TY  - JOUR
A1  - Batsching, Sophie
A1  - Wolf, Reinhard
A1  - Heisenberg, Martin
T1  - Inescapable Stress Changes Walking Behavior in Flies - Learned Helplessness Revisited
JF  - PLoS ONE
N2  - Like other animals flies develop a state of learned helplessness in response to unescapable aversive events. To show this, two flies, one 'master', one 'yoked', are each confined to a dark, small chamber and exposed to the same sequence of mild electric shocks. Both receive these shocks when the master fly stops walking for more than a second. Behavior in the two animals is differently affected by the shocks. Yoked flies are transiently impaired in place learning and take longer than master flies to exit from the chamber towards light. After the treatment they walk more slowly and take fewer and shorter walking bouts. The low activity is attributed to the fly's experience that its escape response, an innate behavior to terminate the electric shocks, does not help anymore. Earlier studies using heat pulses instead of electric shocks had shown similar effects. This parallel supports the interpretation that it is the uncontrollability that induces the state.
KW  - learning
KW  - locomotion
KW  - animal behavior
KW  - behavioral conditioning
KW  - walking
KW  - vibration
KW  - light pulses
KW  - conditioned response
Y1  - 2016
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-178640
VL  - 11
IS  - 11
ER  -