TY - JOUR A1 - Chen, Yi-chun A1 - Gerber, Bertram T1 - Generalization and discrimination tasks yield concordant measures of perceived distance between odours and their binary mixtures in larval Drosophila JF - The Journal of Experimental Biology N2 - Similarity between odours is notoriously difficult to measure. Widely used behavioural approaches in insect olfaction research are cross-adaptation, masking, as well as associative tasks based on olfactory learning and the subsequent testing for how specific the established memory is. A concern with such memory-based approaches is that the learning process required to establish an odour memory may alter the way the odour is processed, such that measures of perception taken at the test are distorted. The present study was therefore designed to see whether behavioural judgements of perceptual distance are different for two different memory-based tasks, namely generalization and discrimination. We used odour-reward learning in larval Drosophila as a study case. In order to challenge the larvae's olfactory system, we chose to work with binary mixtures and their elements (1-octanol, n-amyl acetate, 3-octanol, benzaldehyde and hexyl acetate). We determined the perceptual distance between each mixture and its elements, first in a generalization task, and then in a discrimination task. It turns out that scores of perceptual distance are correlated between both tasks. A re-analysis of published studies looking at element-to-element perceptual distances in larval reward learning and in adult punishment learning confirms this result. We therefore suggest that across a given set of olfactory stimuli, associative training does not grossly alter the pattern of perceptual distances. KW - discrimination KW - drosophila melanogaster KW - generalization KW - memory KW - olfaction KW - perception Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121625 VL - 217 IS - 12 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Classen, Alice A1 - Eardley, Connal D. A1 - Hemp, Andreas A1 - Peters, Marcell K. A1 - Peters, Ralph S. A1 - Ssymank, Axel A1 - Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf T1 - Specialization of plant-pollinator interactions increases with temperature at Mt. Kilimanjaro JF - Ecology and Evolution N2 - Aim: Species differ in their degree of specialization when interacting with other species, with significant consequences for the function and robustness of ecosystems. In order to better estimate such consequences, we need to improve our understanding of the spatial patterns and drivers of specialization in interaction networks. Methods: Here, we used the extensive environmental gradient of Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania, East Africa) to study patterns and drivers of specialization, and robustness of plant–pollinator interactions against simulated species extinction with standardized sampling methods. We studied specialization, network robustness and other network indices of 67 quantitative plant–pollinator networks consisting of 268 observational hours and 4,380 plant–pollinator interactions along a 3.4 km elevational gradient. Using path analysis, we tested whether resource availability, pollinator richness, visitation rates, temperature, and/or area explain average specialization in pollinator communities. We further linked pollinator specialization to different pollinator taxa, and species traits, that is, proboscis length, body size, and species elevational ranges. Results: We found that specialization decreased with increasing elevation at different levels of biological organization. Among all variables, mean annual temperature was the best predictor of average specialization in pollinator communities. Specialization differed between pollinator taxa, but was not related to pollinator traits. Network robustness against simulated species extinctions of both plants and pollinators was lowest in the most specialized interaction networks, that is, in the lowlands. Conclusions: Our study uncovers patterns in plant–pollinator specialization along elevational gradients. Mean annual temperature was closely linked to pollinator specialization. Energetic constraints, caused by short activity timeframes in cold highlands, may force ectothermic species to broaden their dietary spectrum. Alternatively or in addition, accelerated evolutionary rates might facilitate the establishment of specialization under warm climates. Despite the mechanisms behind the patterns have yet to be fully resolved, our data suggest that temperature shifts in the course of climate change may destabilize pollination networks by affecting network architecture. KW - altitudinal gradient KW - climate change KW - ecological network KW - functional traits KW - generalization KW - mutualistic interactions KW - network specialization index (H2′) KW - pollination KW - robustness KW - specialization Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-235959 VL - 10 IS - 4 ER - TY - THES A1 - Ernst, Roman T1 - Visuelle Mustererkennung und Parameterextraktion bei Drosophila melanogaster T1 - Visual pattern recognition and parameter extraction in Drosophila melanogaster N2 - In operanten Konditionierungsexperimenten im Flugsimulator werden vier Parameter gefunden die Drosophila melanogaster aus visuellen Mustern extrahieren kann: Musterfläche, vertikale Position des Musterschwerpunkts, Verteiltheit und Musterausrichtung in horizontaler und vertikaler Richtung. Es ist nicht auszuschliessen, dass die Fliege weitere Musterparameter extrahieren kann. Spontane Musterpräferenzen und konditionierte Präferenzen zeigen unterschiedliche Zusammenhänge mit den Musterparametern. Aus räumlich getrennten Musterelementen zusammengesetzte Muster werden von der Fliege wie ein Gesamtmuster behandelt. Retinaler Transfer wird auch bei der Präsentation von Mustern an zwei verschiedenen vertikalen Trainingspositionen nicht beobachtet. Muster werden generalisiert, wenn die Schwerpunkte korrespondierender Muster zwischen Training und Test ungefähr an der gleichen Position liegen aber keine retinale Überlappung von Trainings- und Testmustern besteht. Retinotopie des Mustergedächtnisses liegt in diesem Fall nicht auf der Ebene der Bildpunkte, jedoch möglicherweise auf der Ebene des Parameters 'Musterschwerpunkt' vor. Fliegen können nicht trainiert werden bestimmte Musterpaare zu diskriminieren die sich nur durch die vertikale Position ihres Musterschwerpunktes unterscheiden. Dennoch bevorzugen sie beim Lerntest mit anderen Mustern mit korrespondierenden Schwerpunktspositionen die zuvor nicht bestrafte Schwerpunktsposition. Für die Modellierung der Extraktion von Musterschwerpunkt und Musterfläche wird ein einfaches künstliches neuronales Filter präsentiert, dessen Architektur auf einem Berechnungsalgorithmus für den gemeinsamen Schwerpunkt mehrerer Teilelemente beruht. N2 - The results of operant conditioning experiments at the flight simulator suggest that Drosophila melanogaster can extract four parameters from visual patterns: pattern area, vertical position of the center of gravity, separatedness and horizontal/vertical pattern orientation. It can not be excluded that the fly can extract additional parameters. Spontaneous pattern preferences and conditioned preferences show different relationships with pattern parameters. The fly treats separated pattern elements as a compound figure. Retinal transfer is not observed even when patterns are presented at two different vertical training positions. Patterns are generalized if the positions of the centers of gravity of corresponding patterns are retained between training and test although training and test patterns do not overlap retinally. In this case there is no retinotopy of pattern memory on the pixel level but possibly on the level of the pattern parameter 'center of gravity'. Flies can not be trained to discriminate certain patterns that differ only by the vertical position of their centers of gravity. However, when tested with different patterns with corresponding centers of gravity they prefer the previously unpunished position of the center of gravity. The extraction of center of gravity and pattern area are modelled with a simple artificial neuronal filter. The architecture of this filter is based on an algorithm for the computation of the common center of gravity of multiple elements. KW - Taufliege KW - Mustererkennung KW - Visuelle Wahrnehmung KW - visuelle Mustererkennung KW - Musterlernen KW - Parameterextraktion KW - Generalisierung KW - neuronales Filter KW - Drosophila melanogaster KW - visiual pattern recognition KW - pattern conditioning KW - parameter extraction KW - generalization KW - neuronal filter KW - Drosophila melanogaster Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1156 ER -