TY  - JOUR
A1  - Vikuk, Veronika
A1  - Fuchs, Benjamin
A1  - Krischke, Markus
A1  - Mueller, Martin J.
A1  - Rueb, Selina
A1  - Krauss, Jochen
T1  - Alkaloid Concentrations of Lolium perenne Infected with Epichloë festucae var. lolii with Different Detection Methods—A Re-Evaluation of Intoxication Risk in Germany?
JF  - Journal of Fungi
N2  - Mycotoxins in agriculturally used plants can cause intoxication in animals and can lead to severe financial losses for farmers. The endophytic fungus Epichloë festucae var. lolii living symbiotically within the cool season grass species Lolium perenne can produce vertebrate and invertebrate toxic alkaloids. Hence, an exact quantitation of alkaloid concentrations is essential to determine intoxication risk for animals. Many studies use different methods to detect alkaloid concentrations, which complicates the comparability. In this study, we showed that alkaloid concentrations of individual plants exceeded toxicity thresholds on real world grasslands in Germany, but not on the population level. Alkaloid concentrations on five German grasslands with high alkaloid levels peaked in summer but were also below toxicity thresholds on population level. Furthermore, we showed that alkaloid concentrations follow the same seasonal trend, regardless of whether plant fresh or dry weight was used, in the field and in a common garden study. However, alkaloid concentrations were around three times higher when detected with dry weight. Finally, we showed that alkaloid concentrations can additionally be biased to different alkaloid detection methods. We highlight that toxicity risks should be analyzed using plant dry weight, but concentration trends of fresh weight are reliable.
KW  - Epichloë
KW  - Lolium perenne
KW  - toxicity
KW  - grasslands
KW  - HPLC/UPLC methods
KW  - endophyte
KW  - plant fresh/dry weight
KW  - alkaloid detection methods
KW  - mycotoxins
KW  - phenology
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-213171
SN  - 2309-608X
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Krauss, Jochen
A1  - Vikuk, Veronika
A1  - Young, Carolyn A.
A1  - Krischke, Markus
A1  - Mueller, Martin J.
A1  - Baerenfaller, Katja
T1  - Correction: Krauss, J., et al. Epichloë endophyte infection rates and alkaloid content in commercially available grass seed mixtures in Europe. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 498
JF  - Microorganisms
N2  - No abstract available.
KW  - Epichloë
KW  - endophyte
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-216254
SN  - 2076-2607
VL  - 8
IS  - 10
ER  -