated target person was strongly valenced, no effects of consistency-driven fluency were observed. Higher cognitive processes, valence of inconsistent attributes, processing priority of category information, and impression formation instructions were ruled out as possible factors responsible for the non-occurrence of fluency effects. However, consistency-driven fluency did influence the evaluative judgment, if the information about a target person was not strongly valenced. It is therefore concluded that both stimulus valence and consistency-driven processing fluency play a role in evaluative judgments in the domain of stereotyping. The respective impact of stimulus valence is much stronger than the impact of unspecific processing dynamics, however. Implications for fluency research and the applied field of stereotype change are discussed. N2 - Sowohl Stimulusvalenz als auch unspezifische Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit können evaluative Urteile beeinflussen. In acht Experimenten wurde ihr relativer Einfluss im Stereotypkontext untersucht. Hierzu wurden in einem Eindrucksbildungsparadigma die Valenz von stereotypisierender Information und die konsistenzbasierte Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit manipuliert. Im Falle starker Stimulusvalenz der Information über die zu bewertende Person hatte konsistenzbasierte Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit keinen Einfluss auf das evaluative Urteil. Höhere kognitive Prozesse, Valenz der inkonsistenten Eigenschaften, Dominanz von kategorialer Information und Eindrucksbildungsinstruktionen konnten als mögliche Erklärungen für das Ausbleiben von Effekten der Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit ausgeschlossen werden. Konsistenzbasierte Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit hatte allerdings einen Einfluss auf evaluative Urteile, wenn Stimuli keine starke Wertigkeit aufwiesen. Daraus wird geschlossen, dass sowohl Stimulusvalenz als auch unspezifische Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit bei evaluativen Urteilen im Stereotypkontext eine Rolle spielen. Der relative Einfluss von Stimulusvalenz ist jedoch deutlich stärker als der Einfluss von Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit. Implikationen für Theorien der Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit und für die Anwendung im Bereich der Stereotypveränderung werden diskutiert. KW - Vorurteil KW - Eindrucksbildung KW - Verarbeitungsflüssigkeit KW - Stereotype KW - Psychology KW - Person Perception KW - Fluency KW - Stereotypes KW - Informationsverarbeitung KW - Psychologie Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-77426 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haering, Carola A1 - Kiesel, Andrea T1 - Mine is earlier than yours: Causal beliefs influence the perceived time of action effects N2 - When a key press causes a stimulus, the key press is perceived later and the stimulus earlier than key presses and stimuli presented independently. This bias in time perception has been linked to the intention to produce the effect and thus been called intentional binding (IB). In recent studies it has been shown that the IB effect is stronger when participants believed that they caused the effect stimulus compared to when they believed that another person caused the effect (Desantis et al., 2011). In this experiment we ask whether causal beliefs influence the perceived time of an effect when the putative effect occurs temporally close to another stimulus that is also an effect. In our study two participants performed the same task on connected computers with separate screens. Each trial started synchro- nously on both computers. When a participant pressed a key, a red and a yellow stimulus appeared as action effects simultaneously or with a slight delay of up to 50 ms. The partic- ipants’ task was to judge the temporal order of these two effect stimuli. Participants were either told that one participant caused one of the two stimuli while the other participant seated at the other computer caused the other stimulus, or each participant was told that he/she caused both stimuli. The different causal beliefs changed the perceived time of the effects’ appearance relative to each other. When participants believed they each caused one effect, their “own” effect was perceived earlier than the other participant’s effect. When the participants believed each caused both effects, no difference in the perceived temporal order of the red and yellow effect was found. These results confirm that higher order causal beliefs change the perceived time of an action effect even in a setting in which the occurrence of the putative effect can be directly compared to a reference stimulus. KW - Psychologie KW - intentional binding KW - causal belief KW - causality KW - temporal order judgments KW - TOJ KW - agency Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76229 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Janczyk, Markus A1 - Heinemann, Alexander A1 - Pfister, Roland T1 - Instant attraction: Immediate action-effect bindings occur for both, stimulus- and goal-driven actions N2 - Flexible behavior is only possible if contingencies between own actions and following environmental effects are acquired as quickly as possible; and recent findings indeed point toward an immediate formation of action-effect bindings already after a single coupling of an action and its effect. The present study explored whether these short-term bindings occur for both, stimulus- and goal-driven actions (“forced-choice actions” vs. “free-choice actions”). Two experiments confirmed that immediate action-effect bindings are formed for both types of actions and affect upcoming behavior. These findings support the view that action-effect binding is a ubiquitous phenomenon which occurs for any type of action. KW - Psychologie KW - ideomotor theory KW - action planning KW - free-choice KW - forced-choice KW - action-effects KW - binding Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76203 ER -