TY - THES A1 - Semeniak, Daniela T1 - Role of bone marrow extracellular matrix proteins on platelet biogenesis and function T1 - Die Rolle der extrazellulären Matrixproteine des Knochenmarks auf die Thrombozytenbiogenes und -funktion N2 - Platelets, small anucleated blood cells responsible for hemostasis, interact at sights of injury with several exposed extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins through specific receptors. Ligand binding leads to activation, adhesion and aggregation of platelets. Already megakaryocytes (MKs), the immediate precursor cells in bone marrow (BM), are in constant contact to these ECM proteins (ECMP). The interaction of ECMP with MKs is, in contrast to platelets, less well understood. It is therefore important to study how MKs interact with sinusoids via the underlying ECMP. This thesis addresses three major topics to elucidate these interactions and their role in platelet biogenesis. First, we studied the topology of ECMP within BM and their impact on proplatelet formation (PPF) in vitro. By establishing a four-color immunofluorescence microscopy we localized collagens and other ECMP and determined their degree of contact towards vessels and megakaryocytes (MKs). In in vitro assays we could demonstrate that Col I mediates increased MK adhesion, but inhibits PPF by collagen receptor GPVI. By immunoblot analyses we identified that the signaling events underyling this inhibition are different from those in platelet activation at the Src family kinase level. Second, we determined the degree of MK-ECM interaction in situ using confocal laser scanning microscopy of four-color IF-stained femora and spleen sections. In transgenic mouse models lacking either of the two major collagen receptors we could show that these mice have an impaired association of MKs to collagens in the BM, while the MK count in spleen increased threefold. This might contribute to the overall unaltered platelet counts in collagen receptor-deficient mice. In a third approach, we studied how the equilibrium of ECMP within BM is altered after irradiation. Collagen type IV and laminin-α5 subunits were selectively degraded at the sinusoids, while the matrix degrading protease MMP9 was upregulated in MKs. Platelet numbers decreased and platelets became hyporesponsive towards agonists, especially those for GPVI activation. Taken together, the results indicate that MK-ECM interaction differs substantially from the well-known platelet-ECM signaling. Future work should further elucidate how ECMP can be targeted to ameliorate the platelet production and function defects, especially in patients after BM irradiation. N2 - Thrombozyten, kleine kernlose Zellen, die für die Hämostase verantwortlich sind, interagieren an verletzten Gefäßwänden mit exponierten extrazellulären Matrixproteinen (EZMP) durch Oberflächenrezeptoren. Durch die Ligandenbindung werden die Thrombozyten aktiviert, adhärieren und aggregieren schlussendlich. Schon Megakaryozyten (MKs), die unmittelbaren Vorläuferzellen im Knochenmark (KM), stehen ebenfalls mit EZMP im ständigen Kontakt. Im Gegensatz zur Thrombozyteninteraktion ist die Interaktion der MKs mit EZMP jedoch nicht sehr gut untersucht. Aus diesem Grund ist es wichtig zu verstehen wie MKs mit Sinusoiden durch die darunterliegenden EZMP interagieren. Diese Doktorarbeit beleuchtet dazu drei Hauptthemen, die zu einem besseren Verständnis dieser Interaktion und dessen Rolle in der Thrombozytenbildung beitragen. In einem ersten Themenblock klärten wir die Topologie verschiedener EZMP des Knochenmarks und deren Rolle bei der Proplättchenbildung auf. Durch die Etablierung einer Vierfarben-Immunfluoreszenzmikroskopie, lokalisierten wir verschiedene Kollagene und andere EZMP im KM und bestimmten deren Kontakt zu Gefäßen und MKs. In in vitro-Ansätzen konnten wir demonstrieren, dass Kollagen Typ I eine erhöhte Adhäsion von MKs vermittelt, aber die Proplättchenbildung durch den Kollagenrezeptor GPVI inhibiert. Mittels Immunoblotanalysen identifizierten wir eine Signalkaskade, die von der Thrombozytenaktivierung auf der Ebene der Src family Kinasen abweicht. In einem zweiten Themenkomplex bestimmten wir in situ den Grad an Interaktion von MKs mit EZMP mittels konfokaler Laserscanning-Mikroskopie von vierfach immunfluoreszenzgefärbten Femora- und Milzschnitten. In transgenen Mäusen, denen einer der zwei Hauptkollagenrezeptoren fehlen, konnten wir zeigen, dass MKs dieser Mäuse eine veränderte Assoziation zu Kollagenen im Knochenmark aufweisen, während die MK-Anzahl in der Milz um das Dreifache anstieg. Dies könnte insgesamt zur unbeeinflussten Thrombozytenzahl in diesen Mäusen beitragen. In einem dritten Themenkomplex untersuchten wir wie das Gleichgewicht im Knochenmark nach Bestrahlung beeinflusst ist. Spezifisch Kollagen Typ IV und laminin-α5 waren an den Sinusoiden degradiert, während die Expression der matrixabbauenden Protease MMP-9 in MKs hochreguliert war. Die Thrombozytenzahl sank und sie wurden hyporesponsiv auf Agonisten, speziell auf diejenigen für die GPVI-Aktivierung. Zusammengefasst zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die Interaktion von MKs mit EZMP sich substantiell von der Thrombozyten-EZMP vermittelten Signaltransduktion unterscheidet. Zukünftige Untersuchungen sollen weiter beleuchten wie EZMP gezielt beeinflusst werden können um Defekte in der Thrombozytenproduktion und –funktion abzumildern, besonders in Patienten nach Bestrahlung. KW - Knochenmark KW - Thrombozyt KW - Extracellular matrix proteins KW - platelet biogenesis KW - Extrazelluläre Matrix KW - Megakaryocytes KW - platelets Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-155857 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ungern-Sternberg, Saskia N. I. von A1 - Zernecke, Alma A1 - Seizer, Peter T1 - Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer EMMPRIN (CD147) in cardiovascular disease JF - International Journal of Molecular Sciences N2 - The receptor EMMPRIN is involved in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases and in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. There are several binding partners of EMMPRIN mediating the effects of EMMPRIN in cardiovascular diseases. EMMPRIN interaction with most binding partners leads to disease progression by mediating cytokine or chemokine release, the activation of platelets and monocytes, as well as the formation of monocyte-platelet aggregates (MPAs). EMMPRIN is also involved in atherosclerosis by mediating the infiltration of pro-inflammatory cells. There is also evidence that EMMPRIN controls energy metabolism of cells and that EMMPRIN binding partners modulate intracellular glycosylation and trafficking of EMMPRIN towards the cell membrane. In this review, we systematically discuss these multifaceted roles of EMMPRIN and its interaction partners, such as Cyclophilins, in cardiovascular disease. KW - cardiovascular disease KW - immunoglobulin superfamily KW - inflammation KW - platelets KW - monocyte-platelet aggregates Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-285014 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 19 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Butt, Elke A1 - Raman, Dayanidhi T1 - New frontiers for the cytoskeletal protein LASP1 JF - Frontiers in Oncology N2 - In the recent two decades, LIM and SH3 protein 1 (LASP1) has been developed from a simple actin-binding structural protein to a tumor biomarker and subsequently to a complex, nuclear transcriptional regulator. Starting with a brief historical perspective, this review will mainly compare and contrast LASP1 and LASP2 from the angle of the newest data and importantly, examine their role in transcriptional regulation. We will summarize the current knowledge through pictorial models and tables including the roles of different microRNAs in the differential regulation of LASP1 levels and patient outcome rather than specify in detail all tumor entities. Finally, the novel functional roles of LASP1 in secretion of vesicles, expression of matrix metalloproteinases and transcriptional regulation as well as the activation of survival and proliferation pathways in different cancer types are described. KW - LASP1 KW - LASP2 KW - transcriptional regulation KW - nuclear role KW - matrix metalloproteinases KW - AP1 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-221975 VL - 8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kasaragod, Vikram B. A1 - Schindelin, Hermann T1 - Structure–Function Relationships of Glycine and GABAA Receptors and Their Interplay With the Scaffolding Protein Gephyrin JF - Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience N2 - Glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major determinants of inhibition in the central nervous system (CNS). These neurotransmitters target glycine and GABAA receptors, respectively, which both belong to the Cys-loop superfamily of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs). Interactions of the neurotransmitters with the cognate receptors result in receptor opening and a subsequent influx of chloride ions, which, in turn, leads to hyperpolarization of the membrane potential, thus counteracting excitatory stimuli. The majority of glycine receptors and a significant fraction of GABAA receptors (GABAARs) are recruited and anchored to the post-synaptic membrane by the central scaffolding protein gephyrin. This ∼93 kDa moonlighting protein is structurally organized into an N-terminal G-domain (GephG) connected to a C-terminal E-domain (GephE) via a long unstructured linker. Both inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors interact via a short peptide motif located in the large cytoplasmic loop located in between transmembrane helices 3 and 4 (TM3-TM4) of the receptors with a universal receptor-binding epitope residing in GephE. Gephyrin engages in nearly identical interactions with the receptors at the N-terminal end of the peptide motif, and receptor-specific interaction toward the C-terminal region of the peptide. In addition to its receptor-anchoring function, gephyrin also interacts with a rather large collection of macromolecules including different cytoskeletal elements, thus acting as central scaffold at inhibitory post-synaptic specializations. Dysfunctions in receptor-mediated or gephyrin-mediated neurotransmission have been identified in various severe neurodevelopmental disorders. Although biochemical, cellular and electrophysiological studies have helped to understand the physiological and pharmacological roles of the receptors, recent high resolution structures of the receptors have strengthened our understanding of the receptors and their gating mechanisms. Besides that, multiple crystal structures of GephE in complex with receptor-derived peptides have shed light into receptor clustering by gephyrin at inhibitory post-synapses. This review will highlight recent biochemical and structural insights into gephyrin and the GlyRs as well as GABAA receptors, which provide a deeper understanding of the molecular machinery mediating inhibitory neurotransmission. KW - glycine receptors KW - GABAA receptors KW - gephyrin KW - moonlighting protein KW - inhibitory post-synaptic specialization KW - cytoskeletal proteins Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-325607 VL - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Welz, M. A1 - Eickhoff, S. A1 - Abdullah, Z. A1 - Trebicka, J. A1 - Gartlan, K. H. A1 - Spicer, J. A. A1 - Demetris, A. J. A1 - Akhlaghi, H. A1 - Anton, M. A1 - Manske, K. A1 - Zehn, D. A1 - Nieswandt, B. A1 - Kurts, C. A1 - Trapani, J. A. A1 - Knolle, P. A1 - Wohlleber, D. A1 - Kastenmüller, W. T1 - Perforin inhibition protects from lethal endothelial damage during fulminant viral hepatitis JF - Nature Communications N2 - CD8 T cells protect the liver against viral infection, but can also cause severe liver damage that may even lead to organ failure. Given the lack of mechanistic insights and specific treatment options in patients with acute fulminant hepatitis, we develop a mouse model reflecting a severe acute virus-induced CD8 T cell-mediated hepatitis. Here we show that antigen-specific CD8 T cells induce liver damage in a perforin-dependent manner, yet liver failure is not caused by effector responses targeting virus-infected hepatocytes alone. Additionally, CD8 T cell mediated elimination of cross-presenting liver sinusoidal endothelial cells causes endothelial damage that leads to a dramatically impaired sinusoidal perfusion and indirectly to hepatocyte death. With the identification of perforin-mediated killing as a critical pathophysiologic mechanism of liver failure and the protective function of a new class of perforin inhibitor, our study opens new potential therapeutic angles for fulminant viral hepatitis. KW - cytotoxic T cells KW - hepatology KW - imaging the immune system KW - viral infection Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-233593 VL - 9 ER -