TY - THES A1 - Wenzel, Frank T1 - Smell and repel: Resin based defense mechanisms and interactions between Australian ants and stingless bees N2 - Bees are subject to permanent threat from predators such as ants. Their nests with large quantities of brood, pollen and honey represent lucrative targets for attacks whereas foragers have to face rivalry at food sources. This thesis focused on the role of stingless bees as third party interactor on ant-aphid-associations as well as on the predatory potential represented by ants and defense mechanisms against this threat. Regular observations of an aphid infested Podocarpus for approaching stingless bees yielded no results. Another aim of this thesis was the observation of foraging habits of four native and one introduced ant species for assessment of their predatory potential to stingless bees. All species turned out to be dietary balanced generalists with one mostly carnivorous species and four species predominantly collecting nectar roughly according to optimal foraging theory. Two of the species monitored, Rhytidoponera metallica and Iridomyrmex rufoniger were considered potential nest robbers. As the name implies, stingless bees lack the powerful weapon of their distant relatives; hence they specialized on other defense strategies. Resin is an important, multipurpose resource for stingless bees that is used as material for nest construction, antibiotic and for defensive means. For the latter purpose highly viscous resin is either directly used to stick down aggressors or its terpenic compounds are included in the bees cuticular surface. In a feeding choice experiment, three ant species were confronted with the choice between two native bee species - Tetragonula carbonaria and Austroplebeia australis - with different cuticular profiles and resin collection habits. Two of the ant species, especially the introduced Tetramorium bicarinatum did not show any preferences. The carnivorous R. metallica predominantly took the less resinous A. australis as prey. The reluctance towards T. carbonaria disappeared when the resinous compounds on its cuticle had been washed off with hexane. To test whether the repulsive reactions were related to the stickiness of the resinous surface or to chemical substances, hexane extracts of bees’ cuticles, propolis and three natural tree resins were prepared. In the following assay responses of ants towards extract treated surfaces were observed. Except for one of the resin extracts, all tested substances had repellent effects to the ants. Efficacy varied with the type of extract and species. Especially to the introduced T. bicarinatum the cuticular extract had no effect. GCMS-analyses showed that some of the resinous compounds were also found in the cuticular profile of T. carbonaria which featured reasonable analogies to the resin of Corymbia torelliana that is highly attractive for stingless bees. The results showed that repellent effects were only partially related to the sticky quality of resin but were rather caused by chemical substances, presumably sesqui- and diterpenes. Despite its efficacy this defense strategy only provides short time repellent effects sufficient for escape and warning of nest mates to initiate further preventive measures. N2 - Bienen sind permanent Gefahren ausgesetzt, ihre Nester voll Brut, Pollen und Honig bieten ein ertragreiches Ziel für Räuber und auch bei der Nahrungssuche droht Konkurrenz an den Futterquellen, beispielsweise durch Ameisen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es zu untersuchen, welche Rolle stachellose Bienen in Australien als dritter Interaktionspartner an Ameisen-Blattlaus-Assoziationen einnehmen, welcher Bedrohung sie durch räuberische Ameisen ausgesetzt sind und wie sie sich gegen diese verteidigen. Regelmäßige Beobachtungen einer von Blattläusen befallenen Steineibe auf Besuche von stachellosen Bienen blieben erfolglos, es wurden keine Anflüge erfasst. Ein weiterer Fokus dieser Arbeit lag auf der Untersuchung des Nahrungseintrags von vier heimischen, sowie einer eingeschleppten Ameisenart zur Erfassung des räuberischen Potenzials gegenüber stachellosen Bienen. Alle Ameisenarten stellten sich als Generalisten mit ausgewogenem Nahrungseintrag heraus. Eine der Arten ernährte sich hauptsächlich räuberisch, während der Eintrag von Nektar für vier Arten die Hauptressource darstellte und annäherungsweise gemäß der „optimal foraging theory“ erfolgte. Zwei der untersuchten Arten, Rhytidoponera metallica und Iridomyrmex rufoniger, wurden als potenzielle Nesträuber eingestuft. Stachellose Bienen können sich nicht durch Stiche verteidigen, sie nutzen daher andere Strategien. Pflanzenharz stellt für Bienen eine vielseitige Ressource dar, welche als Baumaterial, Desinfiziens und auch zur Verteidigung eingesetzt wird. Das Harz wird entweder in zähflüssiger Form dazu verwendet, um Angreifer zu verkleben oder die darin enthaltenen Terpene gelangen in Bestandteilen auf die Oberfläche der Bienen. In einem Futterwahl-Experiment wurden Tetragonula carbonaria und Austroplebeia australis, zwei heimische Bienenarten mit unterschiedlichen Harzsammel-Gewohnheiten und Oberflächenprofilen, drei Ameisenarten als Beute vorgelegt. Während zwei der Ameisenarten, insbesondere die eingeführte Tetramorium bicarinatum, keinerlei Präferenzen zeigte, entschieden sich die karnivoren R. metallica vorrangig für A. australis, deren Oberflächenprofil weniger Harzkomponenten aufwies. Wurden die Oberflächenbestandteile von T. carbonaria durch Waschen mit Hexan entfernt, verschwand auch die Zurückhaltung der Räuber. Um zu untersuchen ob diese Abwehrreaktion durch die Klebrigkeit der Oberfläche oder durch chemische Substanzen verursacht wurde, wurden Hexan-Extrakte der Bienenoberflächen sowie von drei Baumharzen und Nestmaterial angefertigt. Die nachfolgenden Untersuchungen richteten sich daraufhin auf die Beobachtung der Reaktion von Ameisen bei Kontakt mit Extrakt-behandelten Oberflächen. Bis auf einen der Harzextrakte zeigten alle untersuchten Substanzen unterschiedlich stark abstoßende Effekte auf Ameisen. Die eingeführte T. bicarinatum wurde jedoch nicht durch Bienenextrakt in ihrem Verhalten beeinflusst. Eine GCMS-Analyse ergab, dass einige der Harzsubstanzen auch im Oberflächenprofil von T. carbonaria zu finden waren, welches vor allem Übereinstimmungen mit dem Harz von Corymbia torelliana aufwies, einer Pflanze deren Harz für Bienen besonders attraktiv ist. Es zeigte sich, dass nicht nur die Klebrigkeit, sondern auch chemische Substanzen, vermutlich Sesqui- und Diterpene, für abstoßende Effekte verantwortlich sind. Trotz der Effektivität dieses Mechanismus sorgt er nur für eine kurzzeitige Abwehrreaktion, ermöglicht jedoch die Gelegenheit zur Flucht und Warnung von Nestgenossen, sowie zur Einleitung weiterer Gegenwehr. KW - Stachellose Biene KW - Biene KW - Tierökologie KW - Verhaltensforschung KW - Ameisen KW - Interaktion KW - Abwehr KW - Verteidigung KW - Trophobiose KW - Nahrungserwerb KW - stingless bees KW - ants KW - interaction KW - resin KW - defense Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-65960 ER - TY - THES A1 - Weiß, Sabine T1 - Function of the Spir actin nucleators in intracellular vesicle transport processes T1 - Funktion der Spir Aktin Nukleatoren in intrazellulären Vesikeltransportprozessen N2 - Spir proteins are the founding members of the novel class of WH2-actin nucleators. A C-terminal modified FYVE zinc finger motif is necessary to target Spir proteins towards intracellular membranes. The function and regulation of the Spir actin organizers at vesicular membranes is almost unknown. Live cell imaging analyses performed in this study show that Spir-2 is localized at tubular vesicles. Cytoplasmic Spir-2-associated vesicles branch and form protrusions, which can make contacts to the microtubule network, where the Spir-2 vesicles stretch and slide along the microtubule filaments. The analysis of living HeLa cells expressing eGFP-tagged Spir-2, Spir-2-ΔKIND and Spir-2-ΔKW (lacking the 4 WH2 domains and the KIND domain) showed Spir-2-associated tubular structures which differ in their length and motility. Throughout the course of that study it could be shown that the tail domain of the actin motor protein myosin Vb, as a force-generating molecule, is colocalizing and co-immunoprecipitating with Spir-2-ΔKW. By using the tail domain of myosin Vb as a dominant negative mutant for myosin Vb-dependent vesicle transport processes it could be shown that Spir-2-ΔKW/MyoVb-cc-tail- associated vesicles exhibit an increased elongation. Moreover, using the microtubule depolymerizing drug nocodazole it could be shown that the elongation and the motility of Spir-2-ΔKW-associated vesicles depends on an intact microtubule cytoskeleton. Motility and morphological dynamics of Spir-2-associated vesicles is therefore dependent on actin, actin motorproteins and microtubule filaments. These results propose a model in which myosin/F-actin forces mediate vesicle branching, allowing the vesicles to move to and in between the microtubule filaments and thereby providing a new degree of freedom in vesicular motility. To determine the exact subcellular localization of Spir-2, colocalization studies were performed. It could be shown that Spir-2 shows a partial colocalization to Rab11a-positive compartments. Furthermore, Spir-2 exhibits an almost identical localization to Arf1 and the Arf1 small G protein but not Rab11a could be immunoprecipitated with Spir-2-ΔKW. This suggests, that Arf1 recruits Spir-2 to Arf1/Rab11a-positive membranes. Another important function of the Spir-2 C-terminus is the membrane targeting by the FYVE domain. By performing a protein-lipid overlay assay, it has been shown that purified GST- and 6xHis-tagged Spir-2-ΔKW bind phosphatidic acid suggesting a mechanism in which Spir-2 is recruited to phosphatidic acid-enriched membranes. To further elucidate the mechanism in which Spir-2 membrane-targeting could be regulated, interaction studies of C-terminal parts of Spir-2 revealed that the Spir-2 proteins interact directly. N2 - Spir Proteine sind die ersten beschriebenen Mitglieder der neuen Klasse der WH2-Aktin Nukleatoren. Ein C-terminaler modifizierter FYVE Zinkfinger ist notwendig um Spir Proteine an intrazelluläre Membranen zu bringen. Die Funktion und die Regulation dieser Aktin Nukleatoren an vesikulären Membranen ist bis jetzt noch nahezu unbekannt. In dieser Studie durchgeführte “Live-cell-Imaging” Experimente zeigten, dass Spir-2 an tubulären Vesikeln lokalisiert ist. Zytoplasmatische Spir-2-assoziierte Vesikel formen Ausläufer, die Kontakte zum Mikrotubuli Netzwerk bilden. Spir-2 Vesikel haben die Fähigkeit sich entlang des Mikrotubuli Zytoskeletts auszudehnen und daran entlang zu gleiten. Die Analyse von lebenden HeLa Zellen, welche eGFP-Spir-2, eGFP-Spir-2-ΔKIND und eGFP-Spir-2-ΔKW (Deletion der 4 WH2 Domänen sowie der KIND Domäne) Fusionsproteine exprimieren, zeigen Spir-2-assoziierte tubuläre Vesikel, die sich in Länge und Beweglichkeit unterscheiden. Während dieser Studie konnte außerdem gezeigt werden, dass die “tail” Domäne des Aktinmotors myosin Vb mit Spir-2-ΔKW kolokalisiert und koimmunopräzipitiert. Die Verwendung der “tail” Domäne als dominant negative Mutante für myosin Vb-abhängigen Vesikeltransport zeigte, dass Spir-2-ΔKW/MyoVb-cc-tail-assoziierte Vesikel eine stark erhöhte Elongation aufweisen. Desweiteren konnte duch die Verwendung von Nocodazol, welches spezifisch Mikrotubulifilamente depolymerisiert, gezeigt werden, dass die Elongation und die Motilität der Spir-2-ΔKW-assoziierten Vesikel von einem intakten Mikrotubuli Zytoskelett abhängig ist. Motilität und morphologische Dynamik der Spir-2-ΔKW-assoziierten Vesikel ist daher abhängig von Aktinfilamenten, Aktin Motorproteinen und Mikrotubulifilamenten. Anhand dieser Ergebnisse lässt sich ein Modell erstellen, in welchem eine Myosin/F-actin induzierte Bewegung eine Verzweigung der Vesikel bewirkt. Dadurch ist eine Bewegung der Vesikel zu Mikrotubulifilamenten aber auch zwischen verschiedenen Mikrotubulifilamenten möglich, welches einen ganz neuen Freiheitsgrad in der vesikulären Bewegung eröffnet. Um die genaue zelluläre Lokalisation von Spir-2 zu analysieren wurden Kolokalisationsstudien durchgeführt. Hierbei konnte gezeigt werden, dass Spir-2 eine partielle Kolokalisation mit Rab11a-positiven Kompartimenten zeigt. Außerdem weist Spir-2 eine nahezu identische Lokalisation zu Arf1 auf. Arf1, aber nicht Rab11a, konnte mit Spir-2-ΔKW koimmunpräzipitiert werden. Arf1 könnte daher für die Rekrutierung von Spir-2 an Arf1/Rab11a-positive Membranen ausschlaggebend sein. Eine weitere wichtige Funktion des Spir-2 C-Terminus ist die Membranlokalisation, welche durch die FYVE Domäne vermittelt wird. Mittels Protein-Lipid Bindungsstudien konnte gezeigt werden, dass aufgereinigte GST- bzw. 6xHis-Spir-2-ΔKW-Fusionsproteine an Phosphatidylsäure binden. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass Spir-2 spezifisch zu Phosphatidylsäure-positiven Membranen rekrutiert wird. Um die weitere Regulation der Spir-2 Membranlokalisation aufzuklären, wurden Protein-Protein-Interaktionsstudien durchgeführt, welche eine direkte Interaktion von Spir-2 Proteinen anhand ihrer C-Termini ergaben. KW - Aktin KW - Vesikeltransport KW - Intrazellulärer Transport KW - Actin KW - vesicle transport Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-64589 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wegert, Jenny A1 - Bausenwein, Sabrina A1 - Kneitz, Susanne A1 - Roth, Sabine A1 - Graf, Norbert A1 - Geissinger, Eva A1 - Gessler, Manfred T1 - Retinoic acid pathway activity in Wilms tumors and characterization of biological responses in vitro N2 - Background: Wilms tumor (WT) is one of the most common malignancies in childhood. With current therapy protocols up to 90% of patients can be cured, but there is still a need to improve therapy for patients with aggressive WT and to reduce treatment intensity where possible. Prior data suggested a deregulation of the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway in high-risk WT, but its mode of action remained unclear. Results: The association of retinoid signaling and clinical parameters could be validated in a large independent tumor set, but its relevance in primary nephrectomy tumors from very young children may be different. Reduced RA pathway activity and MYCN overexpression were found in high risk tumors as opposed to tumors with low/ intermediate risk, suggesting a beneficial impact of RA especially on advanced WT. To search for possible modes of action of retinoids as novel therapeutic options, primary tumor cell cultures were treated in vitro with all-trans-RA (ATRA), 9cis-RA, fenretinide and combinations of retinoids and a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Genes deregulated in high risk tumors showed opposite changes upon treatment suggesting a positive effect of retinoids. 6/7 primary cultures tested reduced proliferation, irrespective of prior RA signaling levels. The only variant culture was derived from mesoblastic nephroma, a distinct childhood kidney neoplasm. Retinoid/HDAC inhibitor combinations provided no synergistic effect. ATRA and 9cis-RA induced morphological changes suggestive of differentiation, while fenretinide induced apoptosis in several cultures tested. Microarray analysis of ATRA treated WT cells revealed differential expression of many genes involved in extracellular matrix formation and osteogenic, neuronal or muscle differentiation. The effects documented appear to be reversible upon drug withdrawal, however. Conclusions: Altered retinoic acid signaling has been validated especially in high risk Wilms tumors. In vitro testing of primary tumor cultures provided clear evidence of a potential utility of retinoids in Wilms tumor treatment based on the analysis of gene expression, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. KW - Krebs KW - Wilms tumor KW - nephroblastoma KW - primary tumor cell culture KW - tumor model KW - retinoic acid Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69137 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wangorsch, Gaby A1 - Butt, Elke A1 - Mark, Regina A1 - Hubertus, Katharina A1 - Geiger, Jörg A1 - Dandekar, Thomas A1 - Dittrich, Marcus T1 - Time-resolved in silico modeling of fine-tuned cAMP signaling in platelets: feedback loops, titrated phosphorylations and pharmacological modulation N2 - Background: Hemostasis is a critical and active function of the blood mediated by platelets. Therefore, the prevention of pathological platelet aggregation is of great importance as well as of pharmaceutical and medical interest. Endogenous platelet inhibition is predominantly based on cyclic nucleotides (cAMP, cGMP) elevation and subsequent cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase (PKA, PKG) activation. In turn, platelet phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and protein phosphatases counterbalance their activity. This main inhibitory pathway in human platelets is crucial for countervailing unwanted platelet activation. Consequently, the regulators of cyclic nucleotide signaling are of particular interest to pharmacology and therapeutics of atherothrombosis. Modeling of pharmacodynamics allows understanding this intricate signaling and supports the precise description of these pivotal targets for pharmacological modulation. Results: We modeled dynamically concentration-dependent responses of pathway effectors (inhibitors, activators, drug combinations) to cyclic nucleotide signaling as well as to downstream signaling events and verified resulting model predictions by experimental data. Experiments with various cAMP affecting compounds including antiplatelet drugs and their combinations revealed a high fidelity, fine-tuned cAMP signaling in platelets without crosstalk to the cGMP pathway. The model and the data provide evidence for two independent feedback loops: PKA, which is activated by elevated cAMP levels in the platelet, subsequently inhibits adenylyl cyclase (AC) but as well activates PDE3. By multi-experiment fitting, we established a comprehensive dynamic model with one predictive, optimized and validated set of parameters. Different pharmacological conditions (inhibition, activation, drug combinations, permanent and transient perturbations) are successfully tested and simulated, including statistical validation and sensitivity analysis. Downstream cyclic nucleotide signaling events target different phosphorylation sites for cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKA, PKG) in the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). VASP phosphorylation as well as cAMP levels resulting from different drug strengths and combined stimulants were quantitatively modeled. These predictions were again experimentally validated. High sensitivity of the signaling pathway at low concentrations is involved in a fine-tuned balance as well as stable activation of this inhibitory cyclic nucleotide pathway. Conclusions: On the basis of experimental data, literature mining and database screening we established a dynamic in silico model of cyclic nucleotide signaling and probed its signaling sensitivity. Thoroughly validated, it successfully predicts drug combination effects on platelet function, including synergism, antagonism and regulatory loops. KW - Vasodilatator-stimuliertes Phosphoprotein KW - VASP KW - cyclic nucleotide signaling KW - silico model Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69145 ER - TY - THES A1 - Wang, Huiqiang T1 - Enhanced Replication of Vaccinia Virus GLV-1h68 in Cancer Stem-like Cells of Human Breast Cancer Cell Preparations T1 - Verbesserte Replikation desVerbesserte Replikation des Vaccinia Virus GLV-1h68 in Präparation von Tumorstammzell-ähnlichen Zellen N2 - There is more and more evidence for the cancer stem cell hypothesis which believes that cancers are driven by a cellular subcomponent that has stem cell properties which is self-renewal, tumorigenicity and multilineage differentiation capacity. Cancer stem cells have been connected to the initiation of tumors and are even found to be responsible for relapses after apparently curative therapies have been undertaken. This hypothesis changes our conceptual approach of oncogenesis and shall have implications in breast cancer prevention, detection and treatment, especially in metastatic breast cancer for which no curative treatment exists. Given the specific stem cell features, novel therapeutic pathways can be targeted. Since the value of vaccinia virus as a vaccination virus against smallpox was discovered by E. Jenner at 18th century, it plays an important role in human medicine and molecular biology. After smallpox was successfully eradicated, vaccinia virus is mainly used as a viral vector in molecular biology and increasingly in cancer therapy. The outstanding capability to specifically target and destroy cancer cells makes it a perfect agent for oncolytic virotherapy. Furthermore, the virus can easily be modified by inserting genes which encode therapeutic or diagnostic proteins to be expressed when a tumor is infected. The emphasis in this study was the establishment of methods for the enrichment of human breast cancer stem-like cells from cancer cell lines and characterization of those cancer stem-like cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, by using the Genelux Corporation vaccinia virus strain GLV-1h68, the isolated cancer stem-like cells can be targeted not only in vitro but also in vivo more efficiently. Side-population (SP) cells within cancers and cell lines are rare cell populations known to be enriched cancer stem-like cells. In this study, we used Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry to identify SP cells from the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and GI-101A as models for cancer stem-like cells. Considering the cytotoxicity of Hoechst dye and the restriction of instrument, we did not carry out further studies by this method. Utilizing in vitro and in vivo experimental systems, we showed that human breast cancer cell line GI-101A with aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDH) have stemlike properties. Higher ALDH activity identifies the tumorigenic cell fraction which is capable of self-renewal and of generating tumors that could recapitulate the heterogeneity of the parental tumor. Furthermore, the cells with higher ALDH activity display significant resistance to chemotherapy and ionizing radiation, which proves their stem-like properties again. The cells which have higher ALDH activity also are more invasive compared to cells which have lower ALDH activity, which connects the cancer stem-like cells with cancer metastases. By analyzing the popular human breast cancer stem cells surface markers CD44, CD49f and CD24, it was discovered that the cells with higher ALDH activity have stronger CD44 and CD49f expression than in those cells with lower ALDH activity, which further confirms their stem-like properties. Finally, the cells with higher ALDH activity and lower ALDH activity were infected in vitro and used in virotherapy in a mouse xenograft model was performed. The results indicated that the vaccinia virus GLV-1h68 can replicate in cells with higher ALDH activity more efficiently than cells with lower ALDH activity. GLV-1h68 also can selectively target and eradicate the xenograft tumors which were derived from cells with higher ALDH activity. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key developmental program that is often activated during cancer invasion and metastases. EMT was induced in immortalized human mammary epithelial cells (HMLEs) and in GI-101A cells, which results in the acquisition of mesenchymal traits and in the expression of stem cell markers. Furthermore, the EMT-induced GI-101A cells showed resistance to chemotherapy and invasion capacity. CD44+/CD24- cells were enriched during the EMT induction. Following flow cytometry sorting by using CD44, CD24 and ESA surface marker, the sorted cells were tested in a mouse model regarding tumorigenicity. Unexpectedly, we found that CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ cells could initiate tumors more efficiently rather than CD44+/CD24-/ESA+ and other fractions in EMTinduced GI-101A cells. We also infected the CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ and CD44+/CD24- /ESA+ cells in vitro and performed virotherapy in a mouse xenograft model. The results indicated that the vaccinia virus GLV-1h68 is able to replicate in CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ cells more efficiently than in CD44+/CD24-/ESA+ cells. GLV-1h68 was also capable to selectively target and eradicate the xenograft tumors which derived from CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ cells. Moreover, CD44- cells have much lower tumorigenicity in the mouse model and CD44- cells derived-tumors are not responsive to vaccinia virotherapy. In summary, we have successfully established an in vitro and in vivo system for the identification, characterization and isolation of cancer stem-like cells from the human breast cancer cell line GI-101A by using the ALDEFLUOR assay. The vaccinia virus GLV-1h68 was able to efficiently target and eradicate the higher ALDH activity cells and tumors derived from those cells. Although contrary to the current assumption, CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ cells in the EMT-induced GI-101A cell line showed stem-like properties and GLV-1h68 was able to efficiently target and eradicate the CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ cells and tumors which derived from those cells. Finally, improved understanding of cancer stem cells may have tremendous relevance for how cancer should be treated. It is menacing that cancer stem cells are resistant to almost all anti-tumor approaches which have already been established for the treatment of metastatic diseases such as ionizing radiation, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, and small molecular inhibitors. Therefore, it is promising that our results suggest that these cancer stem cells may be susceptible to treatment with oncolytic vaccinia virus. N2 - Immer mehr experimentelle Hinweise stützen die Krebsstammzell-Hypothese, wonach Krebs durch eine zelluläre Teilkomponente angetrieben wird, die Stammzell- Eigenschaften hat, das heißt die Fähigkeit sich selbst zu erneuern, Tumorigenität und die Fähigkeit sich in verschiedene Richtungen zu differenzieren. Krebsstammzellen wurden mit der Enstehung von Tumorerkrankungen in Verbindung gebracht, und werden sogar für Rückfälle verantwortlich gemacht, nachdem scheinbar erfogreiche Behandlungen durchgeführt wurden. Diese Hypothese verändert unser Verständnis der Onkogenese und wird Auswirkungen auf die Brustkrebs-Prävention, -Erkennung und -Behandlung haben, vor allem in metastasierendem Brustkrebs, für den es keine kurative Behandlung gibt. Angesichts der besonderen Merkmale von Stammzellen können neue therapeutische Wege angestrebt werden. Seit sein Nutzen als Impfvirus gegen die Pocken von E. Jenner im 18. Jahrhundert entdeckt wurde, spielt das Vaccinia-Virus in der Humanmedizin und Molekularbiologie eine wichtige Rolle. Nachdem die Pocken erfolgreich ausgerottet wurden, wird das Vaccinia-Virus hauptsächlich als viraler Vektor in der Molekularbiologie und in zunehmendem Maße in der Krebstherapie verwendet. Die außerordentliche Fähigkeit, Krebszellen gezielt zu zerstören, macht es zu einem perfekten Wirkstoff für die onkolytische Virotherapie. Des Weiteren kann das Virus durch das Inserieren von Genen modifiziert werden, die für therapeutische oder diagnostische Proteine kodieren und im infizierten Tumor exprimiert werden. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit war die Etablierung von Methoden für die Anreicherung menschlicher Stammzell-ähnlicher Brustkrebszellen von Krebszelllinien und die Charakterisierung dieser Krebsstammzell-ähnlichen Zellen in vitro und in vivo. Darüber hinaus können mit Hilfe des Vaccinia-Virus-Stammes GLV- 1h68 von Genelux Corporation die isolierten Krebsstammzell-ähnlichen Zellen nicht nur in vitro, sondern auch in vivo effizienter eliminiert werden. Side-Population- (SP-) Zellen in Krebserkrankungen und Zelllinien sind seltene Zellpopulationen die dafür bekannt sind, reich an Krebsstammzell-ähnlichen Zellen zu sein. In dieser Studie verwendeten wir eine Hoechst 33342-Färbung und Durchflusszytometrie, um SP-Zellen aus der menschlichen Brustkrebs-Zelllinie MCF- 7 zu identifizieren, als Modell für Krebsstammzell-ähnliche Zellen. In Anbetracht der Zytotoxizität des Hoechst-Farbstoffes und der Beschränkung des Instruments, wurde diese Methode nicht weiter verfolgt. Mit Hilfe von Experimenten in vitro und in vivo wurde gezeigt, dass die menschliche Brustkrebs-Zelllinie GI-101A mit Aldehyd-Dehydrogenase-Aktivität (ALDH) Stammzell-ähnliche Eigenschaften hat. Höhere ALDH-Aktivität identifiziert die tumorigene Zellfraktion, die zur Selbsterneuerung und zur Erzeugung von Tumoren fähig ist, was die Heterogenität des ursprünglichen Tumors deutlich macht. Darüber hinaus weisen Zellen mit hoher ALDH-Aktivität eine beachtliche Fähigkeit zur Resistenz gegen Chemotherapie und ionisierende Strahlung auf, was wiederum ihre Stammzell-ähnlichen Eigenschaften beweist. Ferner sind Zellen mit hoher ALDHAktivität im Vergleich zu Zellen mit niedriger ALDH-Aktivität stärker invasiv, was die Krebsstammzell-ähnlichen Zellen mit Krebsmetastasierung in Verbindung bringt. Bei der Analyse der gängigen Oberflächenmarker CD44, CD24 und CD49f in menschlichen Brustkrebs-Stammzellen beobachteten wir, dass Zellen mit hoher ALDH-Aktivität CD44 und CD49f stärker exprimieren als Zellen mit niedriger ALDHAktivität, was wiederum deren Stammzell-ähnliche Eigenschaften aufzeigt. Schließlich wurden die Zellen mit hoher und niedriger ALDH-Aktivität in vitro infiziert und Virotherapie im Maus-Xenograft-Modell durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass das Vaccinia-Virus GLV-1h68 in Zellen mit höherer ALDH-Aktivität effizienter replizieren kann als in Zellen mit niedrigerer ALDH-Aktivität. GLV-1h68 kann auch selektiv Xenograft-Tumore finden und zerstören, welche von Zellen mit hoher ALDHAktivität abstammten. Der epithelial-mesenchymale Übergang (EMT) ist ein essentieller Entwicklungs- Schritt, der häufig während der Invasion und Metastasierung in Krebserkrankungen aktiviert wird. Wir induzierten EMT in immortalisierten humanen Brust-Epithelzellen (HMLEs) und GI-101A-Zellen, was im Erwerb von mesenchymalen Eigenschaften und der Expression von Stammzell-Markern resultiert. Außerdem zeigten die EMTinduzierten GI-101A-Zellen Chemoresistenz und Fähigkeit zur Invasion. CD44+CD24--Zellen waren während der EMT-Induktion angereichert. Es wurden durchflusszytometrische Sortierung mit Hilfe von CD44-, CD24- und ESAOberflächenmarkern durchgeführt, und die sortierten Zellen wurden danach auf Tumorigenität in einem Mausmodell getestet. Unerwarteterweise fanden wir, dass CD44+CD24-ESA+-Zellen effizienter Tumore initiieren konnten als CD44+CD24- ESA+-Zellen und andere Fraktionen in EMT-induzierten GI-101A-Zellen. Wir haben auch die infizierten CD44+CD24+ESA+- und CD44+CD24-ESA+-Zellen in vitro infiziert und Virotherapie im Maus-Xenograft-Modell durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass das Vaccinia-Virus GLV-1h68 in CD44+CD24+ESA+-Zellen effizienter replizieren kann als CD44+CD24-ESA+-Zellen. GLV-1h68 konnte selektiv Xenograft- Tumore finden und eliminieren, die von CD44+CD24+ESA+-Zellen abstammten. Darüber hinaus haben CD44--Zellen eine sehr niedrige Tumorigenität im Mausmodell und Tumore, die von CD44--Zellen abstammen, sprechen nicht auf Vaccinia-Virotherapie an. Zusammenfassend haben wir erfolgreich ein System zur Identifizierung, Charakterisierung und Isolierung von Krebsstammzell-ähnlichen Zellen aus der menschlichen Brustkrebs-Zelllinie GI-101A in vitro und in vivo mit Hilfe des ALDEFLUOR-Assays etabliert. Das Vaccinia-Virus GLV-1h68 konnte zielgenau Zellen mit erhöhter ALDH-Aktivität oder daraus etablierte Tumore finden und zerstören. Obwohl, im Gegensatz zur gängigen Annahme, CD44+CD24+ESA+-Zellen in der EMT-induzierten GI-101A-Zelllinie Stammzell-ähnliche Eigenschaften zeigten, konnte GLV-1h68 zielgenau CD44+CD24+ESA+-Zellen oder daraus etablierte Tumore finden und zerstören. Schließlich kann ein verbessertes Verständnis der Krebsstammzellen eine enorme Bedeutung dafür haben, wie Krebs behandelt werden sollte. Es ist verhängnisvoll, dass Krebsstammzellen gegen fast alle Anti-Tumor-Ansätze, die bereits für die Behandlung von Metastasen etabliert wurden, resistent sind, wie ionisierende Strahlung, Hormontherapie, Chemotherapie und kleine molekulare Inhibitoren. Gerade deshalb ist es vielversprechend, dass unsere Ergebnisse darauf hin deuten, dass diese Krebsstammzellen auf Behandlung mit dem onkolytischen Vaccinia-Virus ansprechen. KW - Vaccinia Virus KW - Brustkrebs KW - Stammzelle KW - cancer stem cells KW - vaccinia virus KW - human breast cancer Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-64750 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wagner, Toni U. A1 - Fischer, Andreas A1 - Thoma, Eva C. A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - CrossQuery : A Web Tool for Easy Associative Querying of Transcriptome Data N2 - Enormous amounts of data are being generated by modern methods such as transcriptome or exome sequencing and microarray profiling. Primary analyses such as quality control, normalization, statistics and mapping are highly complex and need to be performed by specialists. Thereafter, results are handed back to biomedical researchers, who are then confronted with complicated data lists. For rather simple tasks like data filtering, sorting and cross-association there is a need for new tools which can be used by non-specialists. Here, we describe CrossQuery, a web tool that enables straight forward, simple syntax queries to be executed on transcriptome sequencing and microarray datasets. We provide deepsequencing data sets of stem cell lines derived from the model fish Medaka and microarray data of human endothelial cells. In the example datasets provided, mRNA expression levels, gene, transcript and sample identification numbers, GO-terms and gene descriptions can be freely correlated, filtered and sorted. Queries can be saved for later reuse and results can be exported to standard formats that allow copy-and-paste to all widespread data visualization tools such as Microsoft Excel. CrossQuery enables researchers to quickly and freely work with transcriptome and microarray data sets requiring only minimal computer skills. Furthermore, CrossQuery allows growing association of multiple datasets as long as at least one common point of correlated information, such as transcript identification numbers or GO-terms, is shared between samples. For advanced users, the object-oriented plug-in and event-driven code design of both server-side and client-side scripts allow easy addition of new features, data sources and data types. KW - CrossQuery Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-76088 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wagner, Toni U. A1 - Fischer, Andreas A1 - Thoma, Eva C. A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - CrossQuery: A Web Tool for Easy Associative Querying of Transcriptome Data JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Enormous amounts of data are being generated by modern methods such as transcriptome or exome sequencing and microarray profiling. Primary analyses such as quality control, normalization, statistics and mapping are highly complex and need to be performed by specialists. Thereafter, results are handed back to biomedical researchers, who are then confronted with complicated data lists. For rather simple tasks like data filtering, sorting and cross-association there is a need for new tools which can be used by non-specialists. Here, we describe CrossQuery, a web tool that enables straight forward, simple syntax queries to be executed on transcriptome sequencing and microarray datasets. We provide deep-sequencing data sets of stem cell lines derived from the model fish Medaka and microarray data of human endothelial cells. In the example datasets provided, mRNA expression levels, gene, transcript and sample identification numbers, GO-terms and gene descriptions can be freely correlated, filtered and sorted. Queries can be saved for later reuse and results can be exported to standard formats that allow copy-and-paste to all widespread data visualization tools such as Microsoft Excel. CrossQuery enables researchers to quickly and freely work with transcriptome and microarray data sets requiring only minimal computer skills. Furthermore, CrossQuery allows growing association of multiple datasets as long as at least one common point of correlated information, such as transcript identification numbers or GO-terms, is shared between samples. For advanced users, the object-oriented plug-in and event-driven code design of both server-side and client-side scripts allow easy addition of new features, data sources and data types. KW - Microarray data KW - Sprouting angiogenesis KW - Cell-line KW - Biology Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-134787 VL - 6 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Benjamin A1 - Löschberger, Anna A1 - Sauer, Markus A1 - Hock, Robert T1 - Cross-linking of DNA through HMGA1 suggests a DNA scaffold N2 - Binding of proteins to DNA is usually considered 1D with one protein bound to one DNA molecule. In principle, proteins with multiple DNA binding domains could also bind to and thereby cross-link different DNA molecules. We have investigated this possibility using high-mobility group A1 (HMGA1) proteins, which are architectural elements of chromatin and are involved in the regulation of multiple DNA-dependent processes. Using direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM), we could show that overexpression of HMGA1a-eGFP in Cos-7 cells leads to chromatin aggregation. To investigate if HMGA1a is directly responsible for this chromatin compaction we developed a DNA cross-linking assay. We were able to show for the first time that HMGA1a can cross-link DNA directly. Detailed analysis using point mutated proteins revealed a novel DNA cross-linking domain. Electron microscopy indicates that HMGA1 proteins are able to create DNA loops and supercoils in linearized DNA confirming the cross-linking ability of HMGA1a. This capacity has profound implications for the spatial organization of DNA in the cell nucleus and suggests cross-linking activities for additional nuclear proteins. KW - DNA Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-68865 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Van den Hove, Daniel A1 - Jakob, Sissi Brigitte A1 - Schraut, Karla-Gerlinde A1 - Kenis, Gunter A1 - Schmitt, Angelika Gertrud A1 - Kneitz, Susanne A1 - Scholz, Claus-Jürgen A1 - Wiescholleck, Valentina A1 - Ortega, Gabriela A1 - Prickaerts, Jos A1 - Steinbusch, Harry A1 - Lesch, Klaus-Peter T1 - Differential Effects of Prenatal Stress in 5-Htt Deficient Mice: Towards Molecular Mechanisms of Gene x Environment Interactions N2 - Prenatal stress (PS) has been shown to influence the development of the fetal brain and to increase the risk for the development of psychiatric disorders in later life. Furthermore, the variation of human serotonin transporter (5-HTT, SLC6A4) gene was suggested to exert a modulating effect on the association between early life stress and the risk for depression. In the present study, we used a 5-Htt6PS paradigm to investigate whether the effects of PS are dependent on the 5-Htt genotype. For this purpose, the effects of PS on cognition, anxiety- and depression-related behavior were examined using a maternal restraint stress paradigm of PS in C57BL6 wild-type (WT) and heterozygous 5-Htt deficient (5-Htt +/2) mice. Additionally, in female offspring, a genome-wide hippocampal gene expression profiling was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChipH Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array. 5-Htt +/2 offspring showed enhanced memory performance and signs of reduced anxiety as compared to WT offspring. In contrast, exposure of 5-Htt +/2 mice to PS was associated with increased depressive-like behavior, an effect that tended to be more pronounced in female offspring. Further, 5-Htt genotype, PS and their interaction differentially affected the expression of numerous genes and related pathways within the female hippocampus. Specifically, MAPK and neurotrophin signaling were regulated by both the 5-Htt +/2 genotype and PS exposure, whereas cytokine and Wnt signaling were affected in a 5-Htt genotype6PS manner, indicating a gene6environment interaction at the molecular level. In conclusion, our data suggest that although the 5-Htt +/2 genotype shows clear adaptive capacity, 5-Htt +/2 mice –particularly females– at the same time appear to be more vulnerable to developmental stress exposure when compared to WT offspring. Moreover, hippocampal gene expression profiles suggest that distinct molecular mechanisms mediate the behavioral effects of the 5-Htt genotype, PS exposure, and their interaction. KW - Medizin Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-75795 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Uppaluri, Sravanti A1 - Nagler, Jan A1 - Stellamanns, Eric A1 - Heddergott, Niko A1 - Herminghaus, Stephan A1 - Pfohl, Thomas A1 - Engstler, Markus T1 - Impact of Microscopic Motility on the Swimming Behavior of Parasites: Straighter Trypanosomes are More Directional JF - PLoS Computational Biology N2 - Microorganisms, particularly parasites, have developed sophisticated swimming mechanisms to cope with a varied range of environments. African Trypanosomes, causative agents of fatal illness in humans and animals, use an insect vector (the Tsetse fly) to infect mammals, involving many developmental changes in which cell motility is of prime importance. Our studies reveal that differences in cell body shape are correlated with a diverse range of cell behaviors contributing to the directional motion of the cell. Straighter cells swim more directionally while cells that exhibit little net displacement appear to be more bent. Initiation of cell division, beginning with the emergence of a second flagellum at the base, correlates to directional persistence. Cell trajectory and rapid body fluctuation correlation analysis uncovers two characteristic relaxation times: a short relaxation time due to strong body distortions in the range of 20 to 80 ms and a longer time associated with the persistence in average swimming direction in the order of 15 seconds. Different motility modes, possibly resulting from varying body stiffness, could be of consequence for host invasion during distinct infective stages. KW - African Trypanosomes KW - Cell Motility KW - Random-Walk KW - Brucei KW - Components KW - Flagellum KW - Biology KW - Motion KW - Chemotaxis KW - Movement Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140814 VL - 7 IS - 6 ER -