TY - JOUR A1 - Kestler, Thomas A1 - Lucca, Juan Bautista A1 - Krause, Silvana T1 - 'Break-In Parties' and Changing Patterns of Democracy in Latin America JF - Brazilian Political Science Review N2 - Although Lijphart's typology of consensus and majoritarian democracy can be regarded as the most widely used tool to classify democratic regimes, it has been rarely applied to Latin America so far. We try to fill this gap by adapting Lijphart's typological framework to the Latin American context in the following way. In contrast to previous studies, we treat the type of democracy as an independent variable and include informal factors such as clientelism or informal employment in our assessment of democratic patterns. On this basis, we aim to answer the following questions. First, how did the patterns of democracy evolve in Latin America over the two decades between 1990 and 2010 and what kind of differences can be observed in the region? Second, what are the institutional determinants of the observed changes? We focus on the emergence of new parties because of their strong impact on the first dimension of Lijphart's typology. From our observations we draw the following tentative conclusions: If strong new parties established themselves in the party system but failed to gain the presidency, they pushed the system towards consensualism. Conversely, new parties that gained the presidency produced more majoritarian traits. KW - break-in parties KW - types of government KW - Latin America KW - democracy KW - informality Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-171333 VL - 10 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Westermaier, Thomas A1 - Linsenmann, Thomas A1 - Homola, György A. A1 - Loehr, Mario A1 - Stetter, Christian A1 - Willner, Nadine A1 - Ernestus, Ralf-Ingo A1 - Soymosi, Laszlo A1 - Vince, Giles H. T1 - 3D rotational fluoroscopy for intraoperative clip control in patients with intracranial aneurysms – assessment of feasibility and image quality JF - BMC Medical Imaging N2 - Background Mobile 3D fluoroscopes have become increasingly available in neurosurgical operating rooms. In this series, the image quality and value of intraoperative 3D fluoroscopy with intravenous contrast agent for the evaluation of aneurysm occlusion and vessel patency after clip placement was assessed in patients who underwent surgery for intracranial aneurysms. Materials and methods Twelve patients were included in this retrospective analysis. Prior to surgery, a 360° rotational fluoroscopy scan was performed without contrast agent followed by another scan with 50 ml of intravenous iodine contrast agent. The image files of both scans were transferred to an Apple PowerMac® workstation, subtracted and reconstructed using OsiriX® free software. The procedure was repeated after clip placement. Both image sets were compared for assessment of aneurysm occlusion and vessel patency. Results Image acquisition and contrast administration caused no adverse effects. Image quality was sufficient to follow the patency of the vessels distal to the clip. Metal artifacts reduce the assessability of the immediate vicinity of the clip. Precise image subtraction and post-processing can reduce metal artifacts and make the clip-site assessable and depict larger neck-remnants. Conclusion This technique quickly supplies images at adequate quality to evaluate distal vessel patency after aneurysm clipping. Significant aneurysm remnants may be depicted as well. As it does not require visual control of all vessels that are supposed to be evaluated intraoperatively, this technique may be complementary to other intraoperative tools like indocyanine green videoangiography and micro-Doppler, especially for the assessment of larger aneurysms. At the momentary state of this technology, it cannot replace postoperative conventional angiography. However, 3D fluoroscopy and image post-processing are young technologies. Further technical developments are likely to result in improved image quality. KW - aneurysm surgery KW - clip control KW - angiography KW - 3D fluoroscopy KW - image quality KW - intraoperative KW - vessel patency KW - contrast KW - post-processing Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146381 VL - 16 IS - 30 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiedenmann, J. A1 - Bocquillon, E. A1 - Deacon, R.S. A1 - Hartinger, S. A1 - Herrmann, O. A1 - Klapwijk, T.M. A1 - Maier, L. A1 - Ames, C. A1 - Brüne, C. A1 - Gould, C. A1 - Oiwa, A. A1 - Ishibashi, K. A1 - Tarucha, S. A1 - Buhmann, H. A1 - Molenkamp, L.W. T1 - 4π-periodic Josephson supercurrent in HgTe-based topological Josephson junctions JF - Nature Communications N2 - The Josephson effect describes the generic appearance of a supercurrent in a weak link between two superconductors. Its exact physical nature deeply influences the properties of the supercurrent. In recent years, considerable efforts have focused on the coupling of superconductors to the surface states of a three-dimensional topological insulator. In such a material, an unconventional induced p-wave superconductivity should occur, with a doublet of topologically protected gapless Andreev bound states, whose energies vary 4π-periodically with the superconducting phase difference across the junction. In this article, we report the observation of an anomalous response to rf irradiation in a Josephson junction made of a HgTe weak link. The response is understood as due to a 4π-periodic contribution to the supercurrent, and its amplitude is compatible with the expected contribution of a gapless Andreev doublet. Our work opens the way to more elaborate experiments to investigate the induced superconductivity in a three-dimensional insulator. KW - Josephson effect KW - supercurrent KW - superconductors Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-175353 VL - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmid, Michael A1 - Steinlein, Claus A1 - Lomb, Christian A1 - Sperling, Karl A1 - Neitzel, Heidemarie T1 - 5-Methylcytosine-Rich Heterochromatin in the Indian Muntjac JF - Cytogenetic and Genome Research N2 - Two 5-methylcytosine (5-MeC)-rich heterochromatic regions were demonstrated in metaphase chromosomes of the Indian muntjac by indirect immunofluorescence using a monoclonal anti-5-MeC antibody. The metaphases were obtained from diploid and triploid cell lines. A major region is located in the ‘neck' of the 3;X fusion chromosome and can be detected after denaturation of the chromosomal DNA with UV-light irradiation for 1 h. It is located exactly at the border of the X chromosome and the translocated autosome 3. A minor region is found in the centromeric region of the free autosome 3 after denaturing the chromosomal DNA for 3 h or longer. The structure and possible function of the major hypermethylated region as barrier against spreading of the X-inactivation process into the autosome 3 is discussed. KW - heterochromatin KW - immunofluorescence KW - Indian muntjac KW - 5-Methylcytosine Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-196701 SN - 1424-8581 SN - 1424-859X N1 - This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively. VL - 147 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beykan, Seval A1 - Dam, Jan S. A1 - Eberlein, Uta A1 - Kaufmann, Jens A1 - Kjærgaard, Benedict A1 - Jødal, Lars A1 - Bouterfa, Hakim A1 - Bejot, Romain A1 - Lassmann, Michael A1 - Jensen, Svend Borup T1 - \(^{177}\)Lu-OPS201 targeting somatostatin receptors: in vivo biodistribution and dosimetry in a pig model JF - EJNMMI Research N2 - Background \(^{177}\)Lu is used in peptide receptor radionuclide therapies for the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. Based on the recent literature, SST2 antagonists are superior to agonists in tumor uptake. The compound OPS201 is the novel somatostatin antagonist showing the highest SST2 affinity. The aim of this study was to measure the in vivo biodistribution and dosimetry of \(^{177}\)Lu-OPS201 in five anesthetized Danish Landrace pigs as an appropriate substitute for humans to quantitatively assess the absorbed doses for future clinical applications. Results \(^{177}\)Lu-OPS201 was obtained with a specific activity ranging from 10 to 17 MBq/μg. Prior to administration, the radiochemical purity was measured as s > 99.7 % in all cases. After injection, fast clearance of the compound from the blood stream was observed. Less than 5 % of the injected activity was presented in blood 10 min after injection. A series of SPECT/CT and whole-body scans conducted until 10 days after intravenous injection showed uptake mostly in the liver, spine, and kidneys. There was no visible uptake in the spleen. Blood samples were taken to determine the time-activity curve in the blood. Time-activity curves and time-integrated activity coefficients were calculated for the organs showing visible uptake. Based on these data, the absorbed organ dose coefficients for a 70-kg patient were calculated with OLINDA/EXM. For humans after an injection of 5 GBq \(^{177}\)Lu-OPS201, the highest predicted absorbed doses are obtained for the kidneys (13.7 Gy), the osteogenic cells (3.9 Gy), the urinary bladder wall (1.8 Gy), and the liver (1.0 Gy). No metabolites of 177Lu-OPS201 were found by radio HPLC analysis. None of the absorbed doses calculated will exceed organ toxicity levels. Conclusions The \(^{177}\)Lu-OPS201 was well tolerated and caused no abnormal physiological or behavioral signs. In vivo distributions and absorbed doses of pigs are comparable to those observed in other publications. According to the biodistribution data in pigs, presented in this work, the expected radiation exposure in humans will be within the acceptable range. KW - lutetium-177 KW - JR11 KW - antagonist KW - dosimetry KW - neuroendocrine tumor (NET) KW - OPS201 KW - pig model KW - PRRT Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146888 VL - 6 IS - 50 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lapa, Constantin A1 - Lückerath, Katharina A1 - Kleinlein, Irene A1 - Monoranu, Camelia Maria A1 - Linsenmann, Thomas A1 - Kessler, Almuth F. A1 - Rudelius, Martina A1 - Kropf, Saskia A1 - Buck, Andreas K. A1 - Ernestus, Ralf-Ingo A1 - Wester, Hans-Jürgen A1 - Löhr, Mario A1 - Herrmann, Ken T1 - \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor-PET/CT for Imaging of Chemokine Receptor 4 Expression in Glioblastoma JF - Theranostics N2 - Chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) has been reported to be overexpressed in glioblastoma (GBM) and to be associated with poor survival. This study investigated the feasibility of non-invasive CXCR4-directed imaging with positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) using the radiolabelled chemokine receptor ligand \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor. 15 patients with clinical suspicion on primary or recurrent glioblastoma (13 primary, 2 recurrent tumors) underwent \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor-PET/CT for assessment of CXCR4 expression prior to surgery. O-(2-\(^{18}\)F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (\(^{18}\)F-FET) PET/CT images were available in 11/15 cases and were compared visually and semi-quantitatively (SUV\(_{max}\), SUV\(_{mean}\)). Tumor-to-background ratios (TBR) were calculated for both PET probes. \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor-PET/CT results were also compared to histological CXCR4 expression on neuronavigated surgical samples. \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor-PET/CT was visually positive in 13/15 cases with SUV\(_{mean}\) and SUV\(_{max}\) of 3.0±1.5 and 3.9±2.0 respectively. Respective values for \(^{18}\)F-FET were 4.4±2.0 (SUV\(_{mean}\)) and 5.3±2.3 (SUV\(_{max}\)). TBR for SUV\(_{mean}\) and SUV\(_{max}\) were higher for \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor than for \(^{18}\)F-FET (SUV\(_{mean}\) 154.0±90.7 vs. 4.1±1.3; SUV\(_{max}\) 70.3±44.0 and 3.8±1.2, p<0.01), respectively. Histological analysis confirmed CXCR4 expression in tumor areas with high \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor uptake; regions of the same tumor without apparent \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor uptake showed no or low receptor expression. In this pilot study, \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor retention has been observed in the vast majority of glioblastoma lesions and served as readout for non-invasive determination of CXCR4 expression. Given the paramount importance of the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis in tumor biology, \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor-PET/CT might prove a useful tool for sensitive, non-invasive in-vivo quantification of CXCR4 as well as selection of patients who might benefit from CXCR4-directed therapy. KW - imaging KW - chemokine receptor-4 KW - glioblastoma KW - positron emission tomography/computed tomography KW - \(^{68}\)Ga-Pentixafor Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-168174 VL - 6 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmitt, Joachim A1 - Lindner, Nathalie T1 - A 3‐week multimodal intervention involving high‐intensity interval training in female cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial JF - Physiological Reports N2 - To compare the effects of a 3‐week multimodal rehabilitation involving supervised high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) on female breast cancer survivors with respect to key variables of aerobic fitness, body composition, energy expenditure, cancer‐related fatigue, and quality of life to those of a standard multimodal rehabilitation program. A randomized controlled trial design was administered. Twenty‐eight women, who had been treated for cancer were randomly assigned to either a group performing exercise of low‐to‐moderate intensity (LMIE; n = 14) or a group performing high‐intensity interval training (HIIT; n = 14) as part of a 3‐week multimodal rehabilitation program. No adverse events related to the exercise were reported. Work economy improved following both HIIT and LMIE, with improved peak oxygen uptake following LMIE. HIIT reduced mean total body fat mass with no change in body mass, muscle or fat‐free mass (best P < 0.06). LMIE increased muscle and total fat‐free body mass. Total energy expenditure (P = 0.45) did not change between the groups, whereas both improved quality of life to a similar high extent and lessened cancer‐related fatigue. This randomized controlled study demonstrates that HIIT can be performed by female cancer survivors without adverse health effects. Here, HIIT and LMIE both improved work economy, quality of life and cancer‐related fatigue, body composition or energy expenditure. Since the outcomes were similar, but HIIT takes less time, this may be a time‐efficient strategy for improving certain aspects of the health of female cancer survivors. KW - high-intensity interval training Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-146455 VL - 4 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hirsch, Martin A1 - Krauss, Manuel E. A1 - Opferkuch, Toby A1 - Porod, Werner A1 - Staub, Florian T1 - A constrained supersymmetric left-right model JF - JOURNAL OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS N2 - We present a supersymmetric left-right model which predicts gauge coupling unification close to the string scale and extra vector bosons at the TeV scale. The subtleties in constructing a model which is in agreement with the measured quark masses and mixing for such a low left-right breaking scale are discussed. It is shown that in the constrained version of this model radiative breaking of the gauge symmetries is possible and a SM-like Higgs is obtained. Additional CP-even scalars of a similar mass or even much lighter are possible. The expected mass hierarchies for the supersymmetric states differ clearly from those of the constrained MSSM. In particular, the lightest down-type squark, which is a mixture of the sbottom and extra vector-like states, is always lighter than the stop. We also comment on the model’s capability to explain current anomalies observed at the LHC. KW - supersymmetry KW - phenomenology KW - LHC Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-168016 VL - 03 IS - 009 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Colvill, Emma A1 - Booth, Jeremy A1 - Nill, Simeon A1 - Fast, Martin A1 - Bedford, James A1 - Oelfke, Uwe A1 - Nakamura, Mitsuhiro A1 - Poulsen, Per A1 - Worm, Esben A1 - Hansen, Rune A1 - Ravkilde, Thomas A1 - Rydhög, Jonas Scherman A1 - Pommer, Tobias A1 - af Rosenschold, Per Munck A1 - Lang, Stephanie A1 - Guckenberger, Matthias A1 - Groh, Christian A1 - Herrmann, Christian A1 - Verellen, Dirk A1 - Poels, Kenneth A1 - Wang, Lei A1 - Hadsell, Michael A1 - Sothmann, Thilo A1 - Blanck, Oliver A1 - Keall, Paul T1 - A dosimetric comparison of real-time adaptive and non-adaptive radiotherapy: a multi-institutional study encompassing robotic, gimbaled, multileaf collimator and couch tracking JF - Radiotherapy and Oncology N2 - Purpose: A study of real-time adaptive radiotherapy systems was performed to test the hypothesis that, across delivery systems and institutions, the dosimetric accuracy is improved with adaptive treatments over non-adaptive radiotherapy in the presence of patient-measured tumor motion. Methods and materials: Ten institutions with robotic(2), gimbaled(2), MLC(4) or couch tracking(2) used common materials including CT and structure sets, motion traces and planning protocols to create a lung and a prostate plan. For each motion trace, the plan was delivered twice to a moving dosimeter; with and without real-time adaptation. Each measurement was compared to a static measurement and the percentage of failed points for gamma-tests recorded. Results: For all lung traces all measurement sets show improved dose accuracy with a mean 2%/2 mm gamma-fail rate of 1.6% with adaptation and 15.2% without adaptation (p < 0.001). For all prostate the mean 2%/2 mm gamma-fail rate was 1.4% with adaptation and 17.3% without adaptation (p < 0.001). The difference between the four systems was small with an average 2%/2 mm gamma-fail rate of <3% for all systems with adaptation for lung and prostate. Conclusions: The investigated systems all accounted for realistic tumor motion accurately and performed to a similar high standard, with real-time adaptation significantly outperforming non-adaptive delivery methods. KW - Robotic tracking KW - Gimbaled tracking KW - MLC tracking KW - Couch tracking KW - Organ motion Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-189605 VL - 119 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Groeber, Florian A1 - Engelhardt, Lisa A1 - Lange, Julia A1 - Kurdyn, Szymon A1 - Schmid, Freia F. A1 - Rücker, Christoph A1 - Mielke, Stephan A1 - Walles, Heike A1 - Hansmann, Jan T1 - A First Vascularized Skin Equivalent as an Alternative to Animal Experimentation JF - ALTEX - Alternatives to Animal Experimentation N2 - Tissue-engineered skin equivalents mimic key aspects of the human skin, and can thus be employed as wound coverage for large skin defects or as in vitro test systems as an alternative to animal models. However, current skin equivalents lack a functional vasculature limiting clinical and research applications. This study demonstrates the generation of a vascularized skin equivalent with a perfused vascular network by combining a biological vascularized scaffold (BioVaSc) based on a decellularized segment of a porcine jejunum and a tailored bioreactor system. Briefly, the BioVaSc was seeded with human fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and human microvascular endothelial cells. After 14 days at the air-liquid interface, hematoxylin & eosin and immunohistological staining revealed a specific histological architecture representative of the human dermis and epidermis including a papillary-like architecture at the dermal-epidermal-junction. The formation of the skin barrier was measured non-destructively using impedance spectroscopy. Additionally, endothelial cells lined the walls of the formed vessels that could be perfused with a physiological volume flow. Due to the presence of a complex in-vivo-like vasculature, the here shown skin equivalent has the potential for skin grafting and represents a sophisticated in vitro model for dermatological research. KW - alternative to animal testing KW - skin equivalents KW - tissue engineering KW - vascularization Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-164438 VL - 33 IS - 4 ER -