TY - INPR A1 - Reiss, Harald T1 - Time scales and existence of time holes in non-transparent media N2 - The analysis presented in this paper applies to experimental situations where observers or objects to be studied, all at stationary positions, are located in environments the optical thickness of which is strongly different. Non-transparent media comprise thin metallic films, packed or fluidised beds, superconductors, the Earth’s crust, and even dark clouds and other cosmological objects. The analysis applies mapping functions that correlate physical events, e, in non-transparent media, with their images, f(e), tentatively located on standard physical time scale. The analysis demonstrates, however, that physical time, in its rigorous sense, does not exist under non-transparency conditions. A proof of this conclusion is attempted in three steps: i) the theorem “there is no time without space and events” is accepted, (ii) images f[e(s,t)] do not constitute a dense, uncountably infinite set, and (iii) sets of images that are not uncountably infinite do not create physical time but only time-like sequences. As a consequence, mapping f[e(s,t)] in non-transparent space does not create physical analogues to the mathematical structure of the ordered, dense half-set R+ of real numbers, and reverse mapping, f-1f[e(s,t)], the mathematical inverse problem, would not allow unique identification and reconstruction of original events from their images. In these cases, causality as well as invariance of physical processes under time reversal, might be violated. An interesting problem is whether temporal cloaking (a time hole) in a transparent medium, as very recently reported in the literature, can be explained by the present analysis. Existence of time holes could perhaps be possible, not in transparent but in non-transparent media, as follows from the sequence of images, f[e(s,t)], that is not uncountably infinite, in contrast to R+. Impacts are expected for understanding physical diffusion-like, radiative transfer processes and stability models to protect superconductors against quenchs. There might be impacts also in relativity, quantum mechanics, nuclear decay, or in systems close to their phase transitions. The analysis is not restricted to objects of laboratory dimensions. KW - Zeitrichtung KW - Strahlungstransport KW - Supraleiter KW - Nicht-Transparente Medien KW - Physikalische Zeit KW - Inverse Probleme KW - Time hole KW - mapping function KW - Monte Carlo simulation Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73554 N1 - Überarbeitung des Artikels urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67268 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Reiss, Harald T1 - Physical time and existence of time holes in non-transparent media N2 - The analysis presented in this paper applies to experimental situations where observers or objects to be studied (both stationary, with respect to each other) are located in environments the optical thickness of which is strongly different. By their large optical thickness, non-transparent media are clearly distinguished from their transparent counterparts. Non-transparent media comprise thin metallic films, packed or fluidised beds, the Earth’s crust, and even dark clouds and other cosmological objects. As a representative example, a non-transparent slab is subjected to transient disturbances, and a rigorous analysis is presented whether physical time reasonably could be constructed under such condition. The analysis incorporates mapping functions that correlate physical events, e, in non-transparent media, with their images, f(e), tentatively located on a standard physical time scale. The analysis demonstrates, however, that physical time, in its rigorous sense, does not exist under non-transparency conditions. A proof of this conclusion is attempted in three steps: i) the theorem “there is no time without space and events” is accepted, (ii) images f[e(s,t)] do not constitute a dense, uncountably infinite set, and (iii) sets of images that are not uncountably infinite do not create physical time but only time-like sequences. As a consequence, mapping f[e(s,t)] in non-transparent space does not create physical analogues to the mathematical structure of the ordered, dense half-set R+ of real numbers, and reverse mapping, f-1f[e(s,t)] would not allow unique identification and reconstruction of original events from their images. In these cases, causality and determinism, as well as invariance of physical processes under time reversal, might be violated. Existence of time holes could be possible, as follows from the sequence of images, f[e(s,t)], that is not uncountably infinite, in contrast to R+. Practical impacts are expected for understanding physical diffusion-like, radiative transfer processes, stability models to protect superconductors against quenchs or for description of their transient local pair density and critical currents. Impacts would be expected also in mathematical formulations (differential equations) of classical physics, in relativity and perhaps in quantum mechanics, all as far as transient processes in non-transparent space would be concerned. An interesting problem is whether temporal cloaking (a time hole) in a transparent medium, as very recently reported in the literature, can be explained by the present analysis. The analysis is not restricted to objects of laboratory dimensions: Because of obviously existing radiation transfer analogues, it is tempting to discuss consequences also for much larger structures in particular if an origin of time is postulated. KW - Strahlungstransport KW - Zeitrichtung KW - Supraleiter KW - Computersimulation KW - Non-transparency KW - disturbance KW - physical time KW - time hole Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-67268 N1 - Von diesem Artikel gibt es eine überarbeitete Version unter urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-73554. ER - TY - THES A1 - Reinthaler, Rolf Walter T1 - Charge and Spin Transport in Topological Insulator Heterojunctions T1 - Ladungs- und Spintransport in Topologischen Isolator Heterojunctions N2 - Over the last decade, the field of topological insulators has become one of the most vivid areas in solid state physics. This novel class of materials is characterized by an insulating bulk gap, which, in two-dimensional, time-reversal symmetric systems, is closed by helical edge states. The latter make topological insulators promising candidates for applications in high fidelity spintronics and topological quantum computing. This thesis contributes to bringing these fascinating concepts to life by analyzing transport through heterostructures formed by two-dimensional topological insulators in contact with metals or superconductors. To this end, analytical and numerical calculations are employed. Especially, a generalized wave matching approach is used to describe the edge and bulk states in finite size tunneling junctions on the same footing. The numerical study of non-superconducting systems focuses on two-terminal metal/topological insulator/metal junctions. Unexpectedly, the conductance signals originating from the bulk and the edge contributions are not additive. While for a long junction, the transport is determined purely by edge states, for a short junction, the conductance signal is built from both bulk and edge states in a ratio, which depends on the width of the sample. Further, short junctions show a non-monotonic conductance as a function of the sample length, which distinguishes the topologically non-trivial regime from the trivial one. Surprisingly, the non-monotonic conductance of the topological insulator can be traced to the formation of an effectively propagating solution, which is robust against scalar disorder. The analysis of the competition of edge and bulk contributions in nanostructures is extended to transport through topological insulator/superconductor/topological insulator tunneling junctions. If the dimensions of the superconductor are small enough, its evanescent bulk modes can couple edge states at opposite sample borders, generating significant and tunable crossed Andreev reflection. In experiments, the latter process is normally disguised by simultaneous electron transmission. However, the helical edge states enforce a spatial separation of both competing processes for each Kramers’ partner, allowing to propose an all-electrical measurement of crossed Andreev reflection. Further, an analytical study of the hybrid system of helical edge states and conventional superconductors in finite magnetic fields leads to the novel superconducting quantum spin Hall effect. It is characterized by edge states. Both the helicity and the protection against scalar disorder of these edge states are unaffected by an in-plane magnetic field. At the same time its superconducting gap and its magnetotransport signals can be tuned in weak magnetic fields, because the combination of helical edge states and superconductivity results in a giant g-factor. This is manifested in a non-monotonic excess current and peak splitting of the dI/dV characteristics as a function of the magnetic field. In consequence, the superconducting quantum spin Hall effect is an effective generator and detector for spin currents. The research presented here deepens the understanding of the competition of bulk and edge transport in heterostructures based on topological insulators. Moreover it proposes feasible experiments to all-electrically measure crossed Andreev reflection and to test the spin polarization of helical edge states. N2 - Während des letzten Jahrzehnts haben sich topologische Isolatoren zu einem der aktivsten Bereiche der Festkörperphysik entwickelt. Diese neuartige Materialklasse charakterisiert sich durch einen isolierenden Volumenzustand, welcher, in zweidimensionalen und zeitumkehrinvarianten Systemen, durch helikale Randkanäle ergänzt wird. Diese Randkanäle machen topologische Isolatoren zu vielversprechenden Kandidaten für Anwendungen in den Bereichen der präzisen Spintronik und der topologischen Quantencomputer. Diese Doktorarbeit trägt zu der Realisierung dieser faszinierenden Konzepte bei, indem sie den Transport durch Heterostrukturen aus zweidimensionalen topologischen Isolatoren und Metallen oder Supraleitern analysiert. Hierfür werden analytische und numerische Methoden angewandt. Im Besonderen wird eine generalisierte Methode zum Wellenfunktionsanpassung an Grenzflächen verwendet, um Rand- und Volumenzustände simultan beschreiben zu können. Für die numerische Untersuchung nicht-supraleitender Systeme werden topologische Isolatoren als Tunnelbarrieren zwischen metallischen Kontakten betrachtet. Unerwarteterweise sind die Leitfähigkeiten von Rand- und Volumenzuständen nicht additiv. In langen und breiten Tunnelbarrieren wird der Transport ausschließlich durch die Randkanäle bestimmt. In kurzen Tunnelbarrieren hingegen ergibt sich die Leitfähigkeit aus einem Gemisch von Rand- und Volumenzuständen, welches von der Breite der Probe abhängt. In kurzen Tunnelbarrieren zeigt die Leitfähigkeit als Funktion der Probenlänge außerdem ein Maximum, welches das topologisch nicht-triviale Regime von dem topologisch trivialen Regime unterscheidet. Diese nicht-monotone Leitfähigkeit basiert auf der Formation einer effektiv propagierenden Mode, welche gegen Streuung durch nicht-magnetische Störstellen geschützt ist. Die Analyse des Zusammenspiels von Rand- und Volumenzuständen wird auf supraleitende Tunnelbarrieren zwischen zwei topologischen Isolatoren ausgeweitet. Wenn die räumlichen Dimensionen der Tunnelbarriere klein genug sind, können die entgegenlaufenden Randkanäle an gegenüberliegenden Rändern des topologischen Isolators durch die evaneszenten Volumenzustände des Supraleiters gekoppelt werden. Hierdurch kann eine nicht-lokale Andreev-Reflexion generiert und kontrolliert werden. In Experimenten wird dieser Prozess normalerweise durch simultane Elektrontransmission überlagert. Für einzelne Kramers-Partner jedoch forciert die Helizität der Randkanäle die räumliche Trennung beider Prozesse, was eine rein elektrische Messung der nicht-lokalen Andreev-Reflexion ermöglicht. Im Weiteren wird eine Studie über Hybridsysteme aus helikalen Randkanälen und konventionellen Supraleitern im magnetischen Feld, welches in der Ebene des zweidimensionalen topologischen Isolators liegt, präsentiert. Die Studie beschreibt den neuartigen supraleitenden Quanten-Spin-Hall-Effekt. Die hierfür charakteristischen Randkanäle bleiben selbst in endlichen Magnetfeldern helikal und gegen nicht-magnetische Störstellen geschützt. Gleichzeitig führt die Kombination von helikalen Randkanälen und Supraleitung zu einem riesigen Landé-Faktor, wodurch die supraleitende Bandlücke und der Magnetotransport dieser Systeme mit kleinen Magnetfeldern manipuliert werden kann. Dies kann durch einen nicht-monotonen supraleitenden Überschussstrom und ein aufgespaltenes Maximum der dI/dV -Charakteristik als Funktion des Magnetfeldes gemessen werden. In der Folge stellt der supraleitende Quanten-Spin-Hall-Effekt einen effektiven Generator und Detektor für Spinströme dar. Die hier präsentierte Forschung vertieft das Verständnis des Zusammenspiels von Rand- und Volumentransport in Heterostrukturen aus toplogischen Isolatoren. Außerdem werden realisierbare Experimente beschrieben, mit welchen die nicht-lokale Andreev-Reflexion rein elektrisch gemessen und die Spinpolarisierung der helikalen Randkanäle getestet werden können. KW - Topologischer Isolator KW - NSN-junctions KW - NSN-Grenzfächen KW - Spintronik KW - Elektronischer Transport KW - Crossed Andreev Reflection KW - Topological edge states KW - Crossed Andreev Refexion KW - Topologische Randkanäle KW - Supraleiter Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135611 ER - TY - THES A1 - Pakkayil, Shijin Babu T1 - Towards ferromagnet/superconductor junctions on graphene T1 - Ein Weg zu Ferromagnet/Supraleiter Grenzflächen auf Graphen N2 - This thesis reports a successful fabrication and characterisation of ferromagnetic/superconductor junction (F/S) on graphene. The thesis preposes a fabrication method to produce F/S junctions on graphene which make use of ALD grown Al2O3 as the tunnel barrier for the ferromagnetic contacts. Measurements done on F/G/S/G/F suggests that by injecting spin polarised current into the superconductor, a spin imbalance is created in the quasiparticle density of states of the superconductor which then diffuses through the graphene channel. The observed characteristic curves are similar to the ones which are already reported on metallic ferromagnet/superconductor junctions where the spin imbalance is created using Zeeman splitting. Further measurements also show that the curves loose their characteristic shapes when the temperature is increased above the critical temperature (Tc) or when the external magnetic field is higher then the critical field (Hc) of the superconducting contact. But to prove conclusively and doubtlessly the existence of spin imbalance in ferromagnet/superconductor junctions on graphene, more devices have to be made and characterised preferably in a dilution refrigerator. N2 - Diese Arbeit berichtet über die erfolgreiche Herstellung und Charakterisierung eines Ferromagnet-Supraleiter (F/S)-Kontaktes. Die Arbeit schlägt eine Herstellungsmetode vor, um F/S-Kontake auf Graphen zu erstellen, welche ALD wachsendes Al2O3 als Tunnelbarriere für die ferromagnetischen Kontakte verwendet. Messungen an F/G/S/G deuten darauf hin, dass durch Injektion eines spinpolarisierten Stroms in den Supraleiter ein Spinungleichgewicht in der Quasiteilchendichte der Zustände des Supraleiters erzeugt wird, welche dann durch die Graphenkanäle diffundieren. Die beobachteten charakteristischen Kurven sind vergleichbar mit solchen, über die bereits in metallischen Ferromagnet/Supraleiter-Kontakten berichtet wurde, in denen das Spinungleichgewicht durch die Zeemann Aufspaltung erzeugt wird. Weitere Messungen zeigen auch, dass die Kurven ihre charakteristische Form verlieren, wenn die Temperatur über die kritische Temperatur erhöht wird oder das äußere Magnetfeld größer als das kritische Magnetfeld (HC) des supraleitenden Kontakts ist. Um die Existenz des Spinungleichgewichts in Ferromaget/Supraleiter-Kontakten auf Graphen schlussfolgernd und zweifelsfrei zu beweisen, wurden mehrere Proben hergestellt und bevorzugt in einem Mischungskryostaten charakterisiert. KW - Graphen KW - Ferromagnetikum KW - Supraleiter KW - Spintronics KW - Graphene KW - Superconductor KW - Ferromagnet KW - Spintronik Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-153863 ER -