TY - JOUR A1 - Aster, Hans-Christoph A1 - Romanos, Marcel A1 - Walitza, Susanne A1 - Gerlach, Manfred A1 - Mühlberger, Andreas A1 - Rizzo, Albert A1 - Andreatta, Marta A1 - Hasenauer, Natalie A1 - Hartrampf, Philipp E. A1 - Nerlich, Kai A1 - Reiners, Christoph A1 - Lorenz, Reinhard A1 - Buck, Andreas K. A1 - Deserno, Lorenz T1 - Responsivity of the striatal dopamine system to methylphenidate — A within-subject I-123-β-CIT-SPECT study in male children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder JF - Frontiers in Psychiatry N2 - Background: Methylphenidate (MPH) is the first-line pharmacological treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). MPH binds to the dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT), which has high density in the striatum. Assessments of the striatal dopamine transporter by single positron emission computed tomography (SPECT) in childhood and adolescent patients are rare but can provide insight on how the effects of MPH affect DAT availability. The aim of our within-subject study was to investigate the effect of MPH on DAT availability and how responsivity to MPH in DAT availability is linked to clinical symptoms and cognitive functioning. Methods Thirteen adolescent male patients (9–16 years) with a diagnosis of ADHD according to the DSM-IV and long-term stimulant medication (for at least 6 months) with MPH were assessed twice within 7 days using SPECT after application of I-123-β-CIT to examine DAT binding potential (DAT BP). SPECT measures took place in an on- and off-MPH status balanced for order across participants. A virtual reality continuous performance test was performed at each time point. Further clinical symptoms were assessed for baseline off-MPH. Results On-MPH status was associated with a highly significant change (−29.9%) of striatal DAT BP as compared to off-MPH (t = −4.12, p = 0.002). A more pronounced change in striatal DAT BP was associated with higher off-MPH attentional and externalizing symptom ratings (Pearson r = 0.68, p = 0.01). Striatal DAT BP off-MPH, but not on-MPH, was associated with higher symptom ratings (Pearson r = 0.56, p = 0.04). Conclusion Our findings corroborate previous reports from mainly adult samples that MPH changes striatal DAT BP availability and suggest higher off-MPH DAT BP, likely reflecting low baseline DA levels, as a marker of symptom severity. KW - methylphenidate KW - attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) KW - striatum KW - single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) KW - responsivity KW - caudate nucleus KW - dopamine transporter (DAT) Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-270862 SN - 1664-0640 VL - 13 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Briegel, Wolfgang T1 - Psychiatric comorbidities in 1p36 deletion syndrome and their treatment — a case report JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - 1p36 deletion syndrome represents the most common terminal deletion observed in humans. Major clinical findings comprise developmental delay/intellectual disability, poor or absent expressive language, congenital central muscular hypotonia, brain anomalies, brachydactyly/camptodactyly, short feet, and characteristic facial features like straight eyebrows, deep-set eyes, and midface hypoplasia. So far, there is very limited knowledge about comorbid psychiatric disorders and their effective treatment in this special population. To fill this gap, this case report presents an initially four-year-old girl with 1p36.33–1p36.32 deletion, moderate intellectual disability, insomnia, oppositional-defiant disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder covering a period of time of about 1.5 years comprising initial psychological/psychiatric assessment, subsequent day clinic/outpatient treatment (amongst others including off-label use of melatonin and methylphenidate as well as parent-child interaction therapy) and follow-up assessment. Follow-up results indicated good efficacy of melatonin and methylphenidate medication without any adverse effects. Multidisciplinarity in diagnosis and treatment are mandatory to meet needs of patients with complex genetic disorders like 1p36 deletion syndrome. Off-label use of melatonin (for insomnia) and methylphenidate (for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder) should be considered in young children with 1p36 deletion syndrome if behavioral interventions are not sufficient. KW - 1p36 deletion syndrome KW - oppositional-defiant disorder KW - attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder KW - parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT) KW - melatonin KW - methylphenidate KW - off label use KW - case report Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-250189 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 18 IS - 22 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biehl, Stefanie C. A1 - Merz, Christian J. A1 - Dresler, Thomas A1 - Heupel, Julia A1 - Reichert, Susanne A1 - Jacob, Christian P. A1 - Deckert, Jürgen A1 - Herrmann, Martin J. T1 - Increase or Decrease of fMRI Activity in Adult Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder: Does It Depend on Task Difficulty? JF - International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology N2 - Background: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder has been shown to affect working memory, and fMRI studies in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder report hypoactivation in task-related attentional networks. However, studies with adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder patients addressing this issue as well as the effects of clinically valid methylphenidate treatment are scarce. This study contributes to closing this gap. Methods: Thirty-five adult patients were randomized to 6 weeks of double-blind placebo or methylphenidate treatment. Patients completed an fMRI n-back working memory task both before and after the assigned treatment, and matched healthy controls were tested and compared to the untreated patients. Results: There were no whole-brain differences between any of the groups. However, when specified regions of interest were investigated, the patient group showed enhanced BOLD responses in dorsal and ventral areas before treatment. This increase was correlated with performance across all participants and with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in the patient group. Furthermore, we found an effect of treatment in the right superior frontal gyrus, with methylphenidate-treated patients exhibiting increased activation, which was absent in the placebo-treated patients. Conclusions: Our results indicate distinct activation differences between untreated adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder patients and matched healthy controls during a working memory task. These differences might reflect compensatory efforts by the patients, who are performing at the same level as the healthy controls. We furthermore found a positive effect of methylphenidate on the activation of a frontal region of interest. These observations contribute to a more thorough understanding of adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and provide impulses for the evaluation of therapy-related changes. KW - working memory KW - clinical trial KW - child memory KW - short-term methylphenidate brain KW - methylphenidate KW - adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder KW - fMRI KW - functional magnetic resonance imaging Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-147551 VL - 19 IS - 10 ER - TY - THES A1 - Biehl, Stefanie T1 - The Impact of Adult Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder, Methylphenidate, and the COMT Val158Met Polymorphism on Selective Attention and Working Memory T1 - Der Einfluss von Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/ Hyperaktivitätsstörung bei Erwachsenen, Methylphenidat, und des COMT Val158Met Polymorphismus auf selektive Aufmerksamkeit und Arbeisgedächtnis N2 - Theories of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) aetiology have placed a focus on impaired behavioural inhibition presumably leading to executive function (EF) deficits. Neuroimaging studies report neurophysiological findings consistent with these hypothesised impairments, and investigations of functional brain activation from a network perspective report hypoactivation in the frontoparietal network as well as hyperactivation in the dorsal attention network. Studies investigating the acute effects of stimulant medication on EF show an improvement on behavioural EF measures including working memory. In addition, methylphenidate (MPH) was shown to up-regulate the task-positive/ frontoparietal network in children and adolescents with ADHD. So far, there are only few studies investigating the impact of ADHD on behavioural and neurophysiological EF measures as well as the effect of several weeks of stimulant medication in adult patients. The importance of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme for subcortical and cortical dopaminergic and noradrenergic functioning furthermore led to studies investigating a potential interactive impact of COMT genotype and ADHD on neuropsychological functioning, with a particular focus on working memory. The results of these studies were very heterogeneous. In addition, as none of the studies compared the results of ADHD patients to those of a healthy control group, possible differential effects of COMT in patients and healthy controls could not be examined. The aim of this dissertation was to investigate selective attention properties of the central executive component during a working memory task and to transfer this task to fMRI. A third study then aimed to investigate the effects of adult ADHD (aADHD), MPH, and COMT genotype on working memory with a particular focus on activation of the task-positive network during the analysis of the fMRI data. The first study (EEG) could replicate and extend the results from previous research. This study could furthermore connect the overall activation in frontal areas to suppression efficiency in posterior visual areas as well as establish the impact of hyperactive/ impulsive ADHD symptoms on task performance. The second study (fMRI) allowed the successful transfer of the paradigm to fMRI, and the further replication and extension of previous findings. In addition, this study showed the sensitivity of the task to the effects of the COMT genotype. The third study (fMRI) was one of the first studies that exploratorily investigated the effects COMT in a sample of aADHD patients and a comparable healthy control group. This study showed an interactive effect of these two factors on neuropsychological measures as well as on fMRI activation during a classic n-back working memory task. In addition, this task led to more activation in the task-positive network of the aADHD group compared to a healthy control group in the absence of performance differences, pointing towards compensatory activation in the aADHD group. Furthermore, activation in the frontal cortex was increased in patients taking MPH compared to a placebo. The fMRI data from the selective attention task moreover showed decreased activation in the right DLPFC of the patient group, which was associated with reduced suppression efficiency across all participants. The clinical effect of MPH in the third study was visible but did not reach significance, which is probably attributable to a lack of experimental power. The studies in this dissertation could successfully replicate and extend previous findings. A goal for future studies should be the further investigation of the interactive effects of COMT genotype and aADHD on neuropsychological test results and fMRI activation, but also on medication response and adverse effects. In this context, the adaptation of a network perspective during the analysis of fMRI data seems to be the best way to detect existing between-group differences. N2 - Theorien zur Ätiologie der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/ Hyperaktivitätsstö-rung (ADHS) konzentrieren sich oft auf defizitäre Prozesse der Verhaltensinhibition, die wiederum zu Defiziten der Exekutivfunktionen (EF) führen. Übereinstimmend mit diesen Beeinträchtigungen berichteten Neuroimaging-Studien von Hypoaktivierung im frontoparietalen Netzwerk sowie Hyperaktivierung im dorsalen Aufmerksamkeitsnetzwerk. Studien zur Wirkung von Stimulanzien zeigten eine Verbesserung von EF-Maßen einschließlich des Arbeitsgedächtnisses sowie eine Hochregulierung des aufgabenpositiven/ frontoparietalen Netzwerks durch Methylphenidat (MPH). Bis jetzt untersuchten nur wenige Studien die Auswirkungen von ADHS auf neurophysiologische und Verhaltensmaße der EF sowie den Effekt von länger andauernder Stimulanziengabe bei erwachsenen Patienten. Die Wichtigkeit des Enzyms Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) für subkortikale und kortikale dopaminerge und noradrenerge Funktionen führte darüber hinaus zu Studien, die eine potentielle Interaktion in der Wirkung des COMT Genotyps und ADHS auf neuropsychologische Funktionen und insbesondere auf das Arbeitsgedächtnis untersuchten. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studien waren recht heterogen. Da zudem keine der Studien die Ergebnisse der ADHS-Patienten mit denen einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe verglich, konnten möglicherweise vorhandene unterschiedliche Einflüsse von COMT bei Patienten und gesunden Kontrollprobanden nicht angemessen ermittelt werden. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation waren zunächst die Untersuchung von selektiven Aufmerksamkeitsprozessen, die durch die Zentrale Exekutive vermittelt werden, sowie die Übertragung der dazu verwendeten Arbeitsgedächtnisaufgabe ins fMRT. Eine dritte Studie strebte die Untersuchung der Auswirkungen von ADHS bei Erwachsenen (aADHS), MPH und COMT Genotyp auf das Arbeitsgedächtnis an. Ein besonderer Fokus bei der Analyse der fMRT-Daten lag hierbei auf der Aktivierung des aufgabenpositiven Netzwerks. Die erste Studie (EEG) konnte bisherige Forschungsergebnisse replizieren und erweitern. Zudem konnte diese Studie die Gesamtaktivierung in frontalen Bereichen mit der Unterdrückungseffizienz in posterioren visuellen Bereichen in Verbindung bringen sowie einen Einfluss von hyperaktiv/ impulsiver ADHS-Symptomatik auf die Verhaltensleistung feststellen. Die zweite Studie (fMRT) zeigte eine erfolgreiche Übertragung des Paradigmas auf das fMRT und eine weitergehende Replizierung und Erweiterung vorheriger Forschungsergebnisse. Es konnte außerdem die Sensitivität der Aufgabe für die Effekte des COMT Genotyps gezeigt werden. Die dritte Studie (fMRT) war eine der ersten Studien, die exploratorisch die Effekte von COMT in einer Stichprobe von aADHS-Patienten und einer vergleichbaren gesunden Kontrollgruppe untersuchte. Hier zeigte sich eine Interaktion von COMT Genotyp und aADHS auf die erhobenen neuropsychologischen Maße sowie auf die fMRT-Aktivierung während einer n-back Arbeitsgedächtnisaufgabe. Die Aufgabe führte zu mehr Aktivierung im aufgabenpositiven Netzwerk der aADHS-Gruppe im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe. Da keine Leistungsunterschiede zwischen den Gruppen zu erkennen waren, weist diese Hyperaktivierung auf eine kompensatorische Aktivierung in der aADHS-Gruppe hin. Zudem zeigte sich eine erhöhte Aktivierung im Frontalkortex bei Patienten, die MPH statt einem Placebo einnahmen. Die fMRT-Daten der Aufgabe zur selektiven Aufmerksamkeit zeigten außerdem eine reduzierte Aktivierung im rechten DLPFC der Patientengruppe, die über alle Probanden hinweg mit einer reduzierten Unterdrückungseffizienz assoziiert war. Der klinische Effekt von MPH in der Patientenstichprobe war sichtbar, erreichte aber keine Signifikanz, was vermutlich auf eine zu geringe experimentelle Power zurückzuführen ist. Die Studien in dieser Dissertation konnten vorherige Befunde erfolgreich replizieren und erweitern. Ein Ziel für zukünftige Studien sollte die weitergehende Untersuchung dieser Fragestellungen sein. Vor allem in Bezug auf eine Interaktion von COMT Genotyp und aADHS auf neuropsychologische Testergebnisse und fMRT-Aktivierung, aber auch auf Medikamenten-Response und Nebenwirkungen ist dies von großer Bedeutung. Die Übernahme einer Netzwerkperspektive bei der Analyse von fMRT-Daten scheint zudem der beste Weg, existierende Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen zu finden. KW - Aufmerksamkeits-Defizit-Syndrom KW - adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (aADHD) KW - COMT polymorphism KW - methylphenidate KW - working memory KW - Erwachsener KW - Methylphenidat KW - Catecholmethyltransferase Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-100959 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bender, Stephan A1 - Resch, Franz A1 - Klein, Christoph A1 - Renner, Tobias A1 - Fallgatter, Andreas J. A1 - Weisbrod, Matthias A1 - Romanos, Marcel T1 - Influence of Stimulant Medication and Response Speed on Lateralization of Movement-Related Potentials in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder JF - PLoS One N2 - Background: Hyperactivity is one of the core symptoms in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, it remains unclear in which way the motor system itself and its development are affected by the disorder. Movement-related potentials (MRP) can separate different stages of movement execution, from the programming of a movement to motor post-processing and memory traces. Pre-movement MRP are absent or positive during early childhood and display a developmental increase of negativity. Methods: We examined the influences of response-speed, an indicator of the level of attention, and stimulant medication on lateralized MRP in 16 children with combined type ADHD compared to 20 matched healthy controls. Results: We detected a significantly diminished lateralisation of MRP over the pre-motor and primary motor cortex during movement execution (initial motor potential peak, iMP) in patients with ADHD. Fast reactions (indicating increased visuo-motor attention) led to increased lateralized negativity during movement execution only in healthy controls, while in children with ADHD faster reaction times were associated with more positive amplitudes. Even though stimulant medication had some effect on attenuating group differences in lateralized MRP, this effect was insufficient to normalize lateralized iMP amplitudes. Conclusions: A reduced focal (lateralized) motor cortex activation during the command to muscle contraction points towards an immature motor system and a maturation delay of the (pre-) motor cortex in children with ADHD. A delayed maturation of the neuronal circuitry, which involves primary motor cortex, may contribute to ADHD pathophysiology. KW - deficit-hyperactivity disorder KW - anticipatory mechanisms KW - motor preparation KW - TIC disorder KW - children KW - ADHD KW - methylphenidate KW - contingent negative-variation KW - continuous performance-test KW - slow cortical potentials Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135262 VL - 7 IS - 6 ER -