TY - THES A1 - Kapustjansky, Alexander T1 - In vivo imaging and optogenetic approach to study the formation of olfactory memory and locomotor behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster T1 - In vivo Imaging und der optogenetische Ansatz zu Untersuchung der Gedächtnissbildung und lokomotorischem Verhalten bei Drosophila melanogaster N2 - Understanding of complex interactions and events in a nervous system, leading from the molecular level up to certain behavioural patterns calls for interdisciplinary interactions of various research areas. The goal of the presented work is to achieve such an interdisciplinary approach to study and manipulate animal behaviour and its underlying mechanisms. Optical in vivo imaging is a new constantly evolving method, allowing one to study not only the local but also wide reaching activity in the nervous system. Due to ease of its genetic accessibility Drosophila melanogaster represents an extraordinary experimental organism to utilize not only imaging but also various optogenetic techniques to study the neuronal underpinnings of behaviour. In this study four genetically encoded sensors were used to investigate the temporal dynamics of cAMP concentration changes in the horizontal lobes of the mushroom body, a brain area important for learning and memory, in response to various physiological and pharmacological stimuli. Several transgenic lines with various genomic insertion sites for the sensor constructs Epac1, Epac2, Epac2K390E and HCN2 were screened for the best signal quality, one line was selected for further experiments. The in vivo functionality of the sensor was assessed via pharmacological application of 8-bromo-cAMP as well as Forskolin, a substance stimulating cAMP producing adenylyl cyclases. This was followed by recording of the cAMP dynamics in response to the application of dopamine and octopamine, as well as to the presentation of electric shock, odorants or a simulated olfactory signal, induced by acetylcholine application to the observed brain area. In addition the interaction between the shock and the simulated olfactory signal by simultaneous presentation of both stimuli was studied. Preliminary results are supporting a coincidence detection mechanism at the level of the adenylyl cyclase as postulated by the present model for classical olfactory conditioning. In a second series of experiments an effort was made to selecticvely activate a subset of neurons via the optogenetic tool Channelrhodopsin (ChR2). This was achieved by recording the behaviour of the fly in a walking ball paradigm. A new method was developed to analyse the walking behaviour of the animal whose brain was made optically accessible via a dissection technique, as used for imaging, thus allowing one to target selected brain areas. Using the Gal4-UAS system the protocerebral bridge, a substructure of the central complex, was highlighted by expressing the ChR2 tagged by fluorescent protein EYFP. First behavioural recordings of such specially prepared animals were made. Lastly a new experimental paradigm for single animal conditioning was developed (Shock Box). Its design is based on the established Heat Box paradigm, however in addition to spatial and operant conditioning available in the Heat Box, the design of the new paradigm allows one to set up experiments to study classical and semioperant olfactory conditioning, as well as semioperant place learning and operant no idleness experiments. First experiments involving place learning were successfully performed in the new apparatus. N2 - Das Verständniss für die komplexen Interaktionen und Zusammenhänge, die von der molekularen Ebene bis zum Auftreten von bestimmten Verhaltensmustern führen, erfordert die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit unterschiedlicher Forschungsrichtungen. Das Ziel der vorgelegten Arbeit war es einen solchen interdisziplinären Ansatz für die Erforschung und die Manipulation von Verhalten und ihm zu Grunde liegenden Mechanismen zu verwirklichen. Optisches in vivo Imaging ist eine neue, sich ständig weiterentwickelnde Methode, welche es ermöglicht, nicht nur lokale sondern auch weitläufige Aktivitäten innerhalb des Nervensystem zu untersuchen. Drosophila melanogaster stellt aufgrund der leichten genetischen Zugänglichkeit einen herausragenden experimentellen Organismus dar, bei welchem neben optischem Imaging eine ganze Reihe optogenetischer Methoden angewandt werden kann, um die neuronalen Grundlagen des Verhaltens zu erforschen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde mit Hilfe von vier genetisch kodierten Sensoren in vivo die Dynamik der cAMP Konzentration in den horizontalen Loben des Pilzkörpers, bei Applikation unterschiedlicher physiologischer und pharmazeutischer Stimuli untersucht. Dabei wurden mehrere transgene Fliegenlinien mit Sensorkonstrukten Epac1, Epac2, Epac2K390E und HCN2 an unterschiedlichen genomischen Insertionsorten, hinsichtlich ihrer Signalqualität untersucht, eine der Linien wurde für weitere Experimente ausgewählt. Zunächst wurde an dieser die in vivo Tauglichkeit des Sensors gezeigt, indem die Konzentration von cAMP durch pharmakologische Applikationen von 8-Bromo-cAMP und Forskolin, einer Substanz welche die Aktivität von cAMP produzierenden Adenylatcyclasen stimuliert, appliziert wurden. Anschließend wurde eine Untersuchung der cAMP Dynamik als Antwort auf einen elektrischen Schock, unterschiedliche Düfte, sowie einen durch Applikation von Acetylcholin simulierten Duftstimulus durchgeführt. Vorläufige Ergebnisse bestärken das aktuelle Modell der klassischen olfaktorischen Konditionierung durch die Koinzidenzdetektion auf der Ebene der Adenylatcyclase. In einem weiteren Experiment wurde der Versuch einer optogenetischen neuronalen Aktivierung unternommen, dabei wurde basierend auf einem Laufball Paradigma eine Methode entwickelt, das Laufverhalten der Fliegen zu analysieren während ihr Gehirn durch eine Imaging-Präparation freigelegt wurde, um gezielt bestimmte durch fluoreszierende Proteine markierte Gehirnbereiche anzuregen. Erste Aufzeichnungen des Laufverhaltens bei Aktivierung der protocerebrallen Brücke, einer Substruktur des Zentralkomplexes, wurden durchgeführt. Schließlich wurde eine neue Apparatur (Shock Box) für die Konditionierung von Einzeltieren entwickelt und gebaut, das Design beruht auf dem der sogenannten Heat Box, ermöglicht jedoch klassische und semioperante olfaktorische Konditionierung zusätzlich zu der in der Heat Box möglichen räumlichen und operanten Konditionierung. Die ersten Versuche für räumliches Lernen wurden in der Apparatur durchgeführt. KW - Taufliege KW - Pilzkörper KW - Cyclo-AMP KW - Gedächtnis KW - In vivo KW - Imaging KW - Drosophila KW - Memory KW - In vivo KW - Imaging KW - Drosophila KW - Memory Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-69535 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winkler, Christoph A1 - Hong, Yunhan A1 - Wittbrodt, Joachim A1 - Schartl, Manfred T1 - Analysis of heterologous and homologous promoters and enhancers in vitro and in vivo by gene transfer into Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and Xiphophorus N2 - Efficient expression systems are required for analysis of gene regulation and function in teleost fish. To develop such systems, a nurober of inducible or constitutive promoter and enhancer sequences of fish or higher vertebrate origin were tested for activity in a variety of fish celllines andin embryos of the Japanese medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) and Xiphophorus. The activity of the different promoterenhancer combinations were quantitated. Considerable differences were found for some constructs if tested in vitro or in vivo. From the data obtained, a set of expression vectors for basic research as weH as for aquaculture purposes were established. KW - Schwertkärpfling KW - Japankärpfling KW - Gentransfer KW - Enhancer KW - Promotor KW - In vitro KW - In vivo Y1 - 1992 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86796 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Anders, Fritz A1 - Schartl, Manfred A1 - Barnekow, Angelika T1 - Xiphophorus as an in vivo model for studies on oncogenes N2 - The capacity of Xiphophorus to develop neoplasia can be formally assigned to a "tumor gene" (Tu), which appears to be a normal part of the genome of all individuals. The wild fish have evolved population-specific and cell type-specific systems of regulatory genes (R) for Tu that protect the fish from neoplasia. Hybridization of members of different wild populations in the laborstory followed by treatment of the hybrids with carcinogens led to disintegration of the R systems permitting excessive expression of Tu and thus resulting in neoplasia. Certain hybrids developed neoplasia even spontaneously. Observations on the genuine phenotypic effect of the derepressed Tu in the early embryo indicated an essential normal function of this oncogene in cell differentiation, proliferation and cell-cell communication. Tu appeared to be indispensable in the genome but may also be present in accessory copics. Recently, c-src, the cellular homolog of the Rous sarcoma virus oncogene v-src, was detected in Xiphophorus. The protein product of c-src, pp60c-src, was identified and then examined by its associated kinase activity. This pp60c-src was found in all individuals tested, but, depending on the genotype, its kinase activity was different. The genetic characters of c-src, such as linkage relations, dosage relations, expression, etc., correspond to those of Tu. From a systematic study which showed that pp60c-src was present in all metazoa tested ranging from mammals down to sponges, we concluded that c-src has evolved with the multicellular organization of animals. Neoplasia of animals and humans is a characteristic closely related to this evolution. Our data showed that small aquariurn fish, besides being used successfully because they are time-, space-, and money-saving systems for carcinogenicity testing, are also highly suitable for basic studies on neoplasia at the populational, morphological, developmental, cell biological, and molecular levels. KW - Schwertkärpfling KW - In vivo KW - Onkogen Y1 - 1984 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-86398 ER -