TY - JOUR A1 - Kortmann, Mareike A1 - Roth, Nicolas A1 - Buse, Jörn A1 - Hilszczański, Jacek A1 - Jaworski, Tomasz A1 - Morinière, Jérôme A1 - Seidl, Rupert A1 - Thorn, Simon A1 - Müller, Jörg C. T1 - Arthropod dark taxa provide new insights into diversity responses to bark beetle infestations JF - Ecological Applications N2 - Natural disturbances are increasing around the globe, also impacting protected areas. Although previous studies have indicated that natural disturbances result in mainly positive effects on biodiversity, these analyses mostly focused on a few well established taxonomic groups, and thus uncertainty remains regarding the comprehensive impact of natural disturbances on biodiversity. Using Malaise traps and meta‐barcoding, we studied a broad range of arthropod taxa, including dark and cryptic taxa, along a gradient of bark beetle disturbance severities in five European national parks. We identified order‐level community thresholds of disturbance severity and classified barcode index numbers (BINs; a cluster system for DNA sequences, where each cluster corresponds to a species) as negative or positive disturbance indicators. Negative indicator BINs decreased above thresholds of low to medium disturbance severity (20%–30% of trees killed), whereas positive indicator BINs benefited from high disturbance severity (76%–98%). BINs allocated to a species name contained nearly as many positive as negative disturbance indicators, but dark and cryptic taxa, particularly Diptera and Hymenoptera in our data, contained higher numbers of negative disturbance indicator BINs. Analyses of changes in the richness of BINs showed variable responses of arthropods to disturbance severity at lower taxonomic levels, whereas no significant signal was detected at the order level due to the compensatory responses of the underlying taxa. We conclude that the analyses of dark taxa can offer new insights into biodiversity responses to disturbances. Our results suggest considerable potential for forest management to foster arthropod diversity, for example by maintaining both closed‐canopy forests (>70% cover) and open forests (<30% cover) on the landscape. KW - arthropods KW - biodiversity KW - conservation KW - metabarcoding KW - national park KW - natural disturbance KW - threshold indicator taxa analysis Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-276392 VL - 32 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Morris, E. Kathryn A1 - Caruso, Tancredi A1 - Buscot, Francois A1 - Fischer, Markus A1 - Hancock, Christine A1 - Maier, Tanja S. A1 - Meiners, Torsten A1 - Müller, Caroline A1 - Obermaier, Elisabeth A1 - Prati, Daniel A1 - Socher, Stephanie A. A1 - Sonnemann, Ilja A1 - Wäschke, Nicola A1 - Wubet, Tesfaye A1 - Wurst, Susanne A1 - Rillig, Matthias C. T1 - Choosing and using diversity indices: insights for ecological applications from the German Biodiversity Exploratories JF - Ecology and Evolution N2 - Biodiversity, a multidimensional property of natural systems, is difficult to quantify partly because of the multitude of indices proposed for this purpose. Indices aim to describe general properties of communities that allow us to compare different regions, taxa, and trophic levels. Therefore, they are of fundamental importance for environmental monitoring and conservation, although there is no consensus about which indices are more appropriate and informative. We tested several common diversity indices in a range of simple to complex statistical analyses in order to determine whether some were better suited for certain analyses than others. We used data collected around the focal plant Plantago lanceolata on 60 temperate grassland plots embedded in an agricultural landscape to explore relationships between the common diversity indices of species richness (S), Shannon's diversity (H'), Simpson's diversity (D-1), Simpson's dominance (D-2), Simpson's evenness (E), and Berger-Parker dominance (BP). We calculated each of these indices for herbaceous plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, aboveground arthropods, belowground insect larvae, and P.lanceolata molecular and chemical diversity. Including these trait-based measures of diversity allowed us to test whether or not they behaved similarly to the better studied species diversity. We used path analysis to determine whether compound indices detected more relationships between diversities of different organisms and traits than more basic indices. In the path models, more paths were significant when using H', even though all models except that with E were equally reliable. This demonstrates that while common diversity indices may appear interchangeable in simple analyses, when considering complex interactions, the choice of index can profoundly alter the interpretation of results. Data mining in order to identify the index producing the most significant results should be avoided, but simultaneously considering analyses using multiple indices can provide greater insight into the interactions in a system. KW - molecular diversity KW - plant diversity KW - plantago lanceolata KW - shannon index KW - simpson's index KW - arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi KW - Hill's powers KW - chemical diversity KW - Berger-Parker KW - arthropods Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-115462 SN - 2045-7758 VL - 4 IS - 18 ER - TY - THES A1 - Götzke, Armin T1 - Entwicklung einer Naturschutzkonzeption in Weinbaugebieten auf der Grundlage einer vergleichenden Untersuchung faunistischer und betriebswirtschaftlicher Parameter praxisüblich und ökologisch erzeugender Weinbaubetriebe T1 - Development of a conservation strategy in winegrowing regions by comparing faunistic and microeconomic parameters of conventional and organic winegrowers N2 - 1) Wenn der Erhalt der biologischen Vielfalt gesellschaftliche Zielvorgabe ist und dafür landwirtschaftlich genutzte Flächen einbezogen werden sollen, sind Maßnahmen zu präferieren, deren Opportunitätskosten gering sind. Diese Arbeit stellt den Versuch dar, solche Maßnahmen am Beispielsystem „Weinbau“ zu entwickeln. 2) Die Anbauform „Weinbau“ ist für diese Studie aus folgenden Gründen besonders geeignet: Rebflächen sind an Standorte mit besonderen klimatischen Bedingungen gebunden, die ebenfalls für Lebensgemeinschaften von Bedeutung sind, die in Deutschland als besonders gefährdet gelten (thermophile und xerothermophile Gemeinschaften). Auch die speziellen, früher artenreichen „Weinbergsgesellschaften“ (Flora und Fauna) verdienen besondere Beachtung; zudem ist in Unterfranken eine starke räumliche Beziehung zwischen Naturschutzgebieten, die thermophile und xerothermophile Artengemeinschaften schützen sollen, und umgebenden Rebflächen gegeben. Weiterhin erscheinen Rebflächen durch die Trennung der Anbaufläche in die Bereiche „Zeile“ (die den linienförmig angepflanzten Reben entspricht) und „Gasse“ (ein etwa zwei Meter breiter Streifen zwischen den Zeilen) hervorragend geeignet, landwirtschaftliche Produktion und biodiversitäts-orientierte Maßnahmen zu verbinden. 3) In der Region „Mainfranken“ (Deutschland, Bayern) wurden drei Vergleichsflächenpaare in Ertragsrebflächen ausgewählt, die einerseits praxisüblich, andererseits nach den Vorschriften des „ökologischen Landbaus“ i.S. des BML wirtschaften. 4) In der naturschutzfachlichen Analyse wurden folgende Gesellschaften der Vergleichsflächen faunistisch untersucht: bodenaktive (epigäische) Spinnen (Araneae), Laufkäfer (Carabidae), Zikaden (Auchenorrhyncha) und Heuschrecken (Saltatoria). Im betriebswirtschaftlichen Teil wurde nach Literaturdaten und Arbeitstagebüchern die Außenwirtschaft der Weinbaubetriebe analysiert. Beide Datengruppen wurden zusammengeführt, um die Auswirkungen betrieblicher Maßnahmen der Außenwirtschaft sowohl im Hinblick auf ihre naturschutzfachliche als auch betriebswirtschaftliche Wirksamkeit zu ermitteln und hieraus Umstellungsstrategien im Weinbau abzuleiten. Zudem wurden die monetären Differenzen quantifiziert, um die Höhe etwaiger Ausgleichszahlungen bestimmen zu können. 5) Die naturschutzfachliche Analyse zeigte, dass mit Ausnahme der Heuschrecken alle Gruppen eine starke Förderung durch den ökologischen Anbau erfuhren; die Förderung betraf sowohl die allgemeine Diversität wie naturschutzfachlich bedeutsame Arten. Diese Effekte konnten vor allem auf den Faktor „Einführung einer struktur- und artenreichen Dauerbegrünung“ sowie auf die Etablierung ungestörter Rückzugsbereiche zurückgeführt werden. Die Veränderungen des Pflanzenschutzes wurden als nicht wirksam eingestuft, die Kupferbehandlungen im ökologischen Weinbau werden sogar als problematisch angesehen. Weiterhin wurde die Maßnahme „Mulchen“ des ökologischen Weinbaus als problematische Maßnahme der Begrünungspflege identifiziert. 6) Die betriebswirtschaftliche Analyse zeigte, dass für die Ertragssituation der Betriebe vor allem der Pflanzenschutz bedeutsam ist. Von der Einführung einer Dauerbegrünung gehen moderate Effekte aus, die zudem oftmals auf eine „Umstellungsphase“ befristet sind. 7) In der Zusammenführung beider Analysen wird ein Anbauschema vorgeschlagen, dass ein modifiziertes Begrünungsmodell nach ökologischer Wirtschaftsweise mit einem modifizierten Pflanzenschutzsystem nach praxisüblicher Wirtschaftsweise kombiniert. Die Kalkulation eines solchen Systems zeigt, dass auf Ausgleichszahlungen verzichtet werden könnte, bzw. geleistete Zahlungen nicht als Kompensation i.e.S., sondern als Anreizzahlungen zu verstehen wären. 8) Die Notwendigkeit einer Überprüfung des entwickelten Schemas in einem Konversionsexperiment wird dargelegt. N2 - 1) Conservation goals on private land need measures that cause low opportunity costs. The aim of this study was to develop such measures using viniculture as study system. 2) Viniculture was chosen, since: (i) vineyards are located in regions where thermophilous species assemblages exist; these assemblages are among the most threatened assemblages in Germany; (ii) there is a strong spacial relationship between conservation areas and surrounding vineyards in Lower Franconia; (iii) vine is planted in rows separated by stripes of up to 3 m width; these stripes allow a broad array of management practises, and some of them may be useful in supporting species diversity. 3) Three matched pairs of vineyards in Lower Franconia (Germany, Bavaria) under conventional and organic cultivation, respectively, were chosen as study sites. 4) Two comparisons were done: The effects of differential agricultural treatment were analyzed (i) faunistically using epigaeic spiders (Araneae), ground beetles (Carabidae), plant hoppers (Auchenorrhyncha) and locusts (Saltatoria) as indicator groups; and (ii) economically using data from the literature and working-logs of the winegrowers covering all relevant expenses and earnings (including pesticide use, management of the ground cover, soil management and quantitative and qualitative yields). 5) In three taxa substantial quantitative (i.e. overall species diversity and abundance) and qualitative (i.e. diversity and abundance of endangered species) positive effects of the organic cultivation could be proven; only for grasshoppers no benefit for endangered species was detected. Effective factors were the establishment of an herbaceous ground cover and the retention of undisturbed areas within the vineyard. Plant protection seemed not to contribute to the promotion of biodiversity under organic cultivation; in the case of copper treatments, even adverse effects on biodiversity are discussed. Another critical treatment was “mulching” (the cutting and chopping of the ground cover with horizontally rotating machines, only conducted in the organically managed vineyards). 6) Analyzing expenses and earnings showed that the differences in plant protection are the main factors contributing to differences in yields (which are less in organic farming). The negative effects of herbaceous ground cover on yields due to water losses are less severe, and often restricted to a transitional period. 7) Combining the results of both analyses’ leads to the following recommendations: A modified soil and ground cover management according to organic cultivation should be combined with a modified plant protection system according to conventional standards. The calculation of the then resulting expenses and earnings shows that no compensation payments are necessary. 8) The need for an experimental verification of the recommended measures is emphasized. KW - Biodiversität KW - Naturschutz KW - Arthropoden KW - Weinbau KW - biodiversity KW - conservation KW - arthropods KW - viniculture Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-21989 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Alice A1 - Meyer, Hanna A1 - Otte, Insa A1 - Peters, Marcell K. A1 - Appelhans, Tim A1 - Behler, Christina A1 - Böhning-Gaese, Katrin A1 - Classen, Alice A1 - Detsch, Florian A1 - Deckert, Jürgen A1 - Eardley, Connal D. A1 - Ferger, Stefan W. A1 - Fischer, Markus A1 - Gebert, Friederike A1 - Haas, Michael A1 - Helbig-Bonitz, Maria A1 - Hemp, Andreas A1 - Hemp, Claudia A1 - Kakengi, Victor A1 - Mayr, Antonia V. A1 - Ngereza, Christine A1 - Reudenbach, Christoph A1 - Röder, Juliane A1 - Rutten, Gemma A1 - Schellenberger Costa, David A1 - Schleuning, Matthias A1 - Ssymank, Axel A1 - Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf A1 - Tardanico, Joseph A1 - Tschapka, Marco A1 - Vollstädt, Maximilian G. R. A1 - Wöllauer, Stephan A1 - Zhang, Jie A1 - Brandl, Roland A1 - Nauss, Thomas T1 - Potential of airborne LiDAR derived vegetation structure for the prediction of animal species richness at Mount Kilimanjaro JF - Remote Sensing N2 - The monitoring of species and functional diversity is of increasing relevance for the development of strategies for the conservation and management of biodiversity. Therefore, reliable estimates of the performance of monitoring techniques across taxa become important. Using a unique dataset, this study investigates the potential of airborne LiDAR-derived variables characterizing vegetation structure as predictors for animal species richness at the southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. To disentangle the structural LiDAR information from co-factors related to elevational vegetation zones, LiDAR-based models were compared to the predictive power of elevation models. 17 taxa and 4 feeding guilds were modeled and the standardized study design allowed for a comparison across the assemblages. Results show that most taxa (14) and feeding guilds (3) can be predicted best by elevation with normalized RMSE values but only for three of those taxa and two of those feeding guilds the difference to other models is significant. Generally, modeling performances between different models vary only slightly for each assemblage. For the remaining, structural information at most showed little additional contribution to the performance. In summary, LiDAR observations can be used for animal species prediction. However, the effort and cost of aerial surveys are not always in proportion with the prediction quality, especially when the species distribution follows zonal patterns, and elevation information yields similar results. KW - biodiversity KW - species richness KW - LiDAR KW - elevation KW - partial least square regression KW - arthropods KW - birds KW - bats KW - predictive modeling Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-262251 SN - 2072-4292 VL - 14 IS - 3 ER -