TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stieb, Sara Mae
A1  - Kelber, Christina
A1  - Wehner, Rüdiger
A1  - Rössler, Wolfgang
T1  - Antennal-Lobe Organization in Desert Ants of the Genus Cataglyphis
JF  - Brain, Behavior and Evolution
N2  - Desert ants of the genus Cataglyphis possess remarkable visual navigation capabilities. Although Cataglyphis species lack a trail pheromone system, Cataglyphis fortis employs olfactory cues for detecting nest and food sites. To investigate potential adaptations in primary olfactory centers of the brain of C. fortis, we analyzed olfactory glomeruli (odor processing units) in their antennal lobes and compared them to glomeruli in different Cataglyphis species. Using confocal imaging and 3D reconstruction, we analyzed the number, size and spatial arrangement of olfactory glomeruli in C. fortis, C.albicans, C.bicolor, C.rubra, and C.noda. Workers of all Cataglyphis species have smaller numbers of glomeruli (198–249) compared to those previously found in olfactory-guided ants. Analyses in 2 species of Formica – a genus closely related to Cataglyphis – revealed substantially higher numbers of olfactory glomeruli (c. 370), which is likely to reflect the importance of olfaction in these wood ant species. Comparisons between Cataglyphis species revealed 2 special features in C. fortis. First, with c. 198 C. fortis has the lowest number of glomeruli compared to all other species. Second, a conspicuously enlarged glomerulus is located close to the antennal nerve entrance. Males of C. fortis possess a significantly smaller number of glomeruli (c. 150) compared to female workers and queens. A prominent male-specific macroglomerulus likely to be involved in sex pheromone communication occupies a position different from that of the enlarged glomerulus in females. The behavioral significance of the enlarged glomerulus in female workers remains elusive. The fact that C. fortis inhabits microhabitats (salt pans) that are avoided by all other Cataglyphis species suggests that extreme ecological conditions may not only have resulted in adaptations of visual capabilities, but also in specializations of the olfactory system.
KW  - olfactory glomeruli
KW  - plasticity
KW  - ant
KW  - antennal lobe
KW  - glomerulus
KW  - insects
KW  - interspecific comparison
KW  - macroglomerulus
KW  - olfaction
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-196815
SN  - 0006-8977
SN  - 1421-9743
N1  - This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively.
VL  - 77
IS  - 3
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Colizzi, Francesca Sara
A1  - Beer, Katharina
A1  - Cuti, Paolo
A1  - Deppisch, Peter
A1  - Martínez Torres, David
A1  - Yoshii, Taishi
A1  - Helfrich-Förster, Charlotte
T1  - Antibodies Against the Clock Proteins Period and Cryptochrome Reveal the Neuronal Organization of the Circadian Clock in the Pea Aphid
JF  - Frontiers in Physiology
N2  - Circadian clocks prepare the organism to cyclic environmental changes in light, temperature, or food availability. Here, we characterized the master clock in the brain of a strongly photoperiodic insect, the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, immunohistochemically with antibodies against A. pisum Period (PER), Drosophila melanogaster Cryptochrome (CRY1), and crab Pigment-Dispersing Hormone (PDH). The latter antibody detects all so far known PDHs and PDFs (Pigment-Dispersing Factors), which play a dominant role in the circadian system of many arthropods. We found that, under long days, PER and CRY are expressed in a rhythmic manner in three regions of the brain: the dorsal and lateral protocerebrum and the lamina. No staining was detected with anti-PDH, suggesting that aphids lack PDF. All the CRY1-positive cells co-expressed PER and showed daily PER/CRY1 oscillations of high amplitude, while the PER oscillations of the CRY1-negative PER neurons were of considerable lower amplitude. The CRY1 oscillations were highly synchronous in all neurons, suggesting that aphid CRY1, similarly to Drosophila CRY1, is light sensitive and its oscillations are synchronized by light-dark cycles. Nevertheless, in contrast to Drosophila CRY1, aphid CRY1 was not degraded by light, but steadily increased during the day and decreased during the night. PER was always located in the nuclei of the clock neurons, while CRY was predominantly cytoplasmic and revealed the projections of the PER/CRY1-positive neurons. We traced the PER/CRY1-positive neurons through the aphid protocerebrum discovering striking similarities with the circadian clock of D. melanogaster: The CRY1 fibers innervate the dorsal and lateral protocerebrum and putatively connect the different PER-positive neurons with each other. They also run toward the pars intercerebralis, which controls hormone release via the neurohemal organ, the corpora cardiaca. In contrast to Drosophila, the CRY1-positive fibers additionally travel directly toward the corpora cardiaca and the close-by endocrine gland, corpora allata. This suggests a direct link between the circadian clock and the photoperiodic control of hormone release that can be studied in the future.
KW  - aphids
KW  - circadian clock
KW  - cryptochrome
KW  - period
KW  - hemiptera
KW  - insects
KW  - photoperiodism
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-242909
SN  - 1664-042X
VL  - 12
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Sauer, Christina
T1  - Charakterisierung intrazellulärer, bakterieller Endosymbionten im Mitteldarm von Ameisen der Gattung Camponotus
T1  - Characterization of intracellular, bacterial endosymbionts in the midgut of different Camponotus species
N2  - In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden verschiedene Themenbereiche bearbeitet, die zur Charakterisierung der intrazellulären, bakteriellen Endosymbionten im Mitteldarm von Ameisen der Gattung Camponotus beitrugen. Es wurden phylogenetische Untersuchungen mit Hilfe der 16S rDNA-Sequenzen der Symbionten und der Sequenzen der Cytochrom-Oxidase-Untereinheit I (COI-Sequenzen) ihrer Wirte durchgeführt, die zur näheren Klärung der Fragen zu Übertragungsweg und Stellung der Camponotus-Endosymbionten verhalfen. Untersuchungen an dreizehn verschiedenen Camponotus-Arten brachten folgende Ergebnisse. Die intrazellulären Bakterien der Ameisen gehören zur g-Subklasse der Proteobakterien. Innerhalb des 16S-Stammbaumes der Symbionten kann man drei Untergruppen unterscheiden, in denen die einzelnen Arten enger miteinander verwandt sind. Bei den nächstverwandten Bakteriennachbarn der Camponotus-Endosymbionten handelt es sich um die ebenfalls symbiontisch lebenden Bakterien der Gattungen Wigglesworthia und Buchnera. Die Ameisen-Symbionten besitzen in ihren rrs-Genen intervenierende DNA-Sequenzen (IVS), die stabile Sekundärstrukturen ausbilden können. Ihre 16S-Gene sind nicht strangaufwärts von den 23S-Genen lokalisiert. Durch diese genetische Besonderheit ähneln die Camponotus-Symbionten den Buchnera-Symbionten, deren rRNA-Gene auf zwei Transkriptionseinheiten verteilt sind. Innerhalb des Stammbaumes der untersuchten Wirtsameisen existieren ebenfalls drei Untergruppen, deren einzelne Arten enger miteinander verwandt sind. Die direkte Gegenüberstellung des Symbionten-Stammbaumes mit dem der Ameisen zeigt ein weitgehend gleiches Verzweigungsmuster. Beide Dendrogramme zeigen signifikante Übereinstimmungen bezüglich ihrer taxonomischen Beziehungen und legen eine kongruente Entwicklung von Symbionten und Wirten, die nur durch einen vertikalen Übertragungsweg erzeugt werden kann, nahe. Einzige Ausnahme bildete hierbei der C. castaneus-Symbiont, bei dem ein horizontaler Transfer von Symbionten nicht gänzlich ausgeschlossen werden kann. Die im Rahmen dieser Dissertation durchgeführten phylogenetischen Untersuchungen ermöglichten die Benennung einer neuen Symbiontengattung innerhalb der gamma-Subgruppe der Proteobakterien: "Candidatus Blochmannia spp." Histologische Studien der Endosymbiose mit Hilfe von licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Methoden sollten Fragen zur Symbiontenlokalisation innerhalb adulter Individuen beantworten und die Ergebnisse zum Übertragungsweg der intrazellulären Bakterien festigen. Die Endosymbionten sind in den Mitteldarmepithelien von Arbeiterinnen, Königinnen und Männchen in Myzetozytenzellen lokalisiert, die in das Mitteldarmepithel interkalieren. Diese spezialisierten Zellen besitzen kaum Vesikel und tragen keinen Mikrovillisaum. In den Oozyten der Ovarien von Königinnen und Arbeiterinnen wurden ebenfalls große Symbiontenmengen gefunden. Die Spermatheka der Königinnen und die Geschlechtsorgane der Männchen waren symbiontenfrei. Die Abwesenheit von Symbionten innerhalb dieser beiden Organe zeigt, dass eine Bakterieninfektion der weiblichen Tiere nicht durch die Männchen stattfindet, sondern wie schon in den phylogenetischen Untersuchungen postuliert, ein rein maternaler Übertragungsweg der Symbionten vorliegt. Die Detektion der Bakterien in Eiern und Larven der Ameisen mittels In situ-Hybridisierungen trugen zur Aufklärung des Weges der Endosymbionten während der Embryogenese bei. Während sich im abgelegten Ei ein Ring aus Symbionten bildete, kam es in den Larvenstadien 1 bis 3 zur Auswanderung der Bakterien in Meso- bzw. Ektoderm. Im größten untersuchten Larvenstadium 4, das kurz vor der Verpuppung stand, konnten die Symbionten ausschließlich in den Myzetozyten des Mitteldarmes detektiert werden. Die Behandlung der Ameisen mit Antibiotika ermöglichte es, symbiontenfreie Ameisen zu erzeugen, die über einen längeren Zeitraum weiterlebten, ohne ihre Symbionten zu regenerieren. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gelang es erstmals, die intrazellulären Bakterien intakt aus dem sie umgebenden Mitteldarmgewebe zu isolieren. Somit konnten gereinigte Symbionten für Kultivierungs- und Infektionsversuche verwendet werden. Diese Versuche die mit Hilfe von Bakteriennährmedien und Insektenzelllinien durchgeführt wurden, zeigten jedoch sehr deutlich, dass es nicht möglich ist, die Camponotus-Symbionten außerhalb ihrer Wirte zu kultivieren.
N2  - This thesis deals with the characterization of intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria in the midgut of carpenter ants (Camponotus spp.). Sequences of the 16S rDNA of the symbionts and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) were used for phylogenetic analyses, respectively. These investigations led to new insights concerning the transmission pathway and the phylogenetic classification of the Camponotusendosymbionts. The following results were obtained by extensive analysis of thirteen different Camponotus species. The intracellular bacteria of these species form a distinct lineage in the gamma-subclass of the Proteobacteria. Within the Camponotus symbionts three subclusters are apparent, in which the strains are more related to each other than to the members of the other subclusters. The taxa closest related to the antsymbionts are the symbiotic bacteria of the genus Wigglesworthia and Buchnera. The rrs genes of the Camponotusendosymbionts contain putative intervening sequences (IVS). Their 16S rDNA apparently is not located upstream of the 23S rDNA, and the 16S and 23Sgenes seem to be organized in different transcription units. This genetic characteristic was already described for the symbionts of the genus Buchnera. Similar to the endosymbionts, the phylogenetic relationship of the host ants could be arranged into three clusters with increasingly closer relationship. The direct comparison of the phylogenetic trees of the endosymbiotic bacteria and the ants revealed a nearly similar branching pattern. The exception is C. castaneus, which can not be related to any other species on the basis of the COI analysis. Nevertheless, both trees showed very significant congruence suggesting parallel evolution of symbiotic bacteria and host ant species. These phylogenetic investigations provided the justification for proposing a new taxon in the gamma-subclass of the Proteobacteria: "Candidatus Blochmannia spp". By light- and electronmicroscopical studies I investigated the mode of transmission of the endosymbionts and their location in adult individuals. These studies showed that the bacteria are localized in specialized cells, so-called mycetocytes. These cells are intercalated between the epithelial cells of the midgut. The mycetocytes lack vesicles and microvilli. Camponotusendosymbionts have not been detected in spermathecae of queens or in the testes of males, but they were found intracellularly in oocytes of queens and workers. This strongly indicates a maternal transmission of the bacteria. Using in situ hybridization with species specific probes, the endosymbiotic bacteria could be detected in eggs and larvae. With these experiments it was possible to study the spatial arrangements of the symbionts during embryogenesis. In the egg-stage the symbionts form a ball. In larval stages 1-3 a migration of bacteria into the meso- and ectoderm was observed. In larval stage 4 the symbionts were accumulated in the midgut epithelium, like in adult individuals. Symbionts could only be detected in the mycetocytes of the gut. Ants treated with antibiotics were free of symbionts, and could be maintained to a long time period (more than 12 weeks) without regenerating their bacteria. In these studies we were able to isolate the symbionts out of the midgut epithelial successfully. These isolated microorganisms were used for cultivation and infection experiments. Using different culture mediums and insect cells we showed, that it is impossible to cultivate the Camponotus symbionts outside their host organisms.
KW  - Rossameise
KW  - Mitteldarm
KW  - Endosymbiont
KW  - Endosymbionten
KW  - Ameisen
KW  - Blochmannia
KW  - Camponotus
KW  - Symbionten
KW  - Bakterien
KW  - Insekten
KW  - Hymenoptera
KW  - endosymbionts
KW  - ants
KW  - Blochmannia
KW  - Camponotus
KW  - symbionts
KW  - bacteria
KW  - insects
KW  - hymenoptera
Y1  - 2000
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-1940
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Leingärtner, Annette
T1  - Combined effects of climate change and extreme events on plants, arthropods and their interactions
T1  - Kombinierte Effekte von Klimawandel und Extremereignissen auf Pflanzen, Arthropoden und ihre Interaktionen
N2  - I. Global climate change directly and indirectly influences biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. Changes in abiotic ecosystem components caused by climate change comprise temperature increases, precipitation changes and more frequently occurring extreme events. Mediated by these abiotic changes, biotic ecosystem components including all living organisms will also change. Expected changes of plants and animals are advanced phenologies and range shifts towards higher latitudes and altitudes which presumably induce changes in species interactions and composition. Altitudinal gradients provide an optimal opportunity for climate change studies, because they serve as natural experiments due to fast changing climatic conditions within short distances. In this dissertation two different approaches were conducted to reveal species and community responses to climate change. First, species richness and community trait analyses along an altitudinal gradient in the Bavarian Alps (chapters II, III) and second, climate change manipulation experiments under different climatic contexts (chapters IV, V, IV). II. We performed biodiversity surveys of butterfly and diurnal moth species on 34 grassland sites along an altitudinal gradient in the National Park Berchtesgaden. Additionally, we analysed the dominance structure of life-history traits in butterfly assemblages along altitude. Species richness of butterflies and diurnal moths decreased with increasing altitude. The dominance of certain life-history-traits changed along the altitudinal gradient with a higher proportion of larger-winged species and species with higher egg numbers towards higher altitudes. However, the mean egg maturation time, population density and geographic distribution within butterfly assemblages decreased with increasing altitude. Our results indicate that butterfly assemblages were mainly shaped by environmental filtering. We conclude that butterfly assemblages at higher altitudes will presumably lack adaptive capacity to future climatic conditions, because of specific trait combinations. III. In addition to butterfly and diurnal moth species richness we also studied plant species richness in combination with pollination type analyses along the altitudinal gradient. The management type of the alpine grasslands was also integrated in the analyses to detect combined effects of climate and management on plant diversity and pollination type. Plant species richness was highest at intermediate altitudes, whereby the management type influenced the plant diversity with more plant species at grazed compared to mown or non-managed grasslands. The pollination type was affected by both the changing climate along the gradient and the management type. These results suggest that extensive grazing can maintain high plant diversity along the whole altitudinal gradient. With ongoing climate change the diversity peak of plants may shift upwards, which can cause a decrease in biodiversity due to reduced grassland area but also changes in species composition and adaptive potential of pollination types. IV. We set up manipulation experiments on 15 grassland sites along the altitudinal gradient in order to determine the combined effects of extreme climatic events (extreme drought, advanced and delayed snowmelt) and elevation on the nutritional quality and herbivory rates of alpine plants. The leaf CN (carbon to nitrogen) ratio and the plant damage through herbivores were not significantly affected by the simulated extreme events. However, elevation influenced the CN ratios and herbivory rates of alpine plants with contrasting responses between plant guilds. Furthermore, we found differences in nitrogen concentrations and herbivory rates between grasses, legumes and forbs, whereas legumes had the highest nitrogen concentrations and were damaged most. Additionally, CN ratios and herbivory rates increased during the growing season, indicating a decrease of food plant quality during the growing season. Contrasting altitudinal responses of grasses, legumes and forbs presumably can change the dominance structure among these plant guilds with ongoing climate change. V. In this study we analysed the phenological responses of grassland species to an extreme drought event, advanced and delayed snowmelt along the altitudinal gradient. Advanced snowmelt caused an advanced beginning of flowering, whereas this effect was more pronounced at higher than at lower altitudes. Extreme drought and delayed snowmelt had rather low effects on the flower phenology and the responses did not differ between higher and lower sites. The strongest effect influencing flower phenology was altitude, with a declining effect through the season. The length of flowering duration was not significantly influenced by treatments. Our data suggest that plant species at higher altitudes may be more affected by changes in snowmelt timing in contrast to lowland species, as at higher altitudes more severe changes are expected. However, the risk of extreme drought events on flowering phenology seems to be low. VI. We established soil-emergence traps on the advanced snowmelt and control treatment plots in order to detect possible changes in abundances and emergence phenologies of five arthropod orders due to elevation and treatment. Additionally, we analysed the responses of Coleoptera species richness to elevation and treatment. We found that the abundance and species richness of Coleoptera increased with elevation as well as the abundance of Diptera. However, the abundance of Hemiptera decreased with elevation and the abundances of Araneae and Hymenoptera showed no elevational patterns. The advanced snowmelt treatment increased the abundances of Araneae and Hymenoptera. The emergence of soil-hibernating arthropods was delayed up to seven weeks at higher elevations, whereas advanced snowmelt did not influence the emergence phenology of arthropods immediately after snowmelt. With climate change earlier snowmelt will occur more often, which especially will affect soil-hibernating arthropods in alpine regions and may cause desynchronisations between species interactions. VII. In conclusion, we showed that alpine ecosystems are sensitive towards changing climate conditions and extreme events and that many alpine species in the Bavarian Alps are endangered. Many alpine species could exist under warmer climatic conditions, however they are expected to be outcompeted by more competitive lowland species. Furthermore, host-parasite or predator-prey interactions can be disrupted due to different responses of certain guilds to climate change. Understanding and predicting the complex dynamics and potential risks of future climate change remains a great challenge and therefore further studies analysing species and community responses to climate change are needed.
N2  - I. Der globale Klimawandel beeinflusst direkt und indirekt biotische und abiotische Komponenten der Ökosysteme. Durch Klimawandel verursachte Veränderungen in den abiotischen Komponenten der Ökosysteme umfassen Temperaturanstiege, Veränderungen im Niederschlag und häufiger auftretende Extremereignisse. Als Folge dieser abiotischen Veränderungen, werden sich auch die biotischen Komponenten der Ökosysteme, die alle lebenden Organismen einschließen, verändern. Voraussichtliche Veränderungen bei Pflanzen und Tieren sind vorverlegte Phänologien und Verbreitungsverschiebungen in Richtung höherer Breitengrade und Höhenlagen, was möglicherweise Veränderungen von Interaktionen zwischen Arten und in der Artzusammensetzung verursacht. Höhengradienten bieten durch sich schnell verändernde klimatische Bedingungen innerhalb kurzer Distanzen eine optimale Möglichkeit für Klimawandelstudien im Freiland. In dieser Dissertation wurden zwei unterschiedliche Versuchsansätze genutzt, um die Reaktionen von Arten und Artengemeinschaften auf den Klimawandel zu untersuchen: erstens Analysen zum Artenreichtum und zu Merkmalen innerhalb von Artengemeinschaften entlang eines Höhengradienten in den Bayerischen Alpen (Kapitel II, III) und zweitens Manipulationsexperimente zur Simulation von Klimawandel bei unterschiedlichen klimatischen Bedingungen (Kapitel IV, V, VI). II. Wir haben Biodiversitätsaufnahmen von Schmetterlings- und tagaktiven Nachtfalterarten entlang eines Höhengradienten im Nationalpark Berchtesgaden durchgeführt. Zusätzlich haben wir die Dominanzstruktur von Life-History-Merkmalen in Schmetterlingsgesellschaften entlang des Höhengradienten analysiert. Der Artenreichtum von Schmetterlingen und tagaktiven Nachtfaltern nahm mit zunehmender Höhe ab. Die Dominanz von bestimmten Life-History-Merkmalen veränderte sich entlang des Höhengradienten. Zum Beispiel fanden wir einen höheren Anteil an Arten mit größeren Flügeln und eine größere Anzahl an Eiern in höheren Lagen. Die mittlere Eireifezeit, Populationsdichte und geographische Verbreitung von Schmetterlingsgesellschaften nahm mit steigender Höhe ab. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Schmetterlingsgesellschaften hauptsächlich durch den Filtereffekt der Umwelt geformt werden. Wir schlussfolgern, dass sich bestimmte Merkmalskombinationen von Schmetterlingsgesellschaften in höheren Lagen möglicherweise ungünstig auf die Anpassungskapazität an zukünftige klimatische Veränderungen auswirken. III. Zusätzlich zum Artenreichtum von Schmetterlingen und tagaktiven Nachtfaltern haben wir auch den Artenreichtum von Pflanzen in Kombination mit Analysen zu Bestäubungstypen entlang des Höhengradienten untersucht. Die Bewirtschaftungsform der alpinen Grasländer wurde in die Analysen integriert, um kombinierte Auswirkungen von Klima und Bewirtschaftungsform auf die Pflanzendiversität und den Bestäubungstyp zu erfassen. Der Artenreichtum von Pflanzen war auf mittleren Höhen am größten, wobei die Bewirtschaftungsform die Pflanzendiversität beeinflusste. Es kamen mehr Pflanzenarten auf beweideten im Vergleich zu gemähten oder nicht bewirtschafteten Wiesen vor. Der Bestäubungstyp wurde sowohl durch das sich verändernde Klima entlang des Gradienten als auch durch die Bewirtschaftungsform beeinflusst. Unsere Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass extensive Beweidung eine hohe Pflanzendiversität entlang des gesamten Höhengradienten erhalten kann. Mit fortschreitendem Klimawandel könnte sich der Bereich mit höchster Pflanzendiversität nach oben verschieben, was zu einem Biodiversitätsverlust durch eine Abnahme an Grasflächen führen könnte, aber auch zu Veränderungen in der Artenzusammensetzung und dem Anpassungspotential von Bestäubungstypen. IV. Wir simulierten Extremereignisse (extreme Dürre, frühere und spätere Schneeschmelze) auf 15 Grasflächen entlang des Höhengradienten, um kombinierte Effekte von extremen klimatischen Ereignissen und Höhenlage auf die Futterqualität und den Blattfraß von alpinen Pflanzen zu untersuchen. Das Verhältnis von Kohlenstoff zu Stickstoff (CN) in Blättern und die Fraßschäden durch Pflanzenfresser wurden durch die simulierten Extremereignisse nicht signifikant beeinflusst. Dagegen beeinflusste die Höhenlage das CN-Verhältnis und die Herbivorieraten von alpinen Pflanzen mit entgegengesetzten Reaktionen unter den Pflanzengruppen. Des Weiteren haben wir Unterschiede in den Stickstoffkonzentrationen und Herbivorieraten zwischen Gräsern, Leguminosen und krautigen Pflanzen gefunden, wobei die Leguminosen die höchsten Stickstoffkonzentrationen aufwiesen und am stärksten angefressen waren. Zusätzlich stiegen die CN-Verhältnisse und die Fraßschäden während der Vegetationsperiode an, was auf eine Abnahme der Futterqualität im Verlauf der Vegetationsperiode hindeutet. Entgegengesetzte Muster von Gräsern, Leguminosen und krautigen Pflanzen über die Höhe können möglicherweise die Dominanzstruktur zwischen diesen Pflanzengruppen mit fortschreitendem Klimawandel verändern. V. In dieser Studie haben wir die phänologischen Reaktionen von Graslandarten auf ein extremes Dürreereignis, eine frühere und eine spätere Schneeschmelze entlang des Höhengradienten, analysiert. Die frühere Schneeschmelze bewirkte einen früheren Blühbeginn, wobei dieser Effekt auf höheren Lagen ausgeprägter war als auf tieferen Lagen. Extreme Dürre und spätere Schneeschmelze hatten eher geringe Auswirkungen auf die Blühphänologie und die Auswirkungen unterschieden sich nicht zwischen höher und tiefer gelegenen Flächen. Am stärksten würde die Blühphänologie von der Höhenlage beeinflusst wobei sich der Effekt im Verlauf der Vegetationsperiode verringerte. Die Länge der Blühdauer wurde durch die Simulationen nicht signifikant beeinflusst. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Pflanzenarten in höheren Lagen stärker durch Veränderungen des Zeitpunktes der Schneeschmelze beeinflusst werden als Tieflandarten, weil in höheren Lagen stärkere Veränderungen erwartet werden. Das Risiko von extremer Dürre für die Blühphänologie scheint aber gering zu sein. VI. Wir untersuchten Effekte der Höhenlage und früherer Schneeschmelze auf Häufigkeiten und Schlupfphänologien fünf verschiedener Arthropodenordnungen. Dazu installierten wir Bodenphotoeklektoren auf Flächen mit früherer Schneeschmelze und Kontrollflächen. Außerdem analysierten wir die Auswirkungen der Höhenlage und der früheren Schneeschmelze auf den Artenreichtum von Coleoptera. Wir stellten fest, dass die Abundanz und der Artenreichtum von Coleoptera sowie die Abundanz der Diptera mit steigender Höhenlage zunahmen, während die Abundanz der Hemiptera mit steigender Höhe abnahm. Araneae und Hymenoptera zeigten keine Abundanzmuster entlang des Höhengradienten. Eine simulierte frühere Schneeschmelze ließ die Abundanz der Araneae und Hymenoptera ansteigen. Arthropoden, die im Boden überwinterten, schlüpften in höheren Lagen bis zu sieben Wochen später. Eine frühere Schneeschmelze beeinflusste die Schlupfphänologie der Arthropoden unmittelbar nach der Schneeschmelze jedoch nicht. Aufgrund des Klimawandels wird eine frühere Schneeschmelze häufiger auftreten, was vor allem Auswirkungen auf bodenüberwinternde Arthropoden in der Alpenregion haben kann und zu Desynchronisationen mit interagierenden Arten führen kann. VII. Abschließend lässt sich sagen, dass alpine Ökosysteme sensibel auf klimatische Veränderungen und Extremereignisse reagieren und dass viele alpine Arten in den Bayerischen Alpen gefährdet sind. Viele alpine Arten könnten unter wärmeren klimatischen Bedingungen existieren, aber vermutlich werden sie von konkurrenzstärkeren Tieflandarten verdrängt. Des Weiteren können Wirt-Parasit oder Räuber-Beute Interaktionen durch unterschiedliche Reaktionen von bestimmten Gruppen auf Klimawandel gestört werden. Es bleibt eine große Herausforderung die komplexen Dynamiken und möglichen Gefahren des zukünftigen Klimawandels zu verstehen und vorherzusagen. Wir empfehlen weitere Studien, die die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf Arten und Artengesellschaften untersuchen.
KW  - Insekten
KW  - Klimaänderung
KW  - Pflanzen
KW  - Höhenstufe
KW  - climate change
KW  - insects
KW  - altitudinal gradient
KW  - extreme events
KW  - Klimawandel
KW  - Insekten
KW  - Höhengradient
KW  - Extremereignisse
Y1  - 2013
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-87758
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lakovic, Milica
A1  - Poethke, Hans-Joachim
A1  - Hovestadt, Thomas
T1  - Dispersal timing: Emigration of insects living in patchy environments
JF  - PLoS One
N2  - Dispersal is a life-history trait affecting dynamics and persistence of populations; it evolves under various known selective pressures. Theoretical studies on dispersal typically assume 'natal dispersal', where individuals emigrate right after birth. But emigration may also occur during a later moment within a reproductive season ('breeding dispersal'). For example, some female butterflies first deposit eggs in their natal patch before migrating to other site(s) to continue egg-laying there. How breeding compared to natal dispersal influences the evolution of dispersal has not been explored. To close this gap we used an individual-based simulation approach to analyze (i) the evolution of timing of breeding dispersal in annual organisms, (ii) its influence on dispersal (compared to natal dispersal). Furthermore, we tested (iii) its performance in direct evolutionary contest with individuals following a natal dispersal strategy. Our results show that evolution should typically result in lower dispersal under breeding dispersal, especially when costs of dispersal are low and population size is small. By distributing offspring evenly across two patches, breeding dispersal allows reducing direct sibling competition in the next generation whereas natal dispersal can only reduce trans-generational kin competition by producing highly dispersive offspring in each generation. The added benefit of breeding dispersal is most prominent in patches with small population sizes. Finally, the evolutionary contests show that a breeding dispersal strategy would universally out-compete natal dispersal.
KW  - animal migration
KW  - statistical disperison
KW  - organismal evolution
KW  - animal sexual behavior
KW  - habitats
KW  - insects
KW  - carrying capacity
KW  - moths and butterflies
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-126466
VL  - 10
IS  - 7
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stejskal, Kerstin
A1  - Streinzer, Martin
A1  - Dyer, Adrian
A1  - Paulus, Hannes F.
A1  - Spaethe, Johannes
T1  - Functional Significance of Labellum Pattern Variation in a Sexually Deceptive Orchid (Ophrys heldreichii): Evidence of Individual Signature Learning Effects
JF  - PLoS One
N2  - Mimicking female insects to attract male pollinators is an important strategy in sexually deceptive orchids of the genus Ophrys, and some species possess flowers with conspicuous labellum patterns. The function of the variation of the patterns remains unresolved, with suggestions that these enhance pollinator communication. We investigated the possible function of the labellum pattern in Ophrys heldreichii, an orchid species in which the conspicuous and complex labellum pattern contrasts with a dark background. The orchid is pollinated exclusively by males of the solitary bee, Eucera berlandi. Comparisons of labellum patterns revealed that patterns within inflorescences are more similar than those of other conspecific plants. Field observations showed that the males approach at a great speed and directly land on flowers, but after an unsuccessful copulation attempt, bees hover close and visually scan the labellum pattern for up to a minute. Learning experiments conducted with honeybees as an accessible model of bee vision demonstrated that labellum patterns of different plants can be reliably learnt; in contrast, patterns of flowers from the same inflorescence could not be discriminated. These results support the hypothesis that variable labellum patterns in O. heldreichii are involved in flower-pollinator communication which would likely help these plants to avoid geitonogamy.
KW  - nectar
KW  - color discrimination
KW  - bees
KW  - vision
KW  - evolution
KW  - pollination
KW  - guides
KW  - honeybee
KW  - apis mellifera
KW  - insects
KW  - signals
KW  - recognize images
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-137582
VL  - 10
IS  - 11
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Floren, Andreas
A1  - von Rintelen, Thomas
A1  - Herbert, Paul D. N.
A1  - de Araujo, Bruno Cancian
A1  - Schmidt, Stefan
A1  - Balke, Michael
A1  - Narakusumo, Raden Pramesa
A1  - Peggie, Djunijanti
A1  - Ubaidillah, Rosichon
A1  - von Rintelen, Kristina
A1  - Müller, Tobias
T1  - Integrative ecological and molecular analysis indicate high diversity and strict elevational separation of canopy beetles in tropical mountain forests
JF  - Scientific Reports
N2  - Tropical mountain forests contribute disproportionately to terrestrial biodiversity but little is known about insect diversity in the canopy and how it is distributed between tree species. We sampled tree-specific arthropod communities from 28 trees by canopy fogging and analysed beetle communities which were first morphotyped and then identified by their DNA barcodes. Our results show that communities from forests at 1100 and 1700 m a.s.l. are almost completely distinct. Diversity was much lower in the upper forest while community structure changed from many rare, less abundant species to communities with a pronounced dominance structure. We also found significantly higher beta-diversity between trees at the lower than higher elevation forest where community similarity was high. Comparisons on tree species found at both elevations reinforced these results. There was little species overlap between sites indicating limited elevational ranges. Furthermore, we exploited the advantage of DNA barcodes to patterns of haplotype diversity in some of the commoner species. Our results support the advantage of fogging and DNA barcodes for community studies and underline the need for comprehensive research aimed at the preservation of these last remaining pristine forests.
KW  - beta-diversity
KW  - community data
KW  - gradients
KW  - insects
KW  - hypthesis
KW  - evolution
KW  - passes
KW  - ants
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-230565
VL  - 10
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Leonhardt, Sara D.
A1  - Kaltenpoth, Martin
T1  - Microbial Communities of Three Sympatric Australian Stingless Bee Species
JF  - PLoS ONE
N2  - Bacterial symbionts of insects have received increasing attention due to their prominent role in nutrient acquisition and defense. In social bees, symbiotic bacteria can maintain colony homeostasis and fitness, and the loss or alteration of the bacterial community may be associated with the ongoing bee decline observed worldwide. However, analyses of microbiota associated with bees have been largely confined to the social honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus spec.), revealing – among other taxa – host-specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB, genus Lactobacillus) that are not found in solitary bees. Here, we characterized the microbiota of three Australian stingless bee species (Apidae: Meliponini) of two phylogenetically distant genera (Tetragonula and Austroplebeia). Besides common plant bacteria, we find LAB in all three species, showing that LAB are shared by honeybees, bumblebees and stingless bees across geographical regions. However, while LAB of the honeybee-associated Firm4–5 clusters were present in Tetragonula, they were lacking in Austroplebeia. Instead, we found a novel clade of likely host-specific LAB in all three Australian stingless bee species which forms a sister clade to a large cluster of Halictidae-associated lactobacilli. Our findings indicate both a phylogenetic and geographical signal of host-specific LAB in stingless bees and highlight stingless bees as an interesting group to investigate the evolutionary history of the bee-LAB association.
KW  - bacteria
KW  - lactic acid bacteria
KW  - sequence alignment
KW  - insects
KW  - lactobacillus
KW  - sequence databases
KW  - honey bees
Y1  - 2014
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-119341
VL  - 9
IS  - 8
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kriegel, Peter
A1  - Matevski, Dragan
A1  - Schuldt, Andreas
T1  - Monoculture and mixture-planting of non-native Douglas fir alters species composition, but promotes the diversity of ground beetles in a temperate forest system
JF  - Biodiversity and Conservation
N2  - Planting non-native tree species, like Douglas fir in temperate European forest systems, is encouraged to mitigate effects of climate change. However, Douglas fir monocultures often revealed negative effects on forest biota, while effects of mixtures with native tree species on forest ecosystems are less well understood. We investigated effects of three tree species (Douglas fir, Norway spruce, native European beech), on ground beetles in temperate forests of Germany. Beetles were sampled in monocultures of each tree species and broadleaf-conifer mixtures with pitfall traps, and environmental variables were assessed around each trap. We used linear mixed models in a two-step procedure to disentangle effects of environment and tree species identity on ground beetle abundance, species richness, functional diversity and species assemblage structure. Contradictory to our expectations, ground beetle abundance and functional diversity was highest in pure Douglas fir stands, while tree mixtures showed intermediate values between pure coniferous and pure beech stands. The main drivers of these patterns were only partially dependent on tree species identity, which highlights the importance of structural features in forest stands. However, our study revealed distinct shifts in assemblage structure between pure beech and pure Douglas fir stands, which were only partially eased through mixture planting. Our findings suggest that effects of planting non-native trees on associated biodiversity can be actively modified by promoting beneficial forest structures. Nevertheless, integrating non-native tree species, even in mixtures with native trees, will invariably alter assemblage structures of associated biota, which can compromise conservation efforts targeted at typical species composition.
KW  - mixed-species forestry
KW  - exotic species
KW  - Pseudotsuga menziesii
KW  - functional diversity
KW  - insects
KW  - microhabitats
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-269017
SN  - 1572-9710
VL  - 30
IS  - 5
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Heidrich, Lea
A1  - Pinkert, Stefan
A1  - Brandl, Roland
A1  - Bässler, Claus
A1  - Hacker, Hermann
A1  - Roth, Nicolas
A1  - Busse, Annika
A1  - Müller, Jörg
A1  - Friess, Nicolas
T1  - Noctuid and geometrid moth assemblages show divergent elevational gradients in body size and color lightness
JF  - Ecography
N2  - Previous macroecological studies have suggested that larger and darker insects are favored in cold environments and that the importance of body size and color for the absorption of solar radiation is not limited to diurnal insects. However, whether these effects hold true for local communities and are consistent across taxonomic groups and sampling years remains unexplored. This study examined the variations in body size and color lightness of the two major families of nocturnal moths, Geometridae and Noctuidae, along an elevational gradient of 700 m in Southern Germany. An assemblage-based analysis was performed using community-weighted means and a fourth-corner analysis to test for variations in color and body size among communities as a function of elevation. This was followed by a species-level analysis to test whether species occurrence and abundance along an elevation gradient were related to these traits, after controlling for host plant availability. In both 2007 and 2016, noctuid moth assemblages became larger and darker with increasing elevation, whereas geometrids showed an opposite trend in terms of color lightness and no clear trend in body size. In single species models, the abundance of geometrids, but not of noctuids, was driven by habitat availability. In turn, the abundance of dark-colored noctuids, but not geometrids increased with elevation. While body size and color lightness affect insect physiology and the ability to cope with harsh conditions, divergent trait–environment relationships between both families underline that findings of coarse-scale studies are not necessarily transferable to finer scales. Local abundance and occurrence of noctuids are shaped by morphological traits, whereas that of geometrids are rather shaped by local habitat availability, which can modify their trait–environment-relationship. We discuss potential explanations such as taxon-specific flight characteristics and the effect of microclimatic conditions.
KW  - insects
KW  - color lightness
KW  - body size
KW  - elevation
KW  - habitat availability
KW  - flight characteristics
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-256694
VL  - 44
IS  - 8
ER  -