TY - JOUR A1 - Thormann, Birthe A1 - Raupach, Michael J. A1 - Wagner, Thomas A1 - Wägele, Johann W. A1 - Peters, Marcell K. T1 - Testing a Short Nuclear Marker for Inferring Staphylinid Beetle Diversity in an African Tropical Rain Forest JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Background: The use of DNA based methods for assessing biodiversity has become increasingly common during the last years. Especially in speciose biomes as tropical rain forests and/or in hyperdiverse or understudied taxa they may efficiently complement morphological approaches. The most successful molecular approach in this field is DNA barcoding based on cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) marker, but other markers are used as well. Whereas most studies aim at identifying or describing species, there are only few attempts to use DNA markers for inventorying all animal species found in environmental samples to describe variations of biodiversity patterns. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this study, an analysis of the nuclear D3 region of the 28S rRNA gene to delimit species-like units is compared to results based on distinction of morphospecies. Data derived from both approaches are used to assess diversity and composition of staphylinid beetle communities of a Guineo-Congolian rain forest in Kenya. Beetles were collected with a standardized sampling design across six transects in primary and secondary forests using pitfall traps. Sequences could be obtained of 99% of all individuals. In total, 76 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) were found in contrast to 70 discernible morphospecies. Despite this difference both approaches revealed highly similar biodiversity patterns, with species richness being equal in primary and secondary forests, but with divergent species communities in different habitats. The D3-MOTU approach proved to be an efficient tool for biodiversity analyses. Conclusions/Significance: Our data illustrate that the use of MOTUs as a proxy for species can provide an alternative to morphospecies identification for the analysis of changes in community structure of hyperdiverse insect taxa. The efficient amplification of the D3-marker and the ability of the D3-MOTUs to reveal similar biodiversity patterns as analyses of morphospecies recommend its use in future molecular studies on biodiversity. KW - DNA barcodes KW - Biological identifications KW - Species richness KW - Taxonomy KW - Conservation KW - Coleoptera KW - Parataxonomy KW - Assemblages KW - Madagascar Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142666 VL - 6 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thormann, Birthe A1 - Ahrens, Dirk A1 - Armijos, Diego Marín A1 - Peters, Marcell K. A1 - Wagner, Thomas A1 - Wägele, Johann W. T1 - Exploring the Leaf Beetle Fauna (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of an Ecuadorian Mountain Forest Using DNA Barcoding JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Background Tropical mountain forests are hotspots of biodiversity hosting a huge but little known diversity of insects that is endangered by habitat destruction and climate change. Therefore, rapid assessment approaches of insect diversity are urgently needed to complement slower traditional taxonomic approaches. We empirically compare different DNA-based species delimitation approaches for a rapid biodiversity assessment of hyperdiverse leaf beetle assemblages along an elevational gradient in southern Ecuador and explore their effect on species richness estimates. Methodology/Principal Findings Based on a COI barcode data set of 674 leaf beetle specimens (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of 266 morphospecies from three sample sites in the Podocarpus National Park, we employed statistical parsimony analysis, distance-based clustering, GMYC- and PTP-modelling to delimit species-like units and compared them to morphology-based (parataxonomic) species identifications. The four different approaches for DNA-based species delimitation revealed highly similar numbers of molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) (n = 284–289). Estimated total species richness was considerably higher than the sampled amount, 414 for morphospecies (Chao2) and 469–481 for the different MOTU types. Assemblages at different elevational levels (1000 vs. 2000 m) had similar species numbers but a very distinct species composition for all delimitation methods. Most species were found only at one elevation while this turnover pattern was even more pronounced for DNA-based delimitation. Conclusions/Significance Given the high congruence of DNA-based delimitation results, probably due to the sampling structure, our study suggests that when applied to species communities on a regionally limited level with high amount of rare species (i.e. ~50% singletons), the choice of species delimitation method can be of minor relevance for assessing species numbers and turnover in tropical insect communities. Therefore, DNA-based species delimitation is confirmed as a valuable tool for evaluating biodiversity of hyperdiverse insect communities, especially when exact taxonomic identifications are missing. KW - leaf beetle KW - Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae KW - Podocarpus National Park KW - DNA-based species delimitation KW - biodiversity Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-167253 VL - 11 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thomas, Sarah A1 - Fiebig, Juliane E. A1 - Kuhn, Eva-Maria A1 - Mayer, Dominik S. A1 - Filbeck, Sebastian A1 - Schmitz, Werner A1 - Krischke, Markus A1 - Gropp, Roswitha A1 - Mueller, Thomas D. T1 - Design of glycoengineered IL-4 antagonists employing chemical and biosynthetic glycosylation JF - ACS Omega N2 - Interleukin-4 (IL-4) plays a key role in atopic diseases. It coordinates T-helper cell differentiation to subtype 2, thereby directing defense toward humoral immunity. Together with Interleukin-13, IL-4 further induces immunoglobulin class switch to IgE. Antibodies of this type activate mast cells and basophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes, which release pro-inflammatory mediators accounting for the typical symptoms of atopic diseases. IL-4 and IL-13 are thus major targets for pharmaceutical intervention strategies to treat atopic diseases. Besides neutralizing antibodies against IL-4, IL-13, or its receptors, IL-4 antagonists can present valuable alternatives. Pitrakinra, an Escherichia coli-derived IL-4 antagonist, has been evaluated in clinical trials for asthma treatment in the past; however, deficits such as short serum lifetime and potential immunogenicity among others stopped further development. To overcome such deficits, PEGylation of therapeutically important proteins has been used to increase the lifetime and proteolytic stability. As an alternative, glycoengineering is an emerging strategy used to improve pharmacokinetics of protein therapeutics. In this study, we have established different strategies to attach glycan moieties to defined positions in IL-4. Different chemical attachment strategies employing thiol chemistry were used to attach a glucose molecule at amino acid position 121, thereby converting IL-4 into a highly effective antagonist. To enhance the proteolytic stability of this IL-4 antagonist, additional glycan structures were introduced by glycoengineering utilizing eucaryotic expression. IL-4 antagonists with a combination of chemical and biosynthetic glycoengineering could be useful as therapeutic alternatives to IL-4 neutralizing antibodies already used to treat atopic diseases. KW - Interleukin-4 (IL-4) KW - atopic diseases KW - IL-4 antagonists KW - glycoengineering KW - biosynthetic glycosylation KW - chemical glycosylation Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-350278 SN - 2470-1343 VL - 8 IS - 28 ER - TY - THES A1 - Thoma, Eva Christina T1 - Directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells induced by single genes T1 - Gerichtete Differenzierung pluripotenter Stammzellen induziert durch einzelne Gene N2 - Pluripotency describes the ability of stem cells to form every cell type of the body.. Pluripotent stem cells are e.g. embryonic stem cells (ESCs), but also the so called induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS cells), that are generated by reprogramming differentiated somatic cells into a pluripotent state. Furthermore, it has been shown that spermatogonia (SG) derived from adult testes of mouse or human are pluripotent. Because of their ability to differentiate into every somatic cell type, pluripotent stem cells have a unique status in research and regenerative medicine. For the latter, they offer a valuable opportunity to replace destroyed tissues or organs. For basic research, stem cells represent a useful system to study differentiation or developmental processes that are difficult to access in the physiological situation e.g. during embryogenesis. Both applications, however, require methods that allow efficient and directed differentiation of stem cells into defined specialized cell types. This study first aims to investigate the differentiation potential of SG derived from the teleost fish medaka (Oryzias latipes). My results demonstrate that medaka SG are able to form different somatic cell types, namely adipocytes, melanocytes, osteoblasts, and neurons. This indicates that medake SG have retained a broad differentiation potential suggesting that pluripotency is not restricted to mouse and human SG but might be conserved among vertebrates. Next, I wanted to establish a differentiation method that is solely based on ectopic expression of genes known to be essential for the formation of certain somatic cell types – so called master regulators (MRs). My findings show that ectopic expression of the melanocyte-specific transcription factor mitf-m that has previously been shown to induce differentiation of medaka ESCs into pigment cells resulted in the formation of the same cell type in medaka SG. This approach could be used to generate other somatic cell types. Thus, ectopic expression of the MRs cbfa1 and mash1 in MF-SG was sufficient to induce differentiation into osteoblasts and neurons, respectively. Interestingly, these differentiation processes included the activation of genes that are expressed earlier during embryogenesis than the differentiation-inducing MR. Furthermore, my findings show that the approach of MR-induced differentiation can be transferred to mammalian stem cell systems. Ectopic expression of the neural transcription factor ngn2 was sufficient to induce efficient and rapid differentiation of neurons in mouse ESCs. This differentiation process also included the induction of genes that in vivo are activated at earlier stages that ngn2. By generating a transgenic cell line allowing induction of ectopic ngn2 expression, it was possible to obtain a relatively pure culture of functional neurons. Ngn2-induced differentiation did not require any additional signals and occurred even under pluripotency promoting conditions. Moreover, ectopic expression of ngn2 did also induce the formation of cells with neuronal morphology in IPS cells indicating that MR-induced differentiation is operative in different stem cell types. Furthermore, protein transduction of Ngn2 into mouse ESCs also resulted in a neuronal differentiation process up to the appearance of neural precursor cells. Last, my results show that MR-induced differentiation can also be used to generate other cell types than neurons from mouse ESCs. Myoblasts and macrophage-like cells were generated by ectopic expression of the MRs myoD and cebpa, respectively. Using transgenic cell lines enabling induction of MR expression it was possible to obtain mixed cultures with two different differentiation processes occurring in parallel. Altogether this study shows that ectopic expression of single genes is sufficient to induce directed differentiation of stem cells into defined cell types. The feasibility of this approach was demonstrated for different MRs and consequently different somatic cell types. Furthermore, MR induced differentiation was operative in different stem cell types from fish and mouse. Thus, one can conclude that certain genes are able to define cell fates in in vitro stem cell systems and that this cell fate defining potential appears to be a conserved feature in vertebrates. These findings therefore provide new insights in the role of MRs in cell commitment and differentiation processes. Furthermore, this study presents a new method to induce directed differentiation of stem cells that offers several advantages regarding efficiency, rapidness, and reproducibility. MR-induced differentiation therefore represents a promising tool for both stem cell research and regenerative medicine. N2 - Pluripotenz bezeichnet die Fähigkeit einer Stammzelle, jede Zelle des Körpers zu bilden. Zu den pluripotenten Stammzellen gehören embryonale Stammzellen (ESZ), aber auch so genannte induzierte pluripotente Stammzellen (IPS Zellen), die durch Rückprogrammierung ausdifferenzierter Körperzellen in einen pluripotenten Status gewonnen werden. Außerdem wurde gezeigt, dass adulte Spermatogonien (SG) in Maus und Mensch pluripotent sind. Pluripotente Stammzellen sind von großer Wichtigkeit für Forschung und regenerative Medizin. Für letztere bieten diese Zellen aufgrund ihrer Fähigkeit, jede Körperzellen zu bilden, eine vielversprechende Möglichkeit, zerstörte Gewebe oder Organe zu ersetzen. In der Forschung stellen sie ein nützliches System dar, um Entwicklungs- und Differenzierungsprozesse zu untersuchen, die in der physiologischen Situation z.B. der Embryonalentwicklung – schwer zugänglich sind. Eine wichtige Grundlage für diese Anwendungen sind jedoch Methoden, die die effiziente und gerichtete Differenzierung von Stammzellen in einen bestimmten Zelltyp erlauben. In dieser Arbeit wird zunächst das Differenzierungspotential von SG der Fischspezies Medaka (Oryzias latipes) untersucht, um festzustellen, ob Pluripotenz von SG, die bisher nur in Maus und Mensch gezeigt wurde, auch in anderen Wirbeltieren außerhalb der Säuger erhalten ist. Meine Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Medaka-SG fähig sind verschiedene somatische Zelltypen zu bilden. Das zweite Ziel dieser Studie ist die Entwicklung einer Differenzierungsmethode, die nur auf der Expression einzelner so genannter Masterregulatoren (MR) beruht – Gene, die als essentiell für die Entwicklung bestimmter Zelltypen bekannt sind. Meine Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Pigmentzell-spezifische Transkriptionsfaktor Mitf-M, von dem gezeigt wurde, dass er die Differenzierung von Medaka-ESZ in Pigmentzellen induzieren kann, die Bildung desselben Zelltyps in Medaka-SG induziert. Dieser Ansatz ermöglichte auch die Bildung anderer somatischer Zelltypen. So führte Überexpression der MR cbfa1 und mash1 in Medaka SG zur Differenzierung in Osteoblasten bzw. Neuronen. Interessanterweise wurde bei diesen Differenzierungsprozessen die Aktivierung von Genen beobachtet, die während der Embryonalentwicklung vor dem Differenzierung-auslösenden MR aktiviert werden. Weiterhin zeigen meine Ergebnisse, dass der Ansatz einer gerichteten Differenzierung, ausgelöst durch einzelne MR, auch auf Säuger-Stammzellen übertragen werden kann. So wurde durch Überexpression des neuronalen Genes ngn2 in murinen ESZ die effiziente und schnelle Bildung von Nervenzellen induziert, wobei auch hier die Aktivierung von Genen beobachtet wurde, deren Expression in der Embryogenese der von ngn2 vorangeht. Die Herstellung einer transgenen Zelllinie, in der die Überexpression von ngn2 aktiviert werden kann, erlaubte die Entstehung einer fast reinen Kultur funktionaler Neuronen. Der durch ngn2 ausgelöste Differenzierungsprozess war unabhängig von zusätzlichen Faktoren und lief sogar unter Bedingungen ab, die normalerweise den pluripotenten Zustand unterstützen. Außerdem führte Überexpression von ngn2 auch in IPS Zellen zur Bildung von Zellen mit neuronalem Phenotyp. Weiterhin konnte auch durch Transduktion des Ngn2-Proteins in murine ESZ neuronale Differenzierung ausgelöst werden, und zwar die Bildung neuronaler Vorläuferzellen. Zuletzt wird bewiesen, dass gerichtete Differenzierung von murinen ESZ durch einzelne MR Gene neben neuronalen Zelltypen auch die Bildung anderer somatischer Zellen erlaubt: Überexpression der Gene myoD oder cebpa induzierte die Differenzierung in Muskelzellen bzw. Macrophagen-ähnliche Zellen. Unter Verwendung transgener Zelllinien, die die Aktivierung jeweils eines MRs erlauben, war es möglich, gemischte Kulturen zu erhalten, in denen zwei verschiedene Differenzierungsprozesse parallel abliefen. Diese Studie zeigt, dass die Überexpression einzelner Gene ausreichend ist, um gerichtete Differenzierungsprozesse in einen bestimmten Zelltyp auszulösen. Die erfolgreiche Durchführung dieses Ansatzes wird nicht nur mit verschiedenen Genen und somit verschiedenen resultierenden Zelltypen nachgewiesen, sondern auch in verschiedenen Stammzelltypen aus Fisch und Maus. Dies erlaubt die Schlussfolgerung, dass bestimmte Gene in vitro das Schicksal von Stammzellen festlegen können und dass diese Fähigkeit eine konservierte Eigenschaft in Wirbeltieren zu sein scheint. Somit präsentiert diese Arbeit neuen Erkenntnisse über die Rolle von MR bei der Festlegung von Zellidentitäten und in Differenzierungsprozessen. Weiterhin wird eine neue Methode zur Induktion gerichteter Differenzierung in Stammzellen aufgezeigt, die mehrere Vorteile in Bezug auf Effizienz, Geschwindigkeit und Reproduzierbarkeit hat. Auslösung von Differenzierung durch MR Gene bietet somit einen neuen vielversprechenden Ansatz mit potentieller Anwendung sowohl in Stammzellforschung, als auch in regenerativer Medizin. KW - Stammzelle KW - Zelldifferenzierung KW - Transkriptionsfaktor KW - Pluripotenz KW - Pluripotent stem cells KW - differentiation KW - transcription factors Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-54706 ER - TY - THES A1 - Thom, Corinna T1 - Dynamics and Communication Structures of Nectar Foraging in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) T1 - Dynamik und Kommunikation beim Nektarsammeln der Honigbiene N2 - In this thesis, I examined honey bee nectar foraging with emphasis on the communication system. To document how a honey bee colony adjusts its daily nectar foraging effort, I observed a random sample of individually marked workers during the entire day, and then estimated the number and activity of all nectar foragers in the colony. The total number of active nectar foragers in a colony changed frequently between days. Foraging activity did not usually change between days. A honey bee colony adjusts its daily foraging effort by changing the number of its nectar foragers rather than their activity. I tested whether volatiles produced by a foraging colony activated nectar foragers of a non-foraging colony by connecting with a glass tube two colonies. Each colony had access to a different green house. In 50% of all experiments, volatile substances from the foraging colony stimulated nectar foragers of the non-foraging colony to fly to an empty feeder. The results of this study show that honey bees can produce a chemical signal or cue that activates nectar foragers. However, more experiments are needed to establish the significance of the activating volatiles for the foraging communication system. The brief piping signal of nectar foragers inhibits forager recruitment by stopping waggle dances (Nieh 1993, Kirchner 1993). However, I observed that many piping signals (approximately 43%) were produced off the dance floor, a restricted area in the hive where most waggle dances are performed. If the inhibition of waggle dances would be the only function of the brief piping signal, tremble dancers should produce piping signals mainly on the dance floor, where the probability to encounter waggle dancers is highest. To therefore investigate the piping signal in more detail, I experimentally established the foraging context of the brief piping signal, characterized its acoustic properties, and documented for the first time the unique behavior of piping nectar foragers by observing foragers throughout their entire stay in the hive. Piping nectar foragers usually began to tremble dance immediately upon their return into the hive, spent more time in the hive, more time dancing, had longer unloading latencies, and were the only foragers that sometimes unloaded their nectar directly into cells instead of giving it to a nectar receiver bee. Most of the brief piping signals (approximately 99%) were produced by tremble dancers, yet not all tremble dancers (approximately 48%) piped. This suggests that piping and tremble dancing have related, but not identical functions in the foraging system. Thus, the brief piping signals may not only inhibit forager recruitment, but have an additional function both on and off the dance floor. In particular, the piping signal might function 1. to stop the recruitment of additional nectar foragers, and 2. as a modulatory signal to alter the response threshold of signal receivers to the tremble dance. The observation that piping tremble dancers often did not experience long unloading delays before they started to dance gave rise to a question. A forager’s unloading delay provides reliable information about the relative work capacities of nectar foragers and nectar receivers, because each returning forager unloads her nectar to a nectar receiver before she takes off for the next foraging trip. Queuing delays for either foragers or receivers lower foraging efficiency and can be eliminated by recruiting workers to the group in shortage. Short unloading delays indicate to the nectar forager a shortage of foragers and stimulate waggle dancing which recruits nectar foragers. Long unloading delays indicate a shortage of nectar receivers and stimulate tremble dancing which recruits nectar receivers (Seeley 1992, Seeley et al. 1996). Because the short unloading delays of piping tremble dancers indicated that tremble dancing can be elicited by other factors than long unloading delays, I tested whether a hive-external stimulus, the density of foragers at the food source, stimulated tremble dancing directly. The experiments show that tremble dancing can be caused directly by a high density of foragers at the food source and suggest that tremble dancing can be elicited by a decrease of foraging efficiency either inside (e.g. shortage of receiver bees) or outside (e.g. difficulty of loading nectar) the hive. Tremble dancing as a reaction to hive-external stimuli seems to occur under natural conditions and can thus be expected to have some adaptive significance. The results imply that if the hive-external factors that elicit tremble dancing do not indicate a shortage of nectar receiver bees in the hive, the function of the tremble dance may not be restricted to the recruitment of additional nectar receivers, but might be the inhibition or re-organization of nectar foraging. N2 - In meiner Doktorarbeit habe ich die Charakteristika des Nektarsammelns bei Honigbienen mit spezieller Betonung des zugehörigen Kommunikationssytems untersucht. Im Einzelnen habe ich die täglichen Änderungen in der Aktivität und Anzahl der Nektarsammlerinnen einer nicht- manipulierten Kolonie verfolgt, habe getestet, ob Nektarsammlerinnen durch ein chemisches Signal aktiviert werden können, und habe die Auslöser und Charakteristika zweier Signale des Nektarsammelkommunikationssytems, dem kurzen Pipingsignal und dem Zittertanz der Nektarsammlerinnen untersucht. Um die täglichen Änderungen des Sammelaufwandes einer Kolonie zu dokumentieren, habe ich an verschiedenen Tagen die Anzahl und Aktivität (Anzahl Fouragierflüge pro Tag und Biene) der Nektarsammlerinnen einer Kolonie gemessen. Dafür beobachtete ich jeweils den ganzen Tag eine zufällig ausgewählte Gruppe von individuell markierten Arbeiterinnen. Aufgrund der so gewonnen Daten konnte ich die Anzahl und Aktivität aller Nektarsammlerinnen in der Kolonie schätzen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die absolute Anzahl von Nektarsammelerinnen regelmässig von Tag zu Tag änderte wahrscheinlich zurückzuführen auf die täglichen Änderungen im Nektarangebot, während sich die Aktivität der Sammlerinnen gewöhnlich nicht änderte. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Arbeiterin eher die Entscheidung trifft zu sammeln oder nicht zu sammeln, statt eine abgestufte Entscheidung über die Anzahl ihrer Sammelflüge. Für eine Honigbienenkolonie bedeutet dies, das ihre Sammeleffizienz stärker durch die Anzahl der Sammlerinnen als durch deren Aktivität reguliert wird. Möglicherweise kann eine vergängliche Nektarquelle besser von vielen Sammlerinnen, die zeitgleich arbeiten, ausgebeutet werden als von weniger Sammlerinnen die zwar ihre Aktivität steigern, aber sequentielle Sammelflüge machen müssen und damit die Quelle vor ihrem Verschwinden nicht vollständig ausbeuten können. Es ist seit langem bekannt, das der Schwänzeltanz der Honigbienen Sammlerinnen aktivieren kann. Ich habe untersucht, ob die flüchtigen Substanzen einer fouragierenden Kolonie die Sammlerinnen einer nicht-fouragierenden Kolonie aktivieren können. Um dies zu testen, verband ich die Eingangsbereiche zweier Kolonien mit einer Glasröhre, so das flüchtige Substanzen von einer zur anderen Kolonie geleitet werden konnten. Jede Kolonie hatte Zugang zu einem separaten Gewächshaus. Während eine der Kolonien gefüttert wurde, wurde die Aktivität der nicht- gefütterten Kolonie gemessen. In 50% der Experimente wurden die Sammlerinnen der Kolonie, die kein Futter zur Verfügung hatte, durch die flüchtige Substanzen aus der fouragierenden Kolonie zu dem Besuch Ihrer leeren Futterstation aktiviert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen damit, dass Honigbienen eine flüchtige Substanz produzieren können, die Sammlerinnen aktiviert. Die Fragen, ob es sich bei dieser Substanz um ein ‘signal’ (speziell für die Situation entwickelt) oder einen ‘cue’ (nicht speziell für die Situtation entwickelt, wirft aber brauchbare Information als Nebenprodukt ab) handelt, sowie die Bedeutung der Substanz für die Sammeleffizienz einer Honigbienekolonie, müssen jedoch noch etabliert werden. Das Pipingsignal der Nektarsammlerinnen stoppt Schwänzeltänze (Nieh 1993, Kirchner 1993). Ich beobachtete, dass viele der kurzen Pipingsignale (ca. 43%) unerwartet nicht auf dem Tanzboden produziert wurden. Die Beobachtungen deuten darauf hin, dass das kurze Pipingsignal nicht nur Schwänzeltänze stopt, sondern auch die Reaktionsschwelle für den Zittertanz senkt. Pipende Zittertänzerinnen fingen sehr frueh nach ihrer Rückehr in den Stock an zu tanzen. Daher untersuchte ich, ob die Zustände an der Futterstelle Zittertänze auslösen kann. Die Experimente zeigen, dass Zittertänze eine direkte Reaktion auf eine hohe Dichte von Sammlerinnen an der Futterstelle sein können. Dies lässt vermuten, dass Zittertänze eine generelle Reaktion sind auf Faktoren, die entweder innerhalb (z.B. durch lange Wartezeit) oder ausserhalb (z.B. durch Schwierigkeiten beim Trinken) des Stockes die Sammeleffizienz senken. Unter natürlichen Umständen scheinen Zittertänze regelmässig eine direkte Reaktion auf Stock-externe Faktoren zu sein, und werden daher einige Bedeutung im Sammelkommunikationssytem haben. Sofern die Stock-externen Faktoren nicht einen Mangel an Nektarabnehmerinnen im Stock anzeigen, könnte es sein, dass der Zittertanz nicht nur Nektarabnehmerinnen rekruitiert, sondern, ähnlich wie die kurzen Pipingsignale der Zittertänzerinnen, der Hemmung oder Re-organisation der Sammelaktivität einer Honigbienen Kolonie dient. KW - Bienen KW - Kommunikation KW - Nahrungserwerb KW - Bienensprache KW - Biene KW - Nektar KW - Sammeln KW - Honigbiene KW - Kommunikation KW - Piping Signal KW - Flexibilität KW - Zittertanz KW - Honeybee KW - Nectar Foraging KW - tremble dance KW - worker piping KW - dynamics Y1 - 2002 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3601 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiry, Marc A1 - Scheer, Ulrich A1 - Goessens, Guy T1 - Immunoelectron microscopic study of nucleolar DNA during mitosis in Ehrlich tumour cells N2 - In order to investigate the DNA localization within Ehrlich tumor cell nucleoli during mitosis, two recent immunocytochemical methods using either an anti-DNA or an anti-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) monoclonal antibody have been applied. In both cases, the immunogold labeling has been performed on ultrathin sections of cells embedded either in Lowicryl K4M or in Epon, respectively. Identical results are observed with both immunocytochemical approaches. In the interphase nucleolus, besides the labeling of the perinucleolar chromatin shell and of its intranucleolar invaginations which penetrate into the nucleolar body and often terminate at the fibrillar centers, a few gold particles are also preferentially found towards the peripheral region of the fibrillar centers. In contrast, the dense fibrillar component and the granular component are never labeled. During mitosis, the fibrillar centers persist at the chromosomal nucleolus organizing regions (NOR's) and can be selectively stained by the silver method. However, these metaphase fibrillar centers are no longer decorated by the DNA- or BrdU antibodies. These results indicate that until the end of prophase, rRNA genes are present inside the fibrillar center material, disappear during metaphase and reappear in reconstituting nucleoli during telophase. Thus, fibrillar centers appear to represent structures sui generis, which are populated by rRNA genes only when the nucleolus is functionally active. In segregated nucleoli after actinomycin D treatment, the DNA labeling is exclusively restricted to the perinucleolar chromatin blocks. These findings also suggest that the DNA content of the fibrillar center material varies according to the rRNA transcription level of the cells. The results are discussed in the light of the present knowledge of the functional organization of the nucleolus. KW - Cytologie KW - Nucleolus KW - DNA KW - mitosis Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-40745 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiry, Marc A1 - Scheer, Ulrich A1 - Goessens, Guy T1 - Localization of DNA within Ehrlich tumour cells nucleoli by immunoelectron microscopy N2 - The distribution of DNA in Ehrlich tumour cell nucleoli was investigated by means of an immunocytochemical approach , involving a monoclonal antibody directed against double- and single-stranded DNA. Immunolabelling was performed . either before or after the embedding process. The postembedding labelling method allows better ultrastructural preservation than the preembedding labelling method. In particular, the various nucleolar components are well preserved and identifiable. In the nucleolus, labelling is particularly concentrated over the perinucleolar chromatin and over its intranucleolar invaginations, which penetrate the nucleolar body and often terminate at the fibrillar centres. In addition, aggregates of gold particles are found in the fibrillar centres, preferentially towards the peripheral regions. By contrast, the dense fibrillar component is completely devoid of labelling. The results seem to indicate that DNA containing the rDNA genes is located in the fibrillar centres, with a preference for the peripheral regions. This finding suggests that transcription of the rDNA genes should occur within the confines of the fibrillar centre, probably close to the boundary region of the surrounding dense fibrillar component. The results are discussed in the light of present knowledge of the functional organization of the nucleolus. KW - nucleolus KW - DNA KW - monoclonal antibody Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-39327 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiry, Marc A1 - Scheer, Ulrich A1 - Goessens, Guy T1 - Localization of nucleolar chromatin by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization at the electron microscopic level N2 - Nucleoli are the morphological expression of the activity of a defined set of chromosomal segments bearing rRNA genes. The topological distribution and composition of the intranucleolar chromatin as well as the definition of nucleolar structures in which enzymes of the rDNA transcription machinery reside have been investigated in mammalian cells by various immunogold labelling approaches at the ultrastructural level. The precise intranucleolar location of rRNA genes has been further specified by electron microscopic in situ hybridization with a non-autoradiographic procedure. Our results indicate that the fibrillar centers are the sole nucleolar structures where rDNA, core histones, RNA polymerase I and DNA to po isomerase I are located together. Taking into account the potential value and limitations of immunoelectron microscopic techniques, we propose that transcription of the rRNA genes takes place within the confines of the fibrillar centers, probably close to the boundary regions to the surrounding dense fibrillar component. Y1 - 1991 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-39289 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiem, Alexander A1 - Hesbacher, Sonja A1 - Kneitz, Hermann A1 - di Primio, Teresa A1 - Heppt, Markus V. A1 - Hermanns, Heike M. A1 - Goebeler, Matthias A1 - Meierjohann, Svenja A1 - Houben, Roland A1 - Schrama, David T1 - IFN-gamma-induced PD-L1 expression in melanoma depends on p53 expression JF - Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research N2 - Background Immune checkpoint inhibition and in particular anti-PD-1 immunotherapy have revolutionized the treatment of advanced melanoma. In this regard, higher tumoral PD-L1 protein (gene name: CD274) expression is associated with better clinical response and increased survival to anti-PD-1 therapy. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that tumor suppressor proteins are involved in immune regulation and are capable of modulating the expression of immune checkpoint proteins. Here, we determined the role of p53 protein (gene name: TP53) in the regulation of PD-L1 expression in melanoma. Methods We analyzed publicly available mRNA and protein expression data from the cancer genome/proteome atlas and performed immunohistochemistry on tumors with known TP53 status. Constitutive and IFN-ɣ-induced PD-L1 expression upon p53 knockdown in wildtype, TP53-mutated or JAK2-overexpressing melanoma cells or in cells, in which p53 was rendered transcriptionally inactive by CRISPR/Cas9, was determined by immunoblot or flow cytometry. Similarly, PD-L1 expression was investigated after overexpression of a transcriptionally-impaired p53 (L22Q, W23S) in TP53-wt or a TP53-knockout melanoma cell line. Immunoblot was applied to analyze the IFN-ɣ signaling pathway. Results For TP53-mutated tumors, an increased CD274 mRNA expression and a higher frequency of PD-L1 positivity was observed. Interestingly, positive correlations of IFNG mRNA and PD-L1 protein in both TP53-wt and -mutated samples and of p53 and PD-L1 protein suggest a non-transcriptional mode of action of p53. Indeed, cell line experiments revealed a diminished IFN-ɣ-induced PD-L1 expression upon p53 knockdown in both wildtype and TP53-mutated melanoma cells, which was not the case when p53 wildtype protein was rendered transcriptionally inactive or by ectopic expression of p53\(^{L22Q,W23S}\), a transcriptionally-impaired variant, in TP53-wt cells. Accordingly, expression of p53\(^{L22Q,W23S}\) in a TP53-knockout melanoma cell line boosted IFN-ɣ-induced PD-L1 expression. The impaired PD-L1-inducibility after p53 knockdown was associated with a reduced JAK2 expression in the cells and was almost abrogated by JAK2 overexpression. Conclusions While having only a small impact on basal PD-L1 expression, both wildtype and mutated p53 play an important positive role for IFN-ɣ-induced PD-L1 expression in melanoma cells by supporting JAK2 expression. Future studies should address, whether p53 expression levels might influence response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. KW - Melanoma KW - PD-L1 KW - CD274 KW - p53 KW - TP53 KW - JAK2 Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-201016 VL - 38 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiele, Jonas A. A1 - Richter, Aylin A1 - Hilger, Kirsten T1 - Multimodal brain signal complexity predicts human intelligence JF - eNeuro N2 - Spontaneous brain activity builds the foundation for human cognitive processing during external demands. Neuroimaging studies based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) identified specific characteristics of spontaneous (intrinsic) brain dynamics to be associated with individual differences in general cognitive ability, i.e., intelligence. However, fMRI research is inherently limited by low temporal resolution, thus, preventing conclusions about neural fluctuations within the range of milliseconds. Here, we used resting-state electroencephalographical (EEG) recordings from 144 healthy adults to test whether individual differences in intelligence (Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices scores) can be predicted from the complexity of temporally highly resolved intrinsic brain signals. We compared different operationalizations of brain signal complexity (multiscale entropy, Shannon entropy, Fuzzy entropy, and specific characteristics of microstates) regarding their relation to intelligence. The results indicate that associations between brain signal complexity measures and intelligence are of small effect sizes (r ∼ 0.20) and vary across different spatial and temporal scales. Specifically, higher intelligence scores were associated with lower complexity in local aspects of neural processing, and less activity in task-negative brain regions belonging to the default-mode network. Finally, we combined multiple measures of brain signal complexity to show that individual intelligence scores can be significantly predicted with a multimodal model within the sample (10-fold cross-validation) as well as in an independent sample (external replication, N = 57). In sum, our results highlight the temporal and spatial dependency of associations between intelligence and intrinsic brain dynamics, proposing multimodal approaches as promising means for future neuroscientific research on complex human traits. KW - brain signal complexity KW - cognitive ability KW - EEG KW - intelligence KW - microstates KW - resting-state Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-312949 VL - 10 IS - 2 ER -