TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lambeets, Kevin
A1  - Vandegehuchte, Martijn L.
A1  - Maelfait, Jean-Pierre
A1  - Bonte, Dries
T1  - Understanding the impact of flooding on trait-displacements and shifts in assemblage structure of predatory arthropods on river banks
N2  - 1. Species assemblages of naturally disturbed habitats are governed by the prevailing disturbance regime. Consequently, stochastic flood events affect river banks and the inhabiting biota. Predatory arthropods occupy predominantly river banks in relation to specific habitat conditions. Therefore, species sorting and stochastic processes as induced by flooding are supposed to play important roles in structuring riparian arthropod assemblages in relation to their habitat preference and dispersal ability. 2. To ascertain whether assemblages of spiders and carabid beetles from disturbed river banks are structured by stochastic or sorting mechanisms, diversity patterns and assemblage-wide trait-displacements were assessed based on pitfall sampling data. We tested if flooding disturbance within a lowland river reach affects diversity patterns and trait distribution in both groups. 3. Whereas the number of riparian spider species decreased considerably with increased flooding, carabid beetle diversity benefited from intermediate degrees of flooding. Moreover, regression analyses revealed trait-displacements, reflecting sorting mechanisms particularly for spiders. Increased flooding disturbance was associated with assemblage-wide increases of niche breadth, shading and hygrophilic preference and ballooning propensity for spider (sub)families. Trait patterns were comparable for Bembidiini carabids, but were less univocal for Pterostichini species. Body size decreased for lycosid spiders and Bembidiini carabids with increased flooding, but increased in linyphiid spiders and Pterostichini carabids. 4. Our results indicate that mainly riparian species are disfavoured by either too high or too low degrees of disturbance, whereas eurytopic species benefit from increased flooding. Anthropogenic alterations of flooding disturbance constrain the distribution of common hygrophilous species and/or species with high dispersal ability, inducing shifts towards less specialized arthropod assemblages. River banks with divergent degrees of flooding impact should be maintained throughout dynamic lowland river reaches in order to preserve typical riparian arthropod assemblages.
KW  - Flussufer
KW  - body size
KW  - dispersal ability
KW  - niche breadth
KW  - riparian ecology
KW  - trait-displacement
Y1  - 2008
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-49580
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bonte, Dries
A1  - Travis, Justin M. J.
A1  - De Clercq, Nele
A1  - Zwertvaegher, Ingrid
A1  - Lens, Luc
T1  - Thermal conditions during juvenile development affect adult dispersal in a spider
N2  - Abstract: Understanding the causes and consequences of dispersal is a prerequisite for the effective management of natural populations. Rather than treating dispersal as a fixed trait, it should be considered a plastic process that responds to both genetic and environmental conditions. Here, we consider how the ambient temperature experienced by juvenile Erigone atra, a spider inhabiting crop habitat, influences adult dispersal. This species exhibits 2 distinct forms of dispersal, ballooning (long distance) and rappelling (short distance). Using a half-sib design we raised individuals under 4 different temperature regimes and quantified the spiders' propensity to balloon and to rappel. Additionally, as an indicator of investment in settlement, we determined the size of the webs build by the spiders following dispersal. The optimal temperature regimes for reproduction and overall dispersal investment were 20 °C and 25 °C. Propensity to perform short-distance movements was lowest at 15 °C, whereas for long-distance dispersal it was lowest at 30 °C. Plasticity in dispersal was in the direction predicted on the basis of the risks associated with seasonal changes in habitat availability; long-distance ballooning occurred more frequently under cooler, spring-like conditions and short-distance rappelling under warmer, summer-like conditions. Based on these findings, we conclude that thermal conditions during development provide juvenile spiders with information about the environmental conditions they are likely to encounter as adults and that this information influences the spider's dispersal strategy. Climate change may result in suboptimal adult dispersal behavior, with potentially deleterious population level consequences.
KW  - Erigone atra
KW  - emigration
KW  - dispersal distance
KW  - immigration
KW  - behavior
KW  - plasticity
KW  - silk
KW  - body condition
KW  - seasonality
Y1  - 2008
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48691
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gros, Andreas
A1  - Hovestadt, Thomas
A1  - Poethke, Hans Joachim
T1  - Evolution of sex-biased dispersal : the role of sex-specific dispersal costs, demographic stochasticity, and inbreeding
N2  - Abstract: Inbreeding avoidance and asymmetric competition over resources have both been identified as factors favoring the evolution of sex-biased dispersal. It has also been recognized that sex-specific costs of dispersal would select for sex-biased dispersal, but there is little quantitative information on this aspect. In this paper we explore (i) the quantitative relationship between cost-asymmetry and a bias in dispersal, (ii) the influence of demographic stochasticity on this effect, and (iii) how inbreeding and cost-asymmetry interact in their effect on sex-specific dispersal. We adjust an existing analytical model to account for sex-specific costs of dispersal. Based on numerical calculations we predict a severe bias in dispersal already for small differences in dispersal costs. We corroborate these predictions in individual-based simulations, but show that demographic stochasticity generally leads to more balanced dispersal. In combination with inbreeding, cost asymmetries will usually determine which of the two sexes becomes the more dispersive.
KW  - asymmetric dispersal costs
KW  - kin-selection
KW  - numerical model
KW  - individual-based simulations
Y1  - 2008
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48705
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bonte, Dries
A1  - Maes, Dirk
T1  - Trampling affects the distribution of specialised coastal dune arthropods
N2  - Abstract: From a conservation point of view, species- tolerances towards disturbance are often generalised and lack reference to spatial scales and underlying processes. In order to investigate how average typical species react to habitat fragmentation and disturbance, we adopted a multi-species approach to address occupancy patterns of five specialised dune arthropods (butterflies Hipparchia semele, Issoria lathonia; grasshopper Oedipoda caerulescens; spiders Alopecosa fabrilis, Xysticus sabulosus) in recently fragmented coastal dune habitats which are subjected to varying levels and modes of local disturbance, i.e. trampling by cattle or people. Occupancy patterns were assessed during two successive years in 133 grey dune fragments of the Flemish coastal dunes (Belgium, France). By treating species as a random factor in our models, emphasis was placed on generalisations rather than documenting species-specific patterns. Our study demonstrates that deteriorating effects of local disturbance on arthropod incidence cannot be interpreted independent of its landscape context, and appear to be more severe when patch area and connectivity decrease. When controlled for patch area and trampling intensity, the probability of species occupancy in poorly connected patches is higher under cattle trampling than under recreation. Incidences additionally decrease with increasing intensity of cattle trampling, but increases with trampling by tourists. This study provides evidence of mode- and landscape-dependent effects of local disturbance on species occupancy patterns. Most importantly, it demonstrates that trampling of sensitive dune fragments will lead to local and metapopulation extinction in landscapes where trampling occurs in a spatially autocorrelated way, but that the outcome (spatial patterns) varies in relation to disturbance mode, indicating that effects of disturbance cannot be generalised.
KW  - Araneae
KW  - grazing
KW  - grey dunes
KW  - Lepidoptera
KW  - multispecies metapopulation
KW  - Orthoptera
KW  - recreation
KW  - trampling
Y1  - 2008
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48274
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bonte, Dries
A1  - Lanckacker, Kjell
A1  - Wiersma, Elisabeth
A1  - Lens, Luc
T1  - Web building flexibility of an orb-web spider in a heterogeneous agricultural landscape
N2  - Abstract: Intensification of land-use in agricultural landscapes is responsible for a decline of biodiversity which provide important ecosystem services like pest-control. Changes in landscape composition may also induce behavioural changes of predators in response to variation in the biotic or abiotic environment. By controlling for environmentally confounding factors, we here demonstrate that the orb web spider Araneus diadematus alters its web building behaviour in response to changes in the composition of agricultural landscapes. Thereby, the species increases its foraging efficiency (i.e. investments in silk and web asymmetry) with an increase of agricultural land-use at intermediate spatial scales. This intensification is also related to a decrease in the abundance of larger prey. A negative effect of landscape properties at similar spatial scales on spider fitness was recorded when controlling for relative investments in capture thread length. This study consequently documents the web building flexibility in response to changes in landscape composition, possibly due to changes in prey availability.
KW  - Araneus diadematus
KW  - Araneidae
KW  - behavioural flexibility
KW  - orb web geometry
KW  - landscape
KW  - model selection
KW  - semi-natural habitats
Y1  - 2008
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48262
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bonte, Dries
A1  - Hovestadt, Thomas
A1  - Poethke, Hans-Joachim
T1  - Male-killing endosymbionts: influence of environmental conditions on persistance of host metapopulation
N2  - Background: Male killing endosymbionts manipulate their arthropod host reproduction by only allowing female embryos to develop into infected females and killing all male offspring. Because of the reproductive manipulation, we expect them to have an effect on the evolution of host dispersal rates. In addition, male killing endosymbionts are expected to approach fixation when fitness of infected individuals is larger than that of uninfected ones and when transmission from mother to offspring is nearly perfect. They then vanish as the host population crashes. High observed infection rates and among-population variation in natural systems can consequently not be explained if defense mechanisms are absent and when transmission efficiency is perfect. Results: By simulating the host-endosymbiont dynamics in an individual-based metapopulation model we show that male killing endosymbionts increase host dispersal rates. No fitness compensations were built into the model for male killing endosymbionts, but they spread as a group beneficial trait. Host and parasite populations face extinction under panmictic conditions, i.e. conditions that favor the evolution of high dispersal in hosts. On the other hand, deterministic 'curing' (only parasite goes extinct) can occur under conditions of low dispersal, e.g. under low environmental stochasticity and high dispersal mortality. However, high and stable infection rates can be maintained in metapopulations over a considerable spectrum of conditions favoring intermediate levels of dispersal in the host. Conclusion: Male killing endosymbionts without explicit fitness compensation spread as a group selected trait into a metapopulation. Emergent feedbacks through increased evolutionary stable dispersal rates provide an alternative explanation for both, the high male-killing endosymbiont infection rates and the high among-population variation in local infection rates reported for some natural systems.
KW  - Metapopulation
KW  - Parasit
KW  - Wirt
KW  - Endosymbiont
KW  - Theoretische Ökologie
KW  - Host-parasite interactions
KW  - individual-based model
Y1  - 2008
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-45344
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Poethke, Hans J. ;
A1  - Liebig, Jürgen
T1  - Risk-sensitive foraging and the evolution of cooperative breeding and reproductive skew
N2  - Abstract: Background Group formation and food sharing in animals may reduce variance in resource supply to breeding individuals. For some species it has thus been interpreted as a mechanism of risk avoidance. However, in many groups reproduction is extremely skewed. In such groups resources are not shared equally among the members and inter-individual variance in resource supply may be extreme. The potential consequences of this aspect of group living have not attained much attention in the context of risk sensitive foraging. Results We develop a model of individually foraging animals that share resources for reproduction. The model allows analyzing how mean foraging success, inter-individual variance of foraging success, and the cost of reproduction and offspring raising influence the benefit of group formation and resource sharing. Our model shows that the effects are diametrically opposed in egalitarian groups versus groups with high reproductive skew. For individuals in egalitarian groups the relative benefit of group formation increases under conditions of increasing variance in foraging success and decreasing cost of reproduction. On the other hand individuals in groups with high skew will profit from group formation under conditions of decreasing variance in individual foraging success and increasing cost of reproduction. Conclusion The model clearly demonstrates that reproductive skew qualitatively changes the influence of food sharing on the reproductive output of groups. It shows that the individual benefits of variance reduction in egalitarian groups and variance enhancement in groups with reproductive skew depend critically on ecological and life-history parameters. Our model of risk-sensitive foraging thus allows comparing animal societies as different as spiders and birds in a single framework.
Y1  - 2008
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-48214
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Reichert, Nina
T1  - The Role of LIN9 in Mouse Development
T1  - Die Rolle von LIN9 in der Mausentwicklung
N2  - LINC, the human homologue of an evolutionary conserved complex, regulates the transcription of a set of genes essential during the G2/M transition (Osterloh et al., 2007; Schmit et al., 2007). One component of the LINC core module is LIN-9. LIN-9 is essential for the transcriptional activation of LINC target genes and also promotes differentiation in association with pRB (Gagrica et al., 2004). However, nothing is known about its function in vivo. Histological and molecular analysis revealed that Lin9 is ubiquitously expressed throughout embryonic development and in all examined adult organs. Additionally, Lin9 mRNA is expressed in ES cells and blastocysts. Moreover the analogous distribution of the other LINC components suggested that they all function in the same cells and most likely in the same pathway. To deeper investigate the role of LIN9 in cell cycle and differentiation in vivo, a Lin9 gene trap mouse model (GT) was successfully generated and examined. Heterozygouse Lin9GT/+ mice were inconspicuous and develop normally. However, homozygouse knockout embryos were never obtained. The Lin9GT/GT embryos die at peri-implantation, probably due to a defect in the development of the epiblast, which could be shown with in situ hybridization with specific lineage markers. In vitro, the ICM of Lin9-deficient blastocysts did not develop properly. These data suggest that the loss of Lin9 leads to embryonic lethality at peri-implantation, and indicates that LIN9 is required for proper formation of the epiblast. In parallel, the first conditional Lin9 mouse model based on the Cre-loxP technology was generated. The Lin9fl/fl allele can be deleted by Cre-recombinase, in vivo and in vitro. Therefore an inducible system with Lin9fl/fl mice harboring Cre-ERT2 was established. The MEFs generated from these transgenic mice carried a nearly complete knockout upon induction with tamoxifen. Deletion of LIN9 in MEFs had a major impact upon the cell cycle and growth rates. Specifically, they arrested in G2/M phase and stopped to proliferate. Taken together, I was able to generate a lin9 gene trap and a lin9 conditional knockout mouse model. All results obtained so far demonstrate, that Lin9 is an essential gene for embryonic development and cell cycle control. It will be of great interest to further investigate Lin9-deficiency to gain insights into the mechanism of cell cycle control in early embryonic development and cell differentiation.
N2  - LINC, das humane Homolog eines evolutionär konservierten Komplexes, reguliert die Transkription von Genen, die essentiell für die G2/M Transition sind (Osterloh et al., 2007; Schmit et al., 2007). Eine Komponente des LINC Komplexes ist LIN-9. LIN-9 ist für die transkriptionelle Aktivierung LINC spezifischer Zielgene essentiell und kann, in Assoziation mit pRB, die Differenzierung humaner Zellen fördern (Gagrica et al., 2004). Bisher ist jedoch nichts über die in vivo Funktion LIN9s bekannt. Histologische und molekulare Analysen der Maus machen deutlich, dass Lin9 während der embryonalen Entwicklung und in allen untersuchten adulten Organen ubiquitär exprimiert wird. Zusätzlich wird Lin9 mRNA in ES Zellen und in Blastocysten exprimiert. Außerdem legt die analoge Verteilung anderer LINC Komponenten nahe, dass sie sehr wahrscheinlich gemeinsam in den gleichen Zellen und Signalwegen agieren. Um die Funktion des LIN9 Proteins im Zellzyklus und der Differenzierung in vivo genauer zu erforschen, wurde ein Lin9 „Gene Trap“ Maus Modell (GT) generiert und untersucht. Heterozygote Lin9GT/+ Mäuse sind unauffällig und entwickeln sich normal. Allerdings wurden keine Lin9 knockout Embryonen erhalten. Lin9GT/GT Embryonen sterben in der peri-Implantationsphase, vermutlich auf Grund eines Entwicklungsdefekts des Epiblasten, was mit in situ Hybridisierung von Abstammungslinien spezifischen Markern gezeigt werden konnte. Die ICM Lin9 defizienter Blastocysten entwickelte sich in vitro nicht richtig. Diese Daten machen deutlich, dass der Verlust von Lin9 zu embryonaler Letalität im Peri-Implantations-stadium führt, und zeigt dass Lin9 für die richtige Ausbildung des Epiblasten benötigt wird. Gleichzeitig wurde das erste konditionelle Lin9 Maus Modell, basierend auf der Cre-loxP Technologie, generiert. Das Lin9fl/fl Allele kann in vivo und in vitro mit der Cre-Recombinase deletiert werden. Deshalb wurde ein induzierbares System mit Lin9fl/fl Mäusen, die zusätzlich Cre-ERT2 tragen, etabliert. Die MEFs dieser transgenen Mäuse trugen nach Induktion mit Tamoxifen einen kompletten Lin9 Knockout. Die Deletion von LIN9 hat dramatische Auswirkung auf den Zellzyklus und die Wachstumsrate der MEFs. Neben der Akkumulation in der G2/M Phase des Zellzyklus kommt es zu einem vollständigen Proliferationsstop. Zusammenfassend war es möglich, ein Lin9 „Gene Trap“ und ein konditionelles Knockout Maus Modell zu generieren. Beide Mausmodelle belegen, dass Lin9 ein essenzielles Gen für die Embryonalentwicklung und die Kontrolle des Zellzyklus ist. Die weitere Erforschung der LIN9 Defizienz wird dazu beitragen, grundlegende Mechanismen der frühen Zellzykluskontrolle und der embryonalen Entwicklung zu verstehen.
KW  - Zellzyklus
KW  - Knockout <Molekulargenetik>
KW  - Cell cyle
KW  - Knockout
Y1  - 2008
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-30889
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Kukat, Christian
T1  - Fusion, Fission und Nucleoids in Megamitochondrien
T1  - Fusion, fission and nucleoids in megamitochondria
N2  - In rho0-Zellen, die über keine mitochondriale DNA (mtDNA) mehr verfügen, entstehen während der Kultivierung Megamitochondrien durch endogene Milchsäure-Azidifizierung des Kulturmediums. Diese Riesenorganellen bilden sich dabei durch mitochondriale Fusionsereignisse und/oder eine Hemmung der Fission. In Zellen mit mitochondrialem Genom ist es ebenso möglich Megamitochondrien durch artifizielles Ansäuern des Kulturmediums zu induzieren. Diese Erkenntnisse wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit als Werkzeug verwendet, um Einblicke in mitochondriale Fusions- und Fissionsereignisse zu erlangen. Zunächst wurde die Fusion mitochondrialer Matrixkompartimente mithilfe der photoaktivierbaren Variante des grünen fluoreszierenden Proteins (PA-GFP) untersucht. Hiermit konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Vermischen der Matrixkompartimente nach der Fusion ein sehr schneller Prozess ist. Die Analyse der Bildung und Rückbildung der Megamitochondrien erfolgte sowohl konfokal- als auch elektronenmikroskopisch, wobei sich zeigte, dass die Matrix der Riesenorganellen kaum mehr Cristae beinhaltet. Die Rückbildung der Megamitochondrien zum normalen Netzwerk ist ein sehr schneller Prozess, bei dem schon nach 15 min keine vergrößerten Organellen mehr sichtbar sind. Dies indiziert, dass der Rückbildungsprozess wahrscheinlich durch Veränderungen von verfügbaren Proteinen durchgeführt wird, ohne die Induzierung von Proteinneusynthese. Untersuchungen auf ultrastruktureller Ebene zeigten, dass es während der Rückbildung zur Formation von drei unterschiedlichen Mitochondrientypen kam, die sich in ihrer Morphologie stark unterschieden. Weiterhin wurden vergleichende Studien zur Bildung der Megamitochondrien durchgeführt, bei denen der Einfluss von Atmungsketten-Inhibitoren auf die Bildung von Milchsäure-induzierten Riesenorganellen untersucht wurde. Die Resultate deuten für die Megamitochondrieninduktion auf eine Abhängigkeit auf ein intaktes Membranpotential hin. Immunzytochemisch wurde die endogene Lokalisation der mitochondrialen Fusions- und Fissionsproteine Mitofusin 2, hFis1 und Drp1/DNM1L am Modellsystem der Megamitochondrieninduktion aufgeklärt. Es zeigte sich, dass diese Proteine punktförmig an der äußeren Membran der Riesenorganellen lokalisieren Um das Modellsystem an lebenden Zellen zu nutzen, wurden Vektoren konstruiert, die fluoreszenzmarkierte Proteine der mitochondrialen Fusions- und Fissionsmaschinerie exprimierten. Hiermit konnte einerseits die Lokalisation von Mitofusin 1, Mitofusin 2, hFis1 und Drp1/DNM1L in lebenden Zellen nach Induktion der Megamitochondrien analysiert werden und andererseits der Einfluss der Überexpression dieser Proteine auf die Bildung der Riesenorganellen dokumentiert werden. Die Ergebnisse machten deutlich, dass nur die Überepxression von hFis1 die Bildung der Megamitochondrien verhinderte. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit lag in der Visualisierung und Dynamik mitochondrialer Nucleoids in lebenden Zellen. Nucleoids sind Protein-DNA-Komplexe, in denen mitochondriale Genome organisiert sind. Mit dem Farbstoff PicoGreen gelang es mtDNA in lebenden Zellen zu färben und Dynamikstudien der punktförmigen Strukturen mikroskopisch festzuhalten. Während sich mtDNA im mitochondrialen Netzwerk nur marginal aufgrund stattfindender Fusions- und Fissionsereignisse bewegte kam es in den Milchsäure-induzierten Megamitochondrien zu einer extensiven und extrem schnellen Bewegung von mitochondrialer DNA. In anschließenden Versuchen wurde der mitochondriale Transkriptions- und Verpackungsfaktor TFAM als fluoreszentes Fusionsprotein in Zellen transfiziert und Kolokalisationsstudien zeigten, dass das Fusionsprotein mit mtDNA kolokalisiert. In den Riesenorganellen präsentierten punktförmige TFAM-gefärbte Nucleoids ein sehr dynamisches Verhalten mit schneller Bewegung. In rho0-Zellen ohne mitochondriale DNA war die TFAM-Fluoreszenz hingegen gleichmäßig verteilt. Ein weiterer Nucleiodbestandteil ist das mitochondriale DNA-Einzelstrangbindeprotein SSBP1, welches in Megamitochondrien ebenso ein sehr dynamisches Verhalten aufwies. Eine mitochondrial-zielgesteuerte und EGFP-markierte Restriktionsendonuklease wies ebenfalls das typische, punktförmige Nucleoidmuster im mitochondrialen Netzwerk auf, was auf eine Interaktion mit der mtDNA schließen lässt. In rho0-Zellen ohne mtDNA kam es jedoch zur gleichmäßigen Verteilung des Konstruktes in den Mitochondrien. Zusammenfassend wurden in dieser Arbeit sowohl Einblicke in die Biologie der Megamitochondrien gewonnen, als auch Erkenntnisse über die Dynamik mitochondrialer Protein-DNA-Komplexe, wobei der Schwerpunkt hierbei auf einer Analyse mit Hilfe optischer Methoden lag.
N2  - During the cultivation of rho0 cells, which are devoid of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), excessive endogenous lactic acid production during the fermentation process drives the development of megamitochondria. These giant organelles are formed by mitochondrial fusion events and/or the repression of fission. Megamitochondria formation is inducible in cells containing mtDNA by an artificial acidification of the culture medium by lactic acid. This work exploits these findings in order to investigate mitochondrial fusion and fission events. Fusion of mitochondrial matrix compartments was examined with the aid of the photoactivatable variant of the green fluorescent protein (PA-GFP), showing that the mixing of matrix components after fusion is an extremely fast process. Formation and reversion of megamitochondria was analyzed by confocal and electron microscopy, revealing that the matrix of giant organelles contains only rudiment structures of cristae organization. Reversion of the megamitochondria to a normal network displays fast kinetic characteristics. This indicates that the restoration process most likely is performed by alterations of novel protein expression. Additional assessment on an ultrastructural level displayed the occurrence of three different types of mitochondria during the reversion, which strongly differed in their morphology. To gain insights into the mechanism of megamitochondria formation and reversion comparative studies were performed with various inhibitors of the respiratory chain. The results indicated a dependence on an intact membrane potential for the induction of megamitochondria. Localization of the endogenous mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins mitofusin 1, hFis1 and Drp1/DNM1L were analyzed in megamitochondria by immunocytochemistry, demonstrating that these proteins localize foci-like to the outer membrane of the giant organelles. Fluorescently tagged proteins of the mitochondrial fusion and fission apparatus (mitofusin 1, mitofusin 2, hFis1 and Drp1/DNM1L) were used in localization and overexpression experiments in living cells by transient transfection. The results revealed that only the overexpression of hFis1 inhibited the formation of megamitochondria. Another main focus of this thesis was the visualization and dynamics of mitochondrial nucleoids in living cells. Nucleoids are protein-DNA complexes representing organizational units for the mitochondrial genomes The dye PicoGreen was used to stain mtDNA in living cells and the dynamics of nucleoid movement was analyzed by fluorescent and confocal microscopy. While mitochondrial DNA showed only marginal movements due to ongoing fusion and fission events in a mitochondrial network, an extensive and extremely fast movement in the lactic acid-induced megamitochondria could be observed. In subsequent experiments the mitochondrial transcription and packaging factor TFAM was fluorescently tagged and transfected into cells. Colocalization studies showed that this fusion protein colocalizes with mitochondrial DNA. In the giant organelles foci-like TFAM-stained nucleoids displayed a very dynamic performance with fast movement. However, in rho0 cells without mitochondrial DNA the TFAM-fluorescence was uniformly distributed. An additional nucleoid constituent and marker for mitochondrial DNA is the mitochondrial single-stranded DNA-binding protein SSBP1, and it could be shown that SSBP1 also exhibits very dynamic characteristics in megamitochondria. A mitochondrial-targeted and EGFP-tagged restriction endonuclease also exhibited the typical, punctual nucleoid pattern in the mitochondrial network, suggesting an mtDNA interaction. In rho0 cells, however, the construct was uniformly distributed in the mitochondrial matrix. In summary, in the present thesis optical and mechanistic insights into the biology of megamitochondria were obtained. This approach was further exploited to study the dynamics of mitochondrial protein-DNA complexes with optical methods.
KW  - Mitochondrium
KW  - Cytologie
KW  - Mitochondrien
KW  - mitochondria
Y1  - 2008
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-30467
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Schmitt, Johannes
T1  - Proteine der Kernhülle und deren Rolle bei der Umgestaltung des Zellkerns meiotischer und postmeiotischer Zellen von Säugern
T1  - Proteins of the nuclear envelope and their role in the rearrangement of the nucleus in meiotic and post-meiotic mammalian cell
N2  - Während der Spermatogenese finden erstaunliche Differenzierungsprozessen statt. Reguliert wird die Spermatogenese sowohl hormonell als auch durch Wechselwirkungen zwischen verschiedenen Zelltypen und der extrazellulärer Matrix. Unterteilt wird die Spermatogenese in drei funktionelle Einheiten. Die Proliferationsphase, die Meiose und die Spermiogenese. Im Laufe der Proliferationsphase gehen aus den Spermatogonien, Spermatocyten hervor, die die Meiose durchlaufen. Während der Prophase I der Meiose kommt es zur Reduktion und Rekombination des genetischen Materials, was mit charakteristischen und höchst dynamischen Bewegungsvorgängen der Telomere einhergeht. Auf die Meiose folgt die Spermiogenese, in der das genetische Material in seine „Transportform“ überführt wird und aus einer stationären, zellverbundenen Einheit ein mobiles autark funktionierendes Vehikel des genetischen Materials wird; das Spermium. Um das Verständnis dieser Vorgänge zu erweitern wurden in dieser Arbeit die Verteilungsmuster einiger Proteine in der Kernhülle von Zellen der Spermatogenese, in Hinblick auf ihre dynamische Umverteilung untersucht. Bei diesen Proteinen handelte es sich um die SUN-Domänen Proteine und das meiosespezifische Lamin C2. Die SUN-Domänen Proteine sind Teil des membrandurchspannenden LINC-Komplexes, der Komponenten des Nukleoplasma mit denen des Cytoplasma verbindet. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die SUN-Domänen Proteine, Sun1 und Sun2 während der Meiose exprimiert werden, und an den Anheftungsplatten meiotischer Chromosomen lokalisieren und deren dynamisches Verteilungsmuster dem Verteilungsmuster der Telomere während der Prophase I der Meiose entsprechen. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass Sun1 und Sun2 eine tragende Rolle, während der koordinierten Bewegungsprozessen der Prophase I der Meiose spielen. In der Spermiogenese sind die SUN-Domänen Proteine, Sun1 und Sun3 vertreten. Dabei weist deren unterschiedliche Lokalisation an entgegengesetzten Zellpolen darauf hin, dass Sun1 und Sun3 möglicherweise unterschiedliche Funktionen bei der Umgestaltung des Spermienkopfes während der Spermiogenese erfüllen. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit war die Etablierung einer Mauslinie um die Rolle von Lamin C2 in der Meiose untersuchen zu können. Hierzu wurde eine Lamin C2 Knock-out Studie begonnen. In ersten Untersuchungen der knock-out Tiere konnte eine Größenreduktion der Hoden beobachtet werden. Ebenso konnte ein Abbruch der Meiose vermerkt werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit verdeutlichen, dass sowohl die SUN-Domänen Proteine, als auch Lamin C2, wichtige Rollen in dem komplexen Arrangement der Spermatogenese übernehmen.
N2  - During spermatogenesis amazing differentiation processes take place. Spermatogenesis is regulated by hormones and crosstalk between several cell types and the extra cellular matrix. It can be divided in three functional processes: The proliferation phase, meiosis and spermiogenesis. In the course of the proliferation phase spermatogonia become spermatocytes, which then pass through meiosis. During prophase I of meiosis the reduction and the recombination of the genetic material take place, involving characteristic and highly dynamic movements of meiotic telomeres. Meiosis is followed by spermiogenesis, where the genetic material is converted to its “transport form”, thereby turning a static, tissue associated cell into a mobile, self-sufficient vehicle of the genetic material; the sperm. To expand the knowledge of these processes, the localisation of some proteins of the nuclear envelope of spermatogenetic cells were examined in this work, in order to discover their dynamic distribution pattern. These proteins are the SUN-domain proteins and the meiosis specific lamin C2. The SUN-domain proteins are part of the transmembrane LINC-complex, which connects nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic components. This work shows, that the SUN-domain proteins Sun1 and Sun2 are expressed during meiosis, that they are located at the attachment sites of the meiotic telomeres, and that their localisation parallels the dynamic movements of the telomeres, which take place in meiotic prophase I. These results indicate that Sun1 and Sun2 play a major role in the coordinated telomere movements during prophase I of meiosis. This work furthermore shows the specific expression of Sun1 and Sun3 during spermiogenesis. Their localisation at opposite poles of the spermatid head indicates discrete functions during the transformation of the sperm head, which takes place in this phase of spermatogenesis. Another focus of this work was the establishment of a lamin C2 knock out mouse line to analyse the role of lamin C2 in meiosis. Analysis of the knock out animals showed a reduction of testis-size in comparison to wild-type mice. Additionaly meiosis was aborted in lamin C2 deficient mice. In summary these results make evident, that the SUN-domain proteins, as well as the meiosis specific lamin C2 play an important role in the complex arrangements of spermiogenesis.
KW  - Meiose
KW  - Spermatogenese
KW  - Kernproteine
KW  - meiosis
KW  - spermatogenesis
KW  - nucleus
Y1  - 2008
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-31203
ER  -