TY - JOUR A1 - Pham, Mirko A1 - Helluy, Xavier A1 - Kleinschnitz, Christoph A1 - Kraft, Peter A1 - Bartsch, Andreas J. A1 - Jakob, Peter A1 - Nieswandt, Bernhard A1 - Bendszus, Martin A1 - Guido, Stoll T1 - Sustained Reperfusion after Blockade of Glycoprotein-Receptor-Ib in Focal Cerebral Ischemia: An MRI Study at 17.6 Tesla JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Background: Inhibition of early platelet adhesion by blockade of glycoprotein-IB (GPIb) protects mice from ischemic stroke. To elucidate underlying mechanisms in-vivo, infarct development was followed by ultra-high field MRI at 17.6 Tesla. Methods: Cerebral infarction was induced by transient-middle-cerebral-artery-occlusion (tMCAO) for 1 hour in C57/BL6 control mice (N = 10) and mice treated with 100 mg Fab-fragments of the GPIb blocking antibody p0p/B 1 h after tMCAO (N = 10). To control for the effect of reperfusion, additional mice underwent permanent occlusion and received anti-GPIb treatment (N = 6; pMCAO) or remained without treatment (N = 3; pMCAO). MRI 2 h and 24 h after MCAO measured cerebral-blood-flow (CBF) by continuous arterial-spin labelling, the apparent-diffusion-coefficient (ADC), quantitative-T2 and T2-weighted imaging. All images were registered to a standard mouse brain MRI atlas and statistically analysed voxel-wise, and by cortico-subcortical ROI analysis. Results: Anti-GPIb treatment led to a relative increase of postischemic CBF vs. controls in the cortical territory of the MCA (2 h: 44.2 +/- 6.9 ml/100g/min versus 24 h: 60.5 +/- 8.4; p = 0.0012, F((1,18)) = 14.63) after tMCAO. Subcortical CBF 2 h after tMCAO was higher in anti-GPIb treated animals (45.3 +/- 5.9 vs. controls: 33.6 +/- 4.3; p = 0.04). In both regions, CBF findings were clearly related to a lower probability of infarction (Cortex/Subcortex of treated group: 35%/65% vs. controls: 95%/100%) and improved quantitative-T2 and ADC. After pMCAO, anti-GPIb treated mice developed similar infarcts preceded by severe irreversible hypoperfusion as controls after tMCAO indicating dependency of stroke protection on reperfusion. Conclusion: Blockade of platelet adhesion by anti-GPIb-Fab-fragments results in substantially improved CBF early during reperfusion. This finding was in exact spatial correspondence with the prevention of cerebral infarction and indicates in-vivo an increased patency of the microcirculation. Thus, progression of infarction during early ischemia and reperfusion can be mitigated by anti-platelet treatment. KW - Von-Willebrand-factor KW - Experimental stroke KW - Magnetic-resonance KW - Arterial water KW - Brain KW - Perfusion KW - Mice KW - Inflammation KW - Coefficient KW - mechanisms Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142608 VL - 6 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Measurement of the inelastic proton–proton cross-section at √s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector JF - Nature Communications N2 - The dependence of the rate of proton–proton interactions on the centre-of-mass collision energy, √s, is of fundamental importance for both hadron collider physics and particle astrophysics. The dependence cannot yet be calculated from first principles; therefore, experimental measurements are needed. Here we present the first measurement of the inelastic proton–proton interaction cross-section at a centre-of-mass energy, √s, of 7 TeV using the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Events are selected by requiring hits on scintillation counters mounted in the forward region of the detector. An inelastic cross-section of 60.3±2.1 mb is measured for ξ>5×10−6, where ξ is calculated from the invariant mass, MX, of hadrons selected using the largest rapidity gap in the event. For diffractive events, this corresponds to requiring at least one of the dissociation masses to be larger than 15.7 GeV. KW - Physical Sciences KW - Particle physics Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140960 VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yilmaz, Ali A1 - Rösch, Sabine A1 - Klingel, Karin A1 - Kandolf, Reinhard A1 - Helluy, Xavier A1 - Hiller, Karl-Heinz A1 - Jakob, Peter M A1 - Sechtem, Udo T1 - Molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of inflamed myocardium using ferucarbotran in patients with acute myocardial infarction JF - Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance N2 - Introduction: Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPIO)-based molecular imaging agents targeting macrophages have been developed and successfully applied in animal models of myocardial infarction. KW - Acute Myocardial Infarction KW - Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance KW - Iron Oxide Nanoparticle KW - Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide KW - Infarct Zone Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140991 VL - 13 IS - Suppl. 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borisjuk, Ljudmilla A1 - Rolletschek, Hardy A1 - Fuchs, Johannes A1 - Melkus, Gerd A1 - Neuberger, Thomas T1 - Low and High Field Magnetic Resonance for \(in\) \(Vivo\) Analysis of Seeds JF - Materials N2 - Low field NMR has been successfully used for the evaluation of seed composition and quality, but largely only in crop species. We show here that 1.5T NMR provides a reliable means for analysing the seed lipid fraction present in a wide range of species, where both the seed size and lipid concentration differed by >10 fold. Little use of high field NMR has been made in seed research to date, even though it potentially offers many opportunities for studying seed development, metabolism and storage. Here we demonstrate how 17.5T and 20T NMR can be applied to image seed structure, and analyse lipid and metabolite distribution. We suggest that further technical developments in NMR/MRI will facilitate significant advances in our understanding of seed biology. KW - Time-domain NMR KW - H-1-NMR spectroscopy KW - Soybean seeds KW - Human brain KW - Oil KW - Storage KW - Plants KW - Deterioration KW - Transport KW - Gradients KW - NMR KW - MRI KW - seed quality KW - Crop seed KW - lipid imaging KW - sucrose allocation KW - seed aging KW - (13)C Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140910 VL - 4 IS - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hill, Philip J. A1 - Stritzker, Jochen A1 - Scadeng, Miriam A1 - Geissinger, Ulrike A1 - Haddad, Daniel A1 - Basse-Lüsebrink, Thomas C. A1 - Gbureck, Uwe A1 - Jakob, Peter A1 - Szalay, Aladar A. T1 - Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors Colonized with Bacterial Ferritin-Expressing \(Escherichia\) \(coli\) JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Background: Recent studies have shown that human ferritin can be used as a reporter of gene expression for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Bacteria also encode three classes of ferritin-type molecules with iron accumulation properties. Methods and Findings: Here, we investigated whether these bacterial ferritins can also be used as MRI reporter genes and which of the bacterial ferritins is the most suitable reporter. Bacterial ferritins were overexpressed in probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917. Cultures of these bacteria were analyzed and those generating highest MRI contrast were further investigated in tumor bearing mice. Among members of three classes of bacterial ferritin tested, bacterioferritin showed the most promise as a reporter gene. Although all three proteins accumulated similar amounts of iron when overexpressed individually, bacterioferritin showed the highest contrast change. By site-directed mutagenesis we also show that the heme iron, a unique part of the bacterioferritin molecule, is not critical for MRI contrast change. Tumor-specific induction of bacterioferritin-expression in colonized tumors resulted in contrast changes within the bacteria-colonized tumors. Conclusions: Our data suggest that colonization and gene expression by live vectors expressing bacterioferritin can be monitored by MRI due to contrast changes. KW - Blood-brain barrier KW - Gene-expression KW - Salmonella-typhimurium KW - Sugar-transport KW - Breast-tumors KW - MRI reporter KW - Iron-uptake KW - Proteins KW - Therapy KW - Mice Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140920 VL - 6 IS - 10 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hertlein, Tobias A1 - Sturm, Volker A1 - Kircher, Stefan A1 - Basse-Lüsebrink, Thomas A1 - Haddad, Daniel A1 - Ohlsen, Knut A1 - Jakob, Peter T1 - Visualization of Abscess Formation in a Murine Thigh Infection Model of \(Staphylococcus\) \(aureus\) by (19)F-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Background: During the last years, (19)F-MRI and perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion (PFC) emerged as a powerful contrast agent methodology to track cells and to visualize inflammation. We applied this new modality to visualize deep tissue abscesses during acute and chronic phase of inflammation caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection. Methodology and Principal Findings: In this study, a murine thigh infection model was used to induce abscess formation and PFC or CLIO (cross linked ironoxides) was administered during acute or chronic phase of inflammation. 24 h after inoculation, the contrast agent accumulation was imaged at the site of infection by MRI. Measurements revealed a strong accumulation of PFC at the abscess rim at acute and chronic phase of infection. The pattern was similar to CLIO accumulation at chronic phase and formed a hollow sphere around the edema area. Histology revealed strong influx of neutrophils at the site of infection and to a smaller extend macrophages during acute phase and strong influx of macrophages at chronic phase of inflammation. Conclusion and Significance: We introduce (19)F-MRI in combination with PFC nanoemulsions as a new platform to visualize abscess formation in a murine thigh infection model of S. aureus. The possibility to track immune cells in vivo by this modality offers new opportunities to investigate host immune response, the efficacy of antibacterial therapies and the influence of virulence factors for pathogenesis. KW - Soft-tissue infection KW - In-vivo KW - Iron-oxide KW - F-19 MRI KW - Inflammation KW - Particles KW - Tracking KW - Lesions KW - Images KW - Rats Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142846 VL - 6 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Han, Luyang A1 - Wiedwald, Ulf A1 - Biskupek, Johannes A1 - Fauth, Kai A1 - Kaiser, Ute A1 - Ziemann, Paul T1 - Nanoscaled alloy formation from self-assembled elemental Co nanoparticles on top of Pt films JF - Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology N2 - The thermally activated formation of nanoscale CoPt alloys was investigated, after deposition of self-assembled Co nanoparticles on textured Pt(111) and epitaxial Pt(100) films on MgO(100) and SrTiO3(100) substrates, respectively. For this purpose, metallic Co nanoparticles (diameter 7 nm) were prepared with a spacing of 100 nm by deposition of precursor-loaded reverse micelles, subsequent plasma etching and reduction on flat Pt surfaces. The samples were then annealed at successively higher temperatures under a H2 atmosphere, and the resulting variations of their structure, morphology and magnetic properties were characterized. We observed pronounced differences in the diffusion and alloying of Co nanoparticles on Pt films with different orientations and microstructures. On textured Pt(111) films exhibiting grain sizes (20–30 nm) smaller than the particle spacing (100 nm), the formation of local nanoalloys at the surface is strongly suppressed and Co incorporation into the film via grain boundaries is favoured. In contrast, due to the absence of grain boundaries on high quality epitaxial Pt(100) films with micron-sized grains, local alloying at the film surface was established. Signatures of alloy formation were evident from magnetic investigations. Upon annealing to temperatures up to 380 °C, we found an increase both of the coercive field and of the Co orbital magnetic moment, indicating the formation of a CoPt phase with strongly increased magnetic anisotropy compared to pure Co. At higher temperatures, however, the Co atoms diffuse into a nearby surface region where Pt-rich compounds are formed, as shown by element-specific microscopy. KW - alloy KW - CoPt KW - HRTEM KW - nanoparticles KW - XMCD KW - Co KW - epitaxy KW - magnetometry KW - Pt Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-142869 VL - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sacépé, Benjamin A1 - Oostinga, Jeroen B. A1 - Li, Jian A1 - Ubaldini, Alberto A1 - Couto, Nuno J. G. A1 - Giannini, Enrico A1 - Morpurgo, Alberto F. T1 - Gate-tuned normal and superconducting transport at the surface of a topological insulator JF - Nature Communications N2 - Three-dimensional topological insulators are characterized by the presence of a bandgap in their bulk and gapless Dirac fermions at their surfaces. New physical phenomena originating from the presence of the Dirac fermions are predicted to occur, and to be experimentally accessible via transport measurements in suitably designed electronic devices. Here we study transport through superconducting junctions fabricated on thin Bi2Se3 single crystals, equipped with a gate electrode. In the presence of perpendicular magnetic field B, sweeping the gate voltage enables us to observe the filling of the Dirac fermion Landau levels, whose character evolves continuously from electron- to hole-like. When B=0, a supercurrent appears, whose magnitude can be gate tuned, and is minimum at the charge neutrality point determined from the Landau level filling. Our results demonstrate how gated nano-electronic devices give control over normal and superconducting transport of Dirac fermions at an individual surface of a three-dimensional topological insulators. KW - Physical sciences KW - Condensed matter KW - Materials science KW - nanotechnology Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-140175 VL - 2 ER - TY - THES A1 - Dürig, Tobias T1 - Fracture dynamics in silicate glasses T1 - Bruchdynamiken in Silikatgläsern N2 - Understanding the mechanisms of fragmentation within silicate melts is of great interest not only for material science, but also for volcanology, particularly regarding molten fuel coolant-interactions (MFCIs). Therefore edge-on hammer impact experiments (HIEs) have been carried out in order to analyze the fracture dynamics in well defined targets by applying a Cranz-Schardin highspeed camera technique. This thesis presents the corresponding results and provides a thorough insight into the dynamics of fragmentation, particularly focussing on the processes of energy dissipation. In HIEs two main classes of cracks can be identified, characterized by completely different fracture mechanisms: Shock wave induced “damage cracks” and “normal cracks”, which are exclusively caused by shear-stresses. This dual fracture situation is taken into account by introducing a new concept, according to which the crack class-specific fracture energies are linearly correlated with the corresponding fracture areas. The respective proportionality constants - denoted “fracture surface energy densities” (FSEDs) - have been quantified for all studied targets under various constraints. By analyzing the corresponding high speed image sequences and introducing useful dynamic parameters it has been possible to specify and describe in detail the evolution of fractures and, moreover, to quantify the energy dissipation rates during the fragmentation. Additionally, comprehensive multivariate statistical analyses have been carried out which have revealed general dependencies of all relevant fracture parameters as well as characteristics of the resulting particles. As a result, an important principle of fracture dynamics has been found, referred to as the “local anisotropy effect”: According to this principle, the fracture dynamics in a material is significantly affected by the location of directed stresses. High local stress gradients cause a more stable crack propagation and consequently a reduction of the energy dissipation rates. As a final step, this thesis focusses on the volcanological conclusions which can be drawn on the basis of the presented HIE results. Therefore fragments stemming from HIEs have been compared with natural and experimental volcanic ash particles of basaltic Grimsvötn and rhyolitic Tepexitl melts. The results of these comparative particle analyses substantiate HIEs to be a very suitable method for reproducing the MFCI loading conditions in silicate melts and prove the FSED concept to be a model which is well transferable to volcanic fragmentation processes. N2 - Forschungen mit dem Ziel die Abhängigkeiten und Mechanismen von Bruchprozessen in amorphen silikatischen Materialien exakt verstehen zu lernen, sind nicht nur in den Materialwissenschaften, sondern darüber hinaus auch in der Vulkanologie von größter Bedeutung, vor allem auch im Hinblick auf thermohydraulische Schmelze-Wasser-Wechselwirkungen (sog. "molten fuel coolant-interactions", MFCIs). Aus diesem Grund wurden Hammerschlagexperimente (HIEs) durchgeführt, um unter Verwendung einer Cranz-Schardin Funkenzeitlupe die Bruchdynamiken in exakt definierten Versuchsmaterialien zu analysieren. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die Ergebnisse dieser Versuchsreihen vor und beleuchtet detailliert die zeitlichen Abläufe während der Fragmentation, wobei sie ihr Hauptaugenmerk besonders auf die energetischen Dissipationsprozesse beim Rissfortschritt richtet. In den HIEs können zwei Hauptklassen von Rissen identifiziert werden, welche durch vollkommen unterschiedliche Rissmechanismen gekennzeichnet sind: Stoßwelleninduzierte "Schadensrisse" ("damage cracks") und "Normalrisse" ("normal cracks"), welche ihre Ursachen ausschließlich in Scherspannungen haben. Diesem parallelen Vorhandensein beider Rissklassen wurde mit einem neu entwickelten Konzept Rechnung getragen: Ihm zufolge sind die rissklassenspezifischen Bruchenergien direkt proportional zur jeweiligen Bruchfläche, wobei die entsprechenden Proportionalitätskonstanten als Bruchflächenenergiedichten ("fracture surface energy densities", FSEDs) bezeichnet werden. Ihre Werte wurden für alle untersuchten Targets unter verschiedenen, genau definierten Randbedingungen ermittelt. Die Auswertungen der Zeitlupenaufnahmen und die Einführung neuer bruchdynamischer Parameter ermöglichten nicht nur eine detaillierte Beschreibung der Rissentwicklung im Target, sondern darüber hinaus auch quantitative Aussagen zur Dynamik der Bruchenergiedissipationsraten. Mit Hilfe umfassender multivariater statistischer Analysen war es zudem möglich, die allgemeinen Abhängigkeiten aller relevanten Bruchparameter sowie die Einflüsse auf die kennzeichnenden Merkmale der bei der Fragmentation erzeugten Partikel herauszufinden. Auf diese Weise konnte ein wichtiges Prinzip der Bruchdynamik nachgewiesen werden, das in dieser Arbeit als "lokaler Anisotropieeffekt" (“local anisotropy effect”) bezeichnet wird. Diesem Prinzip zufolge wird die Bruchdynamik in einem Material signifikant durch die Lage von gerichteten Spannungen beeinflusst: Hohe örtliche Spannungsgradienten senkrecht zur Bewegungsrichtung des Risses bewirken eine stabilere Rissausbreitung und damit eine Verringerung der Energiedissipationsraten. In einem letzten Schritt beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit der Frage, welche vulkanologischen Schlussfolgerungen man aus den vorgestellten Versuchsergebnissen ziehen kann. Dazu wurden die erzeugten HIE-Fragmente mit natürlichen und experimentellen vulkanischen Aschen verglichen, welche von rhyolitischen Tepexitl- und basaltischen Grimsvötn-Schmelzen entstammten. Auf Grundlage dieser Partikelvergleiche konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Hammerschlagsversuche eine geeignete Methode darstellen, um genau jene Belastungsbedingungen zu reproduzieren, welchen Magmen während eines MFCI ausgesetzt sind. Zudem wurde damit der Nachweis erbracht, dass das in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte FSED-Konzept sich adäquat auf vulkanische Fragmentationsprozesse übertragen lässt. KW - Bruchmechanik KW - Vulkanologie KW - Sprödbruch KW - Rissbildung KW - Rissverlauf KW - Bruchfläche KW - Glas KW - Stoßwelle KW - Fragmentation KW - Fragmentationsenergie KW - Hochgeschwindigkeitskinematographie KW - explosiver Vulkanismus KW - Impaktversuche KW - fragmentation KW - fragmentation energy KW - high-speed photography KW - explosive volcanism KW - impact experiments Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73492 ER - TY - THES A1 - Baß, Utz T1 - Analysis of MBE-grown II-VI Hetero-Interfaces and Quantum-Dots by Raman Spectroscopy T1 - Analyse von MBE-gewachsenen II-VI Heterogrenzschichten und Quantenpunkten mittels Ramanspektroskopie N2 - The material system of interest in this thesis are II-VI-semiconductors. The first part of this thesis focuses on the formation of self-assembled CdSe-based quantum dots (QD) on ZnSe. The lattice constants of ZnSe and CdSe differ as much as about 7\% and therefore a CdSe layer grown on top of ZnSe experiences a huge strain. The aspired strain relief constitutes in the self-assembly of QDs (i.e. a roughened layer structure). Additionally, this QD layer is intermixed with Zn as this is also a possibility to decrease the strain in the layer. For CdSe on ZnSe, in Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), various QD growth procedures were analysed with respect to the resulting Cd-content of the non-stoichiometric ternary (Zn,Cd)Se. The evaluation was performed by Raman Spectroscopy as the phonon frequency depends on the Cd-content. The second part of the thesis emphasis on the interface properties of n-ZnSe on n-GaAs. Different growth start procedures of the ZnSe epilayer may lead to different interface configurations with characteristic band-offsets and carrier depletion layer widths. The analysis is mainly focused on the individual depletion layer widths in the GaAs and ZnSe. This non-destructive analysis is performed by evaluating the Raman signal which comprises of phonon scattering from the depleted regions and coupled plasmon-phonon scattering from regions with free carriers. N2 - Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden II-VI Halbleiter untersucht. Der erste Teil behandelt die Selbstorganisation von CdSe basierten Quantenpunkten auf ZnSe. Die Gitterkonstante von ZnSe und CdSe differieren um ca. 7% und daher erfährt eine CdSe Schicht auf ZnSe eine riesige Verspannung. Der angestrebte Abbau dieser Verspannung resultiert in der Selbstorganisation von Quantenpunkten (bzw. einer rauen CdSe-Oberfläche). Zusätzlich bietet die Durchmischung mit Zn eine weitere Möglichkeit die Verspannung zu senken. In der Arbeit wurde mittels Raman Spektroskopie der Einfluss von verschiedenen MBE-Wachstumsmethoden auf den resultierenden Cd-Gehalt der Quantenpunktschicht untersucht. Im zweiten Teil standen die Grenzflächeneigenschaften von n-ZnSe auf n-GaAs im Fokus. Unterschiedliche Wachstumsmethoden dieser Grenzflächen können sich auf verschiedene Eigenschaften auswirken. Insbesondere in der Ausbildung von Verarmungszonen innerhalb der beiden Materialien an der Grenzfläche. Hierzu kam auch Raman Spektroskopie zum Einsatz da sich das Raman Signal aus Streubeiträgen von Phononen aus den verarmten Zonen und aus gekoppelten Plasmon-Phonon Moden aus den Schichten mit freien Ladungsträgern zusammensetzt. KW - Zwei-Sechs-Halbleiter KW - Molekularstrahlepitaxie KW - self-assembly KW - quantum-dots KW - Raman KW - plasmon KW - phonon KW - Wide-gap-Halbleiter KW - n-Halbleiter Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73413 ER -