TY - THES A1 - Schäfer, Matthias T1 - Molecular mechanisms of floor plate formation and neural patterning in zebrafish T1 - Molekulare Mechanismen der Bodenplatten Entwicklung und neuronale Musterbildung im Zebrafisch N2 - The vertebrate spinal cord is composed of billions of neurons and glia cells, which are formed in a highly coordinated manner during early neurogenesis. Specification of these cells at distinct positions along the dorsoventral (DV) axis of the developing spinal cord is controlled by a ventrally located signaling center, the medial floor plate (MFP). Currently, the origin and time frame of specification of this important organizer are not clear. During my PhD thesis, I have analyzed the function of the novel secreted growth factor Midkine-a (Mdka) in zebrafish. In higher vertebrates, mdk and the related factor pleiotrophin (ptn) are widely expressed during embryogenesis and are implicated in a variety of processes. The in-vivo function of both factors, however, is unclear, as knock-out mice show no embryonic phenotype. We have isolated two mdk co-orthologs, mdka and mdkb, and one single ptn gene in zebrafish. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have shown that these genes evolved after two large gene block duplications. In contrast to higher vertebrates, zebrafish mdk and ptn genes have undergone functional divergence, resulting in mostly non-redundant expression patterns and functions. I have shown by overexpression and knock-down analyses that Mdka is required for MFP formation during zebrafish neurulation. Unlike the previously known MFP inducing factors, mdka is not expressed within the embryonic shield or tailbud but is dynamically expressed in the paraxial mesoderm. I used epistatic and mutant analyses to show that Mdka acts independently from these factors. This indicates a novel mechanism of Mdka dependent MFP formation during zebrafish neurulation. To get insight into the signaling properties of zebrafish Mdka, the function of both Mdk proteins and the candidate receptor Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (Alk) have been compared. Knock-down of mdka and mdkb resulted in the same reduction of iridophores as in mutants deficient for Alk. This indicates that Alk could be a putative receptor of Mdks during zebrafish embryogenesis. In most vertebrate species a lateral floor plate (LFP) domain adjacent to the MFP has been defined. In higher vertebrates it has been shown that the LFP is located within the p3 domain, which forms V3 interneurons. It is unclear, how different cell types in this domain are organized during early embryogenesis. I have analyzed a novel homeobox gene in zebrafish, nkx2.2b, which is exclusively expressed in the LFP. Overexpression, mutant and inhibitor analyses showed that nkx2.2b is activated by Sonic hedgehog (Shh), but repressed by retinoids and the motoneuron-inducing factor Islet-1 (Isl1). I could show that in zebrafish LFP and p3 neuronal cells are located at the same level along the DV axis, but alternate along the anteroposterior (AP) axis. Moreover, these two different cell populations require different levels of HH signaling and nkx2.2 activities. This provides new insights into the structure of the vertebrate spinal cord and suggests a novel mechanism of neural patterning. N2 - Das Rückenmark von Vertebraten besteht aus Milliarden von Neuronen und Gliazellen, die in einem sehr komplexen Muster während der frühen Neurogenese gebildet werden. Die Spezifizierung dieser Zellen an spezifischen Positionen entlang der dorsoventralen (DV) Achse des Rückenmarks wird durch ein ventrales Organisationszentrum, die mediale Bodenplatte (MFP), kontrolliert. Die Herkunft und der Zeitraum der Spezifizierung dieses wichtigen Organisationszentrums sind zurzeit nicht klar. In meiner Doktorarbeit habe ich die Funktionen des neuen Wachstumsfaktors Midkine-a (Mdka) im Zebrafisch charakterisiert. Mdka und der verwandte Faktor pleiotrophin (ptn) zeigen ein breites Expressionsmuster während der Embryogenese von höheren Vertebraten und sind offenbar an einer Vielzahl von Prozessen beteiligt. Die exakten in-vivo Funktionen sind jedoch nicht bekannt, da knock-out Mäuse keinen embryonalen Phänotyp zeigen. Im Zebrafisch haben wir zwei co-orthologe mdk Gene, mdka und mdkb, sowie ein ptn Gen-Ortholog isoliert. Molekulare phylogenetische Analysen ergaben, dass diese Gene durch zwei unabhängige Duplikationen eines Gen-Blocks entstanden sind. Im Gegensatz zu höheren Vertebraten haben mdk und ptn Gene divergente Funktionen entwickelt, was zu weitestgehend nicht redundanten Funktionen und Expressionsmustern geführt hat. Mittels Überexpressions- und knock-down Analysen konnte ich zeigen, dass Mdka für die Bildung der MFP im Zebrafisch benötigt wird. Anders als bisher bekannte MFP induzierende Faktoren ist Mdka nicht im embryonalen Gastrula-Organisator, dem ‚Shield’ oder der Schwanzknospe exprimiert, sondern dynamisch im paraxialen Mesoderm. Durch epistatische Analysen und Mutanten-Experimente konnte ich weiterhin zeigen, dass Mdka unabhängig von diesen Faktoren wirkt. Dies deutet auf einen neuen Mdka abhängigen Mechanismus der MFP- Bildung während der Neurogenese im Zebrafisch hin. Um Einblick in den Signalweg von Mdka im Zebrafisch zu erhalten, wurde die Funktion der midkine Gene mit der des potentiellen Rezeptors, der Anaplastischen Lymphom-Kinase (Alk), verglichen. Ein ‚Knock-down’ beider Mdk Proteine führte zu einer vergleichbaren Reduktion von Iridophoren wie bei Alk defizienten Mutanten. Demnach könnte Alk ein Rezeptor beider Mdk Proteine während der Zebrafisch-Embryogenese sein. In vielen Vertebratenspezies wurde neben der MFP eine laterale Bodenplatten (LFP) Domäne definiert. In höheren Vertebraten wurde gezeigt, dass LFP Zellen innerhalb der p3 neuronalen Domäne lokalisiert sind, welche V3 Interneuronen bilden. Es ist zurzeit nicht klar, wie diese Zelltypen angeordnet sind und wie sie während der Embryogenese gebildet werden. Ich habe ein neues Homeobox Gen nkx2.2b im Zebrafisch analysiert, welches ausschließlich in der LFP exprimiert ist. Überexpressions-, Mutanten- und Inhibitorenanalysen haben gezeigt, dass nkx2.2b durch Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) aktiviert, durch Retinolsäure und den Motoneuronen induzierenden Faktor Islet-1 (Isl1) aber reprimiert wird. Ich konnte weiterhin zeigen, dass im Zebrafisch LFP und p3 neuronale Zellen auf der gleichen Ebene entlang der DV Achse lokalisiert sind und entlang der anteroposterioren (AP) Achse alternieren. Diese zwei Zellpopulationen benötigen verschiedene Aktivitäten von Hedgehog und nkx2.2b. Dies stellt einen neuen Aspekt für den Aufbau des Rückenmarks von Vertebraten dar und deutet auf einen bisher unbekannten Mechanismus der neuronalen Musterbildung hin. KW - Zebrabärbling KW - Wachstumsfaktor KW - Neurogenese KW - Homöobox KW - Bodenplatte KW - neuronale Musterbildung KW - Midkine KW - Homeobox Gene KW - Zebrafisch KW - floor plate KW - neural patterning KW - Midkine KW - Homeobox genes KW - zebrafish Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-15789 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Yan A1 - Hong, Ni A1 - Chen, Tiansheng A1 - Li, Mingyou A1 - Wang, Tiansu A1 - Guan, Guijun A1 - Qiao, Yongkang A1 - Chen, Songlin A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Li, Chang-Ming A1 - Hong, Yunhan T1 - p53 Gene Targeting by Homologous Recombination in Fish ES Cells JF - PLoS One N2 - Background: Gene targeting (GT) provides a powerful tool for the generation of precise genetic alterations in embryonic stem (ES) cells to elucidate gene function and create animal models for human diseases. This technology has, however, been limited to mouse and rat. We have previously established ES cell lines and procedures for gene transfer and selection for homologous recombination (HR) events in the fish medaka (Oryzias latipes). Methodology and Principal Findings: Here we report HR-mediated GT in this organism. We designed a GT vector to disrupt the tumor suppressor gene p53 (also known as tp53). We show that all the three medaka ES cell lines, MES1 similar to MES3, are highly proficient for HR, as they produced detectable HR without drug selection. Furthermore, the positive-negative selection (PNS) procedure enhanced HR by similar to 12 folds. Out of 39 PNS-resistant colonies analyzed, 19 (48.7%) were positive for GT by PCR genotyping. When 11 of the PCR-positive colonies were further analyzed, 6 (54.5%) were found to be bona fide homologous recombinants by Southern blot analysis, sequencing and fluorescent in situ hybridization. This produces a high efficiency of up to 26.6% for p53 GT under PNS conditions. We show that p53 disruption and long-term propagation under drug selection conditions do not compromise the pluripotency, as p53-targeted ES cells retained stable growth, undifferentiated phenotype, pluripotency gene expression profile and differentiation potential in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that medaka ES cells are proficient for HR-mediated GT, offering a first model organism of lower vertebrates towards the development of full ES cell-based GT technology. KW - mouse KW - in-vitro KW - drug selection KW - chimera formation KW - medakafish oryzias latipes KW - embryonic stem-cells KW - zebrafish KW - differentiation KW - cultures KW - pluripotency Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-133416 VL - 8 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Linder, Bastian A1 - Hirmer, Anja A1 - Gal, Andreas A1 - Rüther, Klaus A1 - Bolz, Hanno Jörn A1 - Winkler, Christoph A1 - Laggerbauer, Bernhard A1 - Fischer, Utz T1 - Identification of a PRPF4 Loss-of-Function Variant That Abrogates U4/U6.U5 Tri-snRNP Integration and Is Associated with Retinitis Pigmentosa N2 - Pre-mRNA splicing by the spliceosome is an essential step in the maturation of nearly all human mRNAs. Mutations in six spliceosomal proteins, PRPF3, PRPF4, PRPF6, PRPF8, PRPF31 and SNRNP200, cause retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a disease characterized by progressive photoreceptor degeneration. All splicing factors linked to RP are constituents of the U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP subunit of the spliceosome, suggesting that the compromised function of this particle may lead to RP. Here, we report the identification of the p.R192H variant of the tri-snRNP factor PRPF4 in a patient with RP. The mutation affects a highly conserved arginine residue that is crucial for PRPF4 function. Introduction of a corresponding mutation into the zebrafish homolog of PRPF4 resulted in a complete loss of function in vivo. A series of biochemical experiments suggested that p.R192H disrupts the binding interface between PRPF4 and its interactor PRPF3. This interferes with the ability of PRPF4 to integrate into the tri-snRNP, as shown in a human cell line and in zebrafish embryos. These data suggest that the p.R192H variant of PRPF4 represents a functional null allele. The resulting haploinsufficiency of PRPF4 compromises the function of the tri-snRNP, reinforcing the notion that this spliceosomal particle is of crucial importance in the physiology of the retina. KW - zebrafish KW - embryos KW - immunoprecipitation KW - arginine KW - messenger RNA KW - spliceosomes KW - mutation KW - RNA splicing Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-113663 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anelli, Viviana A1 - Ordas, Anita A1 - Kneitz, Susanne A1 - Sagredo, Leonel Munoz A1 - Gourain, Victor A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Meijer, Annemarie H. A1 - Mione, Marina T1 - Ras-Induced miR-146a and 193a Target Jmjd6 to Regulate Melanoma Progression JF - Frontiers in Genetics N2 - Ras genes are among the most commonly mutated genes in human cancer; yet our understanding of their oncogenic activity at the molecular mechanistic level is incomplete. To identify downstream events that mediate ras-induced cellular transformation in vivo, we analyzed global microRNA expression in three different models of Ras-induction and tumor formation in zebrafish. Six microRNAs were found increased in Ras-induced melanoma, glioma and in an inducible model of ubiquitous Ras expression. The upregulation of the microRNAs depended on the activation of the ERK and AKT pathways and to a lesser extent, on mTOR signaling. Two Ras-induced microRNAs (miR-146a and 193a) target Jmjd6, inducing downregulation of its mRNA and protein levels at the onset of Ras expression during melanoma development. However, at later stages of melanoma progression, jmjd6 levels were found elevated. The dynamic of Jmjd6 levels during progression of melanoma in the zebrafish model suggests that upregulation of the microRNAs targeting Jmjd6 may be part of an anti-cancer response. Indeed, triple transgenic fish engineered to express a microRNA-resistant Jmjd6 from the onset of melanoma have increased tumor burden, higher infiltration of leukocytes and shorter melanoma-free survival. Increased JMJD6 expression is found in several human cancers, including melanoma, suggesting that the up-regulation of Jmjd6 is a critical event in tumor progression. The following link has been created to allow review of record GSE37015: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?token=jjcrbiuicyyqgpc&acc=GSE37015. KW - zebrafish KW - cancer models KW - microRNA KW - Jmjd6 KW - ras KW - melanoma KW - miR-146a KW - miR-193a Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-196963 SN - 1664-8021 VL - 9 IS - 675 ER -