TY - JOUR A1 - Brill, Martin F. A1 - Meyer, Anneke A1 - Roessler, Wolfgang T1 - It takes two—coincidence coding within the dual olfactory pathway of the honeybee JF - Frontiers in Physiology N2 - To rapidly process biologically relevant stimuli, sensory systems have developed a broad variety of coding mechanisms like parallel processing and coincidence detection. Parallel processing (e.g., in the visual system), increases both computational capacity and processing speed by simultaneously coding different aspects of the same stimulus. Coincidence detection is an efficient way to integrate information from different sources. Coincidence has been shown to promote associative learning and memory or stimulus feature detection (e.g., in auditory delay lines). Within the dual olfactory pathway of the honeybee both of these mechanisms might be implemented by uniglomerular projection neurons (PNs) that transfer information from the primary olfactory centers, the antennal lobe (AL), to a multimodal integration center, the mushroom body (MB). PNs from anatomically distinct tracts respond to the same stimulus space, but have different physiological properties, characteristics that are prerequisites for parallel processing of different stimulus aspects. However, the PN pathways also display mirror-imaged like anatomical trajectories that resemble neuronal coincidence detectors as known from auditory delay lines. To investigate temporal processing of olfactory information, we recorded PN odor responses simultaneously from both tracts and measured coincident activity of PNs within and between tracts. Our results show that coincidence levels are different within each of the two tracts. Coincidence also occurs between tracts, but to a minor extent compared to coincidence within tracts. Taken together our findings support the relevance of spike timing in coding of olfactory information (temporal code). KW - olfaction KW - mushroom body KW - insect KW - coincidence KW - multi-electrode-recording KW - antennal lobe Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126179 VL - 6 IS - 208 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chen, Yi-chun A1 - Gerber, Bertram T1 - Generalization and discrimination tasks yield concordant measures of perceived distance between odours and their binary mixtures in larval Drosophila JF - The Journal of Experimental Biology N2 - Similarity between odours is notoriously difficult to measure. Widely used behavioural approaches in insect olfaction research are cross-adaptation, masking, as well as associative tasks based on olfactory learning and the subsequent testing for how specific the established memory is. A concern with such memory-based approaches is that the learning process required to establish an odour memory may alter the way the odour is processed, such that measures of perception taken at the test are distorted. The present study was therefore designed to see whether behavioural judgements of perceptual distance are different for two different memory-based tasks, namely generalization and discrimination. We used odour-reward learning in larval Drosophila as a study case. In order to challenge the larvae's olfactory system, we chose to work with binary mixtures and their elements (1-octanol, n-amyl acetate, 3-octanol, benzaldehyde and hexyl acetate). We determined the perceptual distance between each mixture and its elements, first in a generalization task, and then in a discrimination task. It turns out that scores of perceptual distance are correlated between both tasks. A re-analysis of published studies looking at element-to-element perceptual distances in larval reward learning and in adult punishment learning confirms this result. We therefore suggest that across a given set of olfactory stimuli, associative training does not grossly alter the pattern of perceptual distances. KW - discrimination KW - drosophila melanogaster KW - generalization KW - memory KW - olfaction KW - perception Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121625 VL - 217 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Falibene, Agustina A1 - Roces, Flavio A1 - Rössler, Wolfgang T1 - Long-term avoidance memory formation is associated with a transient increase in mushroom body synaptic complexes in leaf-cutting ants JF - Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience N2 - Long-term behavioral changes related to learning and experience have been shown to be associated with structural remodeling in the brain. Leaf-cutting ants learn to avoid previously preferred plants after they have proved harmful for their symbiotic fungus, a process that involves long-term olfactory memory. We studied the dynamics of brain microarchitectural changes after long-term olfactory memory formation following avoidance learning in Acromyrmex ambiguus. After performing experiments to control for possible neuronal changes related to age and body size, we quantified synaptic complexes (microglomeruli, MG) in olfactory regions of the mushroom bodies (MBs) at different times after learning. Long-term avoidance memory formation was associated with a transient change in MG densities. Two days after learning, MG density was higher than before learning. At days 4 and 15 after learning—when ants still showed plant avoidance—MG densities had decreased to the initial state. The structural reorganization of MG triggered by long-term avoidance memory formation clearly differed from changes promoted by pure exposure to and collection of novel plants with distinct odors. Sensory exposure by the simultaneous collection of several, instead of one, non-harmful plant species resulted in a decrease in MG densities in the olfactory lip. We hypothesize that while sensory exposure leads to MG pruning in the MB olfactory lip, the formation of long-term avoidance memory involves an initial growth of new MG followed by subsequent pruning. KW - microglomeruli KW - olfaction KW - avoidance learning KW - leaf-cutting ants KW - acromyrmex ambiguus KW - synaptic plasticity KW - mushroom body Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-125522 VL - 9 IS - 84 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Falibene, Augustina A1 - Roces, Flavio A1 - Rössler, Wolfgang T1 - Long-term avoidance memory formation is associated with a transient increase in mushroom body synaptic complexes in leaf-cutting ants JF - Frontiers in Behavioural Neuroscience N2 - Long-term behavioral changes related to learning and experience have been shown to be associated with structural remodeling in the brain. Leaf-cutting ants learn to avoid previously preferred plants after they have proved harmful for their symbiotic fungus, a process that involves long-term olfactory memory. We studied the dynamics of brain microarchitectural changes after long-term olfactory memory formation following avoidance learning in Acromyrmex ambiguus. After performing experiments to control for possible neuronal changes related to age and body size, we quantified synaptic complexes (microglomeruli, MG) in olfactory regions of the mushroom bodies (MB) at different times after learning. Long-term avoidance memory formation was associated with a transient change in MG densities. Two days after learning, MG density was higher than before learning. At days 4 and 15 after learning when ants still showed plant avoidance MG densities had decreased to the initial state. The structural reorganization of MG triggered by long-term avoidance memory formation clearly differed from changes promoted by pure exposure to and collection of novel plants with distinct odors. Sensory exposure by the simultaneous collection of several, instead of one, non-harmful plant species resulted in a decrease in MG densities in the olfactory lip. We hypothesize that while sensory exposure leads to MG pruning in the MB olfactory lip, the formation of long-term avoidance memory involves an initial growth of new MG followed by subsequent pruning. KW - Acromyrmex ambiguus KW - leaf-cutting ants KW - avoidance learning KW - olfaction KW - honeybee KW - microglomeruli KW - mushroom body KW - synaptic plasticity Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-148763 VL - 9 IS - 84 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Falibene, Augustine A1 - Roces, Flavio A1 - Rössler, Wolfgang A1 - Groh, Claudia T1 - Daily Thermal Fluctuations Experienced by Pupae via Rhythmic Nursing Behavior Increase Numbers of Mushroom Body Microglomeruli in the Adult Ant Brain JF - Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience N2 - Social insects control brood development by using different thermoregulatory strategies. Camponotus mus ants expose their brood to daily temperature fluctuations by translocating them inside the nest following a circadian rhythm of thermal preferences. At the middle of the photophase brood is moved to locations at 30.8°C; 8 h later, during the night, the brood is transferred back to locations at 27.5°C. We investigated whether daily thermal fluctuations experienced by developing pupae affect the neuroarchitecture in the adult brain, in particular in sensory input regions of the mushroom bodies (MB calyces). The complexity of synaptic microcircuits was estimated by quantifying MB-calyx volumes together with densities of presynaptic boutons of microglomeruli (MG) in the olfactory lip and visual collar regions. We compared young adult workers that were reared either under controlled daily thermal fluctuations of different amplitudes, or at different constant temperatures. Thermal regimes significantly affected the large (non-dense) olfactory lip region of the adult MB calyx, while changes in the dense lip and the visual collar were less evident. Thermal fluctuations mimicking the amplitudes of natural temperature fluctuations via circadian rhythmic translocation of pupae by nurses (amplitude 3.3°C) lead to higher numbers of MG in the MB calyces compared to those in pupae reared at smaller or larger thermal amplitudes (0.0, 1.5, 9.6°C), or at constant temperatures (25.4, 35.0°C). We conclude that rhythmic control of brood temperature by nursing ants optimizes brain development by increasing MG densities and numbers in specific brain areas. Resulting differences in synaptic microcircuits are expected to affect sensory processing and learning abilities in adult ants, and may also promote interindividual behavioral variability within colonies. KW - microglomeruli KW - temperature KW - broodtranslocation KW - camponotus ants KW - olfaction KW - vision KW - synapticplasticity KW - mushroom body Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146711 VL - 10 IS - 73 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Groh, Claudia A1 - Rössler, Wolfgang T1 - Analysis of Synaptic Microcircuits in the Mushroom Bodies of the Honeybee JF - Insects N2 - Mushroom bodies (MBs) are multisensory integration centers in the insect brain involved in learning and memory formation. In the honeybee, the main sensory input region (calyx) of MBs is comparatively large and receives input from mainly olfactory and visual senses, but also from gustatory/tactile modalities. Behavioral plasticity following differential brood care, changes in sensory exposure or the formation of associative long-term memory (LTM) was shown to be associated with structural plasticity in synaptic microcircuits (microglomeruli) within olfactory and visual compartments of the MB calyx. In the same line, physiological studies have demonstrated that MB-calyx microcircuits change response properties after associative learning. The aim of this review is to provide an update and synthesis of recent research on the plasticity of microcircuits in the MB calyx of the honeybee, specifically looking at the synaptic connectivity between sensory projection neurons (PNs) and MB intrinsic neurons (Kenyon cells). We focus on the honeybee as a favorable experimental insect for studying neuronal mechanisms underlying complex social behavior, but also compare it with other insect species for certain aspects. This review concludes by highlighting open questions and promising routes for future research aimed at understanding the causal relationships between neuronal and behavioral plasticity in this charismatic social insect. KW - mushroom body KW - microglomeruli KW - projection neurons KW - Kenyon cells KW - dendritic specializations KW - structural synaptic plasticity KW - behavioral plasticity KW - vision KW - olfaction Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-200774 SN - 2075-4450 VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heisswolf, Annette A1 - Ulmann, Sandra A1 - Obermaier, Elisabeth A1 - Mitesser, Oliver A1 - Poethke, Hans J. T1 - Host plant finding in the specialised leaf beetle Cassida canaliculata: an analysis of small-scale movement behaviour N2 - 1. Host plant finding in walking herbivorous beetles is still poorly understood. Analysis of small-scale movement patterns under semi-natural conditions can be a useful tool to detect behavioural responses towards host plant cues. 2. In this study, the small-scale movement behaviour of the monophagous leaf beetle Cassida canaliculata Laich. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was studied in a semi-natural arena (r = 1 m). In three different settings, a host (Salvia pratensis L., Lamiales: Lamiaceae), a non-host (Rumex conglomeratus Murr., Caryophyllales: Polygonaceae), or no plant was presented in the centre of the arena. 3. The beetles showed no differences in the absolute movement variables, straightness and mean walking speed, between the three settings. However, the relative movement variables, mean distance to the centre and mean angular deviation from walking straight to the centre, were significantly smaller when a host plant was offered. Likewise, the angular deviation from walking straight to the centre tended to decline with decreasing distance from the centre. Finally, significantly more beetles were found on the host than on the non-host at the end of all the trials. 4. It is concluded that C. canaliculata is able to recognise its host plant from a distance. Whether olfactory or visual cues (or a combination of both) are used to find the host plant remains to be elucidated by further studies. KW - Käfer KW - Blattkäfer KW - Ampfer KW - Wiesensalbei KW - Arena experiment KW - Coleoptera KW - Chrysomelidae KW - olfaction KW - Rumex KW - Salvia pratensis KW - vision KW - walking Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-49485 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kropf, Jan A1 - Rössler, Wolfgang T1 - In-situ recording of ionic currents in projection neurons and Kenyon cells in the olfactory pathway of the honeybee JF - PLoS ONE N2 - The honeybee olfactory pathway comprises an intriguing pattern of convergence and divergence: ~60.000 olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) convey olfactory information on ~900 projection neurons (PN) in the antennal lobe (AL). To transmit this information reliably, PNs employ relatively high spiking frequencies with complex patterns. PNs project via a dual olfactory pathway to the mushroom bodies (MB). This pathway comprises the medial (m-ALT) and the lateral antennal lobe tract (l-ALT). PNs from both tracts transmit information from a wide range of similar odors, but with distinct differences in coding properties. In the MBs, PNs form synapses with many Kenyon cells (KC) that encode odors in a spatially and temporally sparse way. The transformation from complex information coding to sparse coding is a well-known phenomenon in insect olfactory coding. Intrinsic neuronal properties as well as GABAergic inhibition are thought to contribute to this change in odor representation. In the present study, we identified intrinsic neuronal properties promoting coding differences between PNs and KCs using in-situ patch-clamp recordings in the intact brain. We found very prominent K+ currents in KCs clearly differing from the PN currents. This suggests that odor coding differences between PNs and KCs may be caused by differences in their specific ion channel properties. Comparison of ionic currents of m- and l-ALT PNs did not reveal any differences at a qualitative level. KW - action potentials KW - olfaction KW - honeybee Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175869 VL - 13 IS - 1 ER - TY - THES A1 - Masek, Pavel T1 - Odor intensity learning in Drosophila T1 - Duftintensitätslernen bei Drosophila N2 - It has been known for a long time that Drosophila can learn to discriminate not only between different odorants but also between different concentrations of the same odor. Olfactory associative learning has been described as a pairing between odorant and electric shock and since then, most of the experiments conducted in this respect have largely neglected the dual properties of odors: quality and intensity. For odorant-coupled short-term memory, a biochemical model has been proposed that mainly relies on the known cAMP signaling pathway. Mushroom bodies (MB) have been shown to be necessary and sufficient for this type of memory, and the MB-model of odor learning and short-term memory was established. Yet, theoretically, based on the MB-model, flies should not be able to learn concentrations if trained to the lower of the two concentrations in the test. In this thesis, I investigate the role of concentration-dependent learning, establishment of a concentration-dependent memory and their correlation to the standard two-odor learning as described by the MB-model. In order to highlight the difference between learning of quality and learning of intensity of the same odor I have tried to characterize the nature of the stimulus that is actually learned by the flies, leading to the conclusion that during the training flies learn all possible cues that are presented at the time. The type of the following test seems to govern the usage of the information available. This revealed a distinction between what flies learned and what is actually measured. Furthermore, I have shown that learning of concentration is associative and that it is symmetrical between high and low concentrations. I have also shown how the subjective quality perception of an odor changes with changing intensity, suggesting that one odor can have more than one scent. There is no proof that flies perceive a range of concentrations of one odorant as one (odor) quality. Flies display a certain level of concentration invariance that is limited and related to the particular concentration. Learning of concentration is relevant only to a limited range of concentrations within the boundaries of concentration invariance. Moreover, under certain conditions, two chemically distinct odorants could smell sufficiently similarly such, that they can be generalized between each other like if they would be of the same quality. Therefore, the abilities of the fly to identify the difference in quality or in intensity of the stimuli need to be distinguished. The way how the stimulus is analyzed and processed speaks in favor of a concept postulating the existence of two separated memories. To follow this concept, I have proposed a new form of memory called odor intensity memory (OIM), characterized it and compared it to other olfactory memories. OIM is independent of some members of the known cAMP signaling pathway and very likely forms the rutabaga-independent component of the standard two-odor memory. The rutabaga-dependent odor memory requires qualitatively different olfactory stimuli. OIM is revealed within the limits of concentration invariance where the memory test gives only sub-optimal performance for the concentration differences but discrimination of odor quality is not possible at all. Based on the available experimental tools, OIM seems to require the mushroom bodies the same as odor-quality memory but its properties are different. Flies can memorize the quality of several odorants at a given time but a newly formed memory of one odor interferes with the OIM stored before. In addition, the OIM lasts only 1 to 3 hours - much shorter than the odor-quality memory. N2 - Assoziatives olfaktorisches Lernen bei Drosophila wurde ursprünglich als die Paarung eines Duftes mit einem elektrischen Bestrafungsreiz beschrieben. Seit langem ist dazu bekannt, daß Drosophila nicht nur lernen kann zwei Düfte zu unterscheiden, sondern auch verschiedene Konzentrationen desselben Dufts. Jedoch wird in den meisten auf diese Art durchgeführten Experimenten die Duftintensität weitestgehend ignoriert. - Für das olfaktorische Kurzzeitgedächtnis wurde ein biochemisches Modell vorgeschlagen, welches sich hauptsächlich auf die bekannte cAMP-Signalkaskade stützt. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die Pilzkörper (mushroom bodies, „MB“) notwendig und hinreichend für diese Art der Gedächtnisbildung sind und ein MB-Modell für Duftlernen und Kurzzeitgedächtnis konnte etabliert werden. Interessanterweise sollten Fliegen nach diesem Modell Konzentrationsunterschiede nur in einer Richtung lernen können. Sie würden den gelernten Duft nur gegenüber einer niedrigeren Konzentration wiedererkennen. In der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit habe ich das konzentrationsabhängige Duftlernen und seine Beziehung zum MB-Modell untersucht. Dabei hat sich gezeigt, dass die Fliege eine Gedächtnisspur für Geruchsintensität anlegt. Um den Unterschied zwischen dem Lernen einer Qualität und dem einer Intensität des gleichen Duftes hervorzuheben, habe ich versucht, den Reiz, der eigentlich von der Fliege gelernt wird, zu charakterisieren. Dies führte zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass die Fliege während des Trainings alle in diesem Zeitabschnitt präsentierten Reize erlernt. Erst der dem Training folgende Test scheint den Gebrauch der verfügbaren Information festzulegen. Diese Erkenntnis ist eine wesentliche Grundlage um zwischen dem Testergebnis und dem, was die Fliege gelernt hat zu unterscheiden. Ich habe außerdem gezeigt, daß das Konzentrationslernen eine Form assoziativen Lernens ist und, dass entgegen der Erwartung nach dem MB-Modell eine Symmetrie zwischen den Lernwerten für die hohe und niedrige Konzentration besteht. Es gibt keinen Beweis dafür, dass Fliegen eine Vielfalt von Konzentrationen desselben Duftes als ein und dieselbe (Duft-)Qualität wahrnehmen. Die Ergebnisse legen vielmehr nahe, dass sich bei einer größeren Veränderung der Intensität eines Duftes für die Fliege (wie in vielen Fällen auch beim Menschen) seine Qualität verändert. Demzufolge ist mit jedem Geruchsstoff mehr als nur eine Fliegen-subjektive Geruchsqualität verbunden. Fliegen zeigen andererseits in engen Grenzen Konzentrationsinvarianz. Sie generalisieren zwischen Konzentrationen eines Duftes innerhalb einer Konzentrationsdekade. Deshalb ist das Konzept des Konzentrationslernens nur für ein begrenztes Konzentrationsspektrum innerhalb der Grenzen der Konzentrationsinvarianz relevant. Des weiteren habe ich gezeigt, dass unter besonderen Bedingungen zwei chemisch verschiedene Düfte generalisiert werden können. Möglicherweise haben die beiden Düfte hinreichend "ähnliche" oder gleiche Fliegen-subjektive Qualität und können nur nach der Intensität unterschieden werden. Die Fliege hat die Fähigkeit im Test Unterschiede einerseits in der Qualität und andererseits in der Intensität des Reizes zu ermitteln. Die Art und Weise, wie der Reiz analysiert und verarbeitet wird, erfordern ein Konzept zweier getrennter Gedächtnisse. Dementsprechend habe ich eine neue Gedächtnisart, ein sogenanntes Duftintensitätsgedächtnis (OIM) vorgeschlagent und versucht dieses neben anderen olfaktorischen Gedächtnissen einzuordnen. Das OIM ist unabhängig bezüglich einiger Bestandteile des bekannten cAMP-Signalwegs und stellt höchstwahrscheinlich den rutabaga-unabhängigen Teil des Zwei-Düfte-Lernens dar. Das rutabaga-abhängige Duftgedächtnis benötigt qualitativ verschiedene Duftreize. Das OIM reicht lediglich für eine suboptimale Leistung aus, funktioniert aber in den Grenzen der Konzentrationsinvarianz, innerhalb derer die Diskriminierung und damit auch das Lernen der Duftqualität nicht möglich sind. Das OIM scheint wie die Duftqualitätsgedächtnisse die Pilzkörper zu benötigen. Aber die Art der Speicherung ist von der der Duftqualitätsgedächtnisse verschieden. Fliegen können viele Duftqualitäten zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt aus dem Gedächtnis abrufen, jedoch interferiert ein neu gebildetes Gedächtnis eines bestimmten Duftes mit dem bereits gespeicherten OIM. Außerdem ist das OIM für nur 1-3 Stunden stabil, was erheblich kürzer als beim Duftgedächtnis ist. KW - Taufliege KW - Geruchswahrnehmung KW - Gedächtnis KW - Lernen KW - Intensität KW - Olfaktorik KW - Lernen KW - Gedächtnis KW - Drosophila KW - intensity KW - olfaction KW - memory KW - learning KW - Drosophila Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-15546 ER - TY - THES A1 - Niewalda, Thomas T1 - Neurogenetic analyses of pain-relief learning in the fruit fly T1 - Neurogenetische Analyse von pain-relief Lernen in der Fruchtfliege N2 - All animals learn in order to cope with challenges imposed on them by their environment. This is true also for both larval and adult fruit flies as exemplified in pavlovian conditioning. The focus of this Thesis is on various aspects of the fruit flies learning ability. My main project deals with two types of learning which we call punishment-learning and pain-relief learning. Punishment learning happens when fruit flies are exposed to an odour which is followed by electric shock. After such training, flies have learned that that odour signals pain and consequently will avoid it in the future. If the sequence of the two stimuli is reversed such that odour follows shock, flies learn the odour as a signal for relief and will later on approach it. I first report a series of experiments investigating qualitative and parametric features of relief-learning; I find that (i) relief learning does result from true associative conditioning, (ii) it requires a relatively high number of training trials, (iii) context-shock training is ineffective for subsequent shock-odour learning. A further question is whether punishment-learning and pain-relief learning share genetic determinants. In terms of genetics, I test a synapsin mutant strain, which lacks all Synapsin protein, in punishment and relief-learning. Punishment learning is significantly reduced, and relief-learning is abolished. Pan-neuronal RNAi-mediated knock-down of Synapsin results in mutant-like phenotypes, confirming the attribution of the phenotype to lack of Synapsin. Also, a rescue of Synapsin in the mushroom body of syn97 mutants restores both punishment- and relief-learning fully, suggesting the sufficiency of Synapsin in the mushroom body for both these kinds of learning. I also elucidate the relationship between perception and physiology in adult fruit flies. I use odour-shock conditioning experiments to identify degrees of similarity between odours; I find that those similarity measures are consistent across generalization and discrimination tasks of diverse difficulty. Then, as collaborator of T. Völler and A. Fiala, I investigate how such behavioural similarity/dissimilarity is reflected at the physiological level. I combine the behaviour data with calcium imaging data obtained by measuring the activity patterns of those odours in either the sensory neurons or the projection neurons at the antennal lobe. Our interpretation of the results is that the odours perceptual similarity is organized by antennal lobe interneurons. In another project I investigate the effect of gustatory stimuli on reflexive behaviour as well as their role as reinforcer in larval learning. Drosophila larvae greatly alter their behaviour in presence of sodium chloride. Increasing salt concentration modulates choice behaviour from weakly appetitive to strongly aversive. A similar concentration-behaviour function is also found for feeding: larval feeding is slightly enhanced in presence of low salt concentrations, and strongly decreased in the presence of high salt concentrations. Regarding learning, relatively weak salt concentrations function as appetitive reinforcer, whereas high salt concentrations function as aversive reinforcer. Interestingly, the behaviour-concentration curves are shifted towards higher concentrations from reflexive behaviour (choice behaviour, feeding) as compared to associative learning. This dissociation may reflect a different sensitivity in the respective sensory-motor circuitry. N2 - Tiere müssen lernen, damit sie sich in ihrer Umwelt zurechtfinden und die Herausforderungen meistern können, die ihre Umwelt ihnen bietet. Dies gilt auch für Taufliegen im larvalen und erwachsenen Stadium, wie man mit der Pavlovschen Konditionierung zeigen kann. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Doktorarbeit liegt auf verschiedenen Aspekten der Lernfähigkeit von Taufliegen. In meinem Hauptprojekt erforsche ich die Arten von Lernprozessen, die stattfinden, wenn die Fliegen entweder den Beginn oder das Ende eines Elektroschocks mit einem Duft assoziieren. Wenn Taufliegen einen Duft wahrnehmen, der von einem Elektroschock gefolgt wird, lernen sie, dass dieser Duft Schmerz signalisiert, und werden ihn konsequenterweise in Zukunft vermeiden. Man kann die Abfolge dieser beiden Reize so umkehren, dass der Duft auf den Elektroschock folgt. Durch ein solches Training wird der Duft für die Fliegen zu einem Signal für das Ende des schmerzhaften Elektroschocks und sie werden, wenn sie diesen Duft später wieder einmal wahrnehmen, auf ihn zugehen. Ich berichte im ersten Kapitel über Experimente, die qualitative und parametrische Besonderheiten der letzteren Lernform untersuchen. Ich finde heraus, dass (i) das Lernen über das Ende des Elektroschocks echtes assoziatives Lernen ist, (ii) dass es eine relativ hohe Anzahl von Trainingsdurchgängen erfordert, (iii) dass Kontext-Schock-Training unbedeutend für anschließendes Schock-Duft-Lernen ist. Im zweiten Kapitel gehe ich der Frage nach, ob die genannten beiden Typen von Lernvorgängen gemeinsame genetische Determinanten haben. Was die Genetik anbelangt, teste ich die Lernfähigkeit eines Synapsin-Mutantenstammes, dem das Synapsinprotein fehlt. Lernen über den Beginn des Elektroschocks ist stark reduziert, und Lernen über das Ende des Elektroschocks fehlt gänzlich. Die Reduzierung des Synapsinproteins im Fliegengehirn durch RNAi resultiert in mutantenähnlichen Phänotypen. Dieser Befund bestätigt, dass der Lernphänotyp auf einem Mangel an Synapsin beruht. Die Expression von Synapsin im Pilzkörper der Mutante erlaubt der Fliege, wieder normal zu lernen; dies weist auf die Hinlänglichkeit von Synapsin im Pilzkörper für beide Arten von Lernen hin. In einem weiteren Projekt untersuche ich den Zusammenhang zwischen Wahrnehmung und Physiologie in erwachsenen Taufliegen. Ich benutze Duft-Schock-Konditionierungsexperimente, um basierend auf dem Verhalten der Tiere Ähnlichkeitsränge von Düften zu ermitteln, und finde eine einheitliche Rangfolge der untersuchten Düfte für verschiedene Generalisierungs- und Diskriminierungs-Aufgaben von unterschiedlichem Schwierigkeitsgrad. Schließlich erforsche ich in Kooperation mit T. Völler and A. Fiala, wie der Grad der Verhaltensähnlichkeit /-unähnlichkeit von Düften mit der Physiologie der Fliege in Beziehung steht. Ich kombiniere die Verhaltensdaten mit Daten, die mittels funktioneller Bildgebung unter Verwendung genetisch codierter Kalziumsensoren erhalten wurden. Diese Methode erlaubt, Aktivitätsmuster, die von den untersuchten Düften verursacht werden, entweder in den sensorischen Neuronen oder in den Projektionsneuronen des Antennallobus zu messen. Unsere Interpretation der Ergebnisse ist, dass die Verhaltensähnlichkeit der Düfte auf Ebene der Interneuronen im Antennallobus organisiert wird. Weiterhin erforsche ich die Wirkung von Kochsalz (Natriumchlorid) auf das Reflexverhalten und die Rolle von Natriumchlorid als Belohnung oder Bestrafung im Larvenlernen. Larven der Taufliege verändern ihr Reflexverhalten in Gegenwart von Natriumchlorid in hohem Maße. Larven bevorzugen niedrige Salzkonzentrationen gegenüber einem Substrat ohne Salz; erhöht man die Salzkonzentration jedoch, kehrt sich das Wahlverhalten ins Gegenteil um, bis die Tiere das salzhaltige Substrat stark vermeiden. Ein ähnlicher Zusammenhang zwischen Konzentration und Verhalten wird auch für das Fressverhalten gefunden: Larven fressen von einem Substrat mit niedrigen Salzkonzentrationen geringfügig mehr, von einem Substrat mit hohen Salzkonzentrationen jedoch deutlich weniger als von einem Kontrollsubstrat ganz ohne Salz. Was das Lernen betrifft, wirken relativ schwache Salzkonzentrationen als Belohnung, während hohe Salzkonzentrationen als Bestrafung wirken. Interessanterweise ist die Verhaltens-Konzentrations-Kurve von Reflexverhalten (Wahlverhalten, Fressverhalten) verglichen mit assoziativem Lernen in Richtung höherer Konzentrationen verschoben. Diese Dissoziation könnte eine verschiedenartige Sensitivität der Schaltkreise widerspiegeln. KW - Taufliege KW - Assoziatives Gedächtnis KW - Lernverhalten KW - Synapsine KW - Molekulargenetik KW - Drosophila melanogaster KW - olfaction KW - learning KW - memory KW - synapsin Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-65035 ER -