TY - JOUR A1 - Moffet, R. C. A1 - Rödel, R. C. A1 - Kelly, S. T. A1 - Yu, X. Y. A1 - Carroll, G. T. A1 - Fast, J. A1 - Zaveri, R. A. A1 - Laskin, A. A1 - Gilles, M. K. T1 - Spectro-microscopic measurements of carbonaceous aerosol aging in Central California JF - Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics N2 - Carbonaceous aerosols are responsible for large uncertainties in climate models, degraded visibility, and adverse health effects. The Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) was designed to study carbonaceous aerosols in the natural environment of the Central Valley, California, and learn more about their atmospheric formation and aging. This paper presents results from spectro-microscopic measurements of carbonaceous particles collected during CARES at the time of a pollution accumulation event (27-29 June 2010), when in situ measurements indicated an increase in the organic carbon content of aerosols as the Sacramento urban plume aged. Computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray detector (CCSEM/EDX) and scanning transmission X-ray microscopy coupled with near-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (STXM/NEXAFS) were used to probe the chemical composition and morphology of individual particles. It was found that the mass of organic carbon on individual particles increased through condensation of secondary organic aerosol. STXM/NEXAFS indicated that the number fraction of homogenous organic particles lacking inorganic inclusions (greater than similar to 50 nm equivalent circular diameter) increased with plume age, as did the organic mass per particle. Comparison of the CARES spectro-microscopic dataset with a similar dataset obtained in Mexico City during the MILAGRO campaign showed that fresh particles in Mexico City contained three times as much carbon as those sampled during CARES. The number fraction of soot particles at the Mexico City urban site (ranging from 16.6 to 47.3 %) was larger than at the CARES urban site (13.4-15.7%), and the most aged samples from CARES contained fewer carbon-carbon double bonds. Differences between carbonaceous particles in Mexico City and California result from different sources, photochemical conditions, gas phase reactants, and secondary organic aerosol precursors. The detailed results provided by these spectro-microscopic measurements will allow for a comprehensive evaluation of aerosol process models used in climate research. KW - photochemical air-pollution KW - Mexico City KW - black carbon KW - mixing state KW - atmospheric aerosols Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-121827 SN - 1680-7324 VL - 13 IS - 20 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - König, Markus A1 - Baenninger, Matthias A1 - Garcia, Andrei G. F. A1 - Harjee, Nahid A1 - Pruitt, Beth L. A1 - Ames, C. A1 - Leubner, Philipp A1 - Brüne, Christoph A1 - Buhmann, Hartmut A1 - Molenkamp, Laurens W. A1 - Goldhaber-Gordon, David T1 - Spatially Resolved Study of Backscattering in the Quantum Spin Hall State JF - Physical Review X N2 - The discovery of the quantum spin Hall (QSH) state, and topological insulators in general, has sparked strong experimental efforts. Transport studies of the quantum spin Hall state have confirmed the presence of edge states, showed ballistic edge transport in micron-sized samples, and demonstrated the spin polarization of the helical edge states. While these experiments have confirmed the broad theoretical model, the properties of the QSH edge states have not yet been investigated on a local scale. Using scanning gate microscopy to perturb the QSH edge states on a submicron scale, we identify well-localized scattering sites which likely limit the expected nondissipative transport in the helical edge channels. In the micron-sized regions between the scattering sites, the edge states appear to propagate unperturbed, as expected for an ideal QSH system, and are found to be robust against weak induced potential fluctuations. KW - mesoscopics KW - topological insulators KW - transport KW - charge KW - wells KW - branched flow KW - nanostructures Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-127225 SN - 2160-3308 VL - 3 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dasenbrook, Elliot C. A1 - Lu, Luan A1 - Donnola, Shannon A1 - Weaver, David E. A1 - Gulani, Viskas A1 - Jakob, Peter M. A1 - Konstan, Michael W. A1 - Flask, Chris A. T1 - Normalized T1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Assessment of Regional Lung Function in Adult Cystic Fibrosis Patients - A Cross-Sectional Study JF - PLOS ONE N2 - Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients would benefit from a safe and effective tool to detect early-stage, regional lung disease to allow for early intervention. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a safe, non-invasive procedure capable of providing quantitative assessments of disease without ionizing radiation. We developed a rapid normalized T1 MRI technique to detect regional lung disease in early-stage CF patients. Materials and Methods: Conventional multislice, pulmonary T1 relaxation time maps were obtained for 10 adult CF patients with normal spirometry and 5 healthy non-CF control subjects using a rapid Look-Locker MRI acquisition (5 seconds/imaging slice). Each lung absolute T1 map was separated into six regions of interest (ROI) by manually selecting upper, central, and lower lung regions in the left and right lungs. In order to reduce the effects of subject-to-subject variation, normalized T1 maps were calculated by dividing each pixel in the absolute T1 maps by the mean T1 time in the central lung region. The primary outcome was the differences in mean normalized T1 values in the upper lung regions between CF patients with normal spirometry and healthy volunteers. Results: Normalized T1 (nT1) maps showed visibly reduced subject-to-subject variation in comparison to conventional absolute T1 maps for healthy volunteers. An ROI analysis showed that the variation in the nT1 values in all regions was <= 2% of the mean. The primary outcome, the mean (SD) of the normalized T1 values in the upper right lung regions, was significantly lower in the CF subjects [.914 (.037)] compared to the upper right lung regions of the healthy subjects [.983 (.003)] [difference of .069 (95% confidence interval .032-.105); p=.001). Similar results were seen in the upper left lung region. Conclusion: Rapid normalized T1 MRI relaxometry obtained in 5 seconds/imaging slice may be used to detect regional early-stage lung disease in CF patients. KW - infants KW - disease KW - ventilation KW - infection KW - guidelines KW - diagnosis KW - children Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-128346 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 8 IS - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Okada, Michio A1 - Rotenberg, Eli A1 - Kevan, S. D. A1 - Schäfer, J. A1 - Ujfalussy, Balazs A1 - Stocks, G. Malcolm A1 - Genatempo, B. A1 - Bruno, E. A1 - Plummer, E. W. T1 - Evolution of the electronic structure in \(Mo_{1-x}Re_x\) alloys JF - New Journal of Physics N2 - We report a detailed experimental and theoretical study of the electronic structure of \(Mo_{1-x}Re_x\) random alloys. We have measured electronic band dispersions for clean and hydrogen-covered \(Mo_{1-x}Re_x\) ( 110) with x = 0-0.25 using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Our results suggest that the bulk and most surface electronic bands shift relative to the Fermi level systematically and approximately rigidly with Re concentration. We distinguish and quantify two contributions to these shifts: a raise of the Fermi energy and an increase of the overall bandwidth. Alloy bands calculated using the first-principles Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker coherent-potential-approximation method accurately predict both of these effects. As derived from the rigid band model, the Fermi energy shift is inversely related to the bulk density of states in this energy region. Using our results, we also characterize an electronic topological transition of the bulk Fermi surface and relate this to bulk transport properties. Finally, we distinguish effects beyond the rigid band approximation: a highly surface-localized state and a composition-dependent impact of the spin-orbit interaction. KW - topological transitions KW - surface state KW - metals KW - total energy KW - W(110) KW - hydrogen KW - mo KW - superconductivity KW - spectra KW - coherent potential approximation Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-122993 SN - 1367-2630 VL - 15 IS - 093010 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kasprzak, J. A1 - Sivalertporn, K. A1 - Albert, F. A1 - Schneider, C. A1 - Höfling, S. A1 - Kamp, M. A1 - Forchel, A. A1 - Muljarov, E. A. A1 - Langbein, W. T1 - Coherence dynamics and quantum-to-classical crossover in an exciton-cavity system in the quantum strong coupling regime JF - New Journal of Physics N2 - Interaction between light and matter generates optical nonlinearities, which are particularly pronounced in the quantum strong coupling regime. When a single bosonic mode couples to a single fermionic mode, a Jaynes-Cummings (JC) ladder is formed, which we realize here using cavity photons and quantum dot excitons. We measure and model the coherent anharmonic response of this strongly coupled exciton-cavity system at resonance. Injecting two photons into the cavity, we demonstrate a \(\sqrt 2\) larger polariton splitting with respect to the vacuum Rabi splitting. This is achieved using coherent nonlinear spectroscopy, specifically four-wave mixing, where the coherence between the ground state and the first (second) rung of the JC ladder can be interrogated for positive (negative) delays. With increasing excitation intensity and thus rising average number of injected photons, we observe spectral signatures of the quantum-to-classical crossover of the strong coupling regime. KW - Jaynes-Cummings ladder KW - spectral interferometry KW - photon KW - dot KW - spectroscopy KW - oscillations KW - microcavity KW - resonance KW - light Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123005 SN - 1367-2630 VL - 15 IS - 045013 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kim, N. Y. A1 - Kusudo, K. A1 - Löffler, A. A1 - Höfling, S. A1 - Forchel, A. A1 - Yamamoto, Y. T1 - Exciton-polariton condensates near the Dirac point in a triangular lattice JF - New Journal of Physics N2 - Dirac particles, massless relativistic entities, obey linear energy dispersions and hold important implications in particle physics. The recent discovery of Dirac fermions in condensed matter systems including graphene and topological insulators has generated a great deal of interest in exploring the relativistic properties associated with Dirac physics in solid-state materials. In addition, there are stimulating research activities to engineer Dirac particles, elucidating their exotic physical properties in a controllable setting. One of the successful platforms is the ultracold atom-optical lattice system, whose dynamics can be manipulated and probed in a clean environment. A microcavity exciton-polariton-lattice system offers the advantage of forming high-orbital condensation in non-equilibrium conditions, which enables one to explore novel quantum orbital order in two dimensions. In this paper, we experimentally construct the band structures near Dirac points, the vertices of the first hexagonal Brillouin zone with exciton-polariton condensates trapped in a triangular lattice. Due to the finite spectral linewidth, the direct map of band structures at Dirac points is elusive; however, we identify the linear part above Dirac points and its associated velocity value is similar to ~0.9-2 x \(10^8 cm s^{-1}\), consistent with the theoretical estimate \(1 x 10^8 cm s^{-1}\) with a \(2 \mu m\) lattice constant. We envision that the exciton-polariton condensates in lattices would be a promising solid-state platform, where the system order parameter can be accessed in both real and momentum spaces. KW - Bose-Einstein condensation KW - carbon nanotubes KW - graphene KW - electron KW - dynamics KW - fermions KW - trap KW - gas Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123103 SN - 1367-2630 VL - 15 IS - 035032 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hopfmann, C. A1 - Albert, F. A1 - Schneider, C. A1 - Höfling, S. A1 - Kamp, M. A1 - Forchel, A. A1 - Kanter, I. A1 - Reizenstein, S. T1 - Nonlinear emission characteristics of quantum dot-micropillar lasers in the presence of polarized optical feedback JF - New Journal of Physics N2 - We report on electrically pumped quantum dot-microlasers in the presence of polarized self-feedback. The high-\(\beta\) microlasers show two orthogonal, linearly polarized emission modes which are coupled via the common gain medium. This coupling is explained in terms of gain competition between the two lasing modes and leads to distinct differences in their input-output characteristics. By applying polarized self-feedback via an external mirror, we are able to control the laser characteristics of the emission modes in terms of the output power, the coherence time and the photon statistics. We find that linearly polarized self-feedback stabilizes the lasing of a given mode, while cross-polarized feedback between the two modes reduces strongly the intensity of the other emission mode showing particular high-intensity fluctuations and even super-thermal values of the photon autocorrelation function \(g^{(2)} (\tau)\) at zero delay. Measurements of \(g^{(2)} (\tau)\) under external feedback also allow us to detect revival peaks associated with the round trip time of the external cavity. Analyzing the damping and shape of the \(g^{(2)} (\tau)\) revival peaks by a phenomenological model provides us insight into the underlying physics such as the effective exciton lifetime and gain characteristics of the quantum dots in the active region of these microlasers. KW - semiconductor lasers KW - coherence KW - system KW - gain Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-123127 SN - 1367-2630 VL - 15 IS - 025030 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schmitt, Peter T1 - MR imaging of tumors: Approaches for functional and fast morphological characterization T1 - MR-Bildgebung von Tumoren: Ansätze zur funktionellen und schnellen morphologischen Charakterisierung N2 - The subject of this work was to develop, implement, optimize and apply methods for quantitative MR imaging of tumors. In the context of functional and physiological characterization, this implied transferring techniques established in tumor model research to human subjects and assessing their feasibility for use in patients. In the context of the morphologic assessment and parameter imaging of tumors, novel concepts and techniques were developed, which facilitated the simultaneous quantification of multiple MR parameters, the generation of “synthetic” MR images with various contrasts, and the fast single-shot acquisition of purely T2-weighted images. N2 - Gegenstand dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung, Implementierung, Optimierung und Anwendung von Methoden für die quantitative MR-Bildgebung an Tumoren. In Bezug auf eine funktionelle und physiologische Charakterisierung wurden in der Forschung an Tumormodellen etablierte Verfahren für den Einsatz am Menschen adaptiert und ihre Anwendbarkeit zur Untersuchung von Tumoren wurde an Patienten erforscht. Im Bereich der morphologischen Untersuchung und Parameterbildgebung an Tumoren wurden neue Konzepte und Verfahren entwickelt, welche die simultane Quantifizierung mehrerer MR-Parameter, die Generierung "synthetischer" MR-Bilder mit unterschiedlichen Kontrasten, sowie die schnelle "Single-Shot"-Akquisition rein T2-gewichteter Bilder ermöglichen. KW - Kernspintomografie KW - Tumor KW - MR imaging KW - Tumors KW - Relaxometry KW - IR-TrueFISP KW - synthetic MRI KW - TOSSI Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-135967 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Arca, Francesco A1 - Tedde, Sandro F. A1 - Sramek, Maria A1 - Rauh, Julia A1 - Lugli, Paolo A1 - Hayden, Oliver T1 - Interface Trap States in Organic Photodiodes JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Organic semiconductors are attractive for optical sensing applications due to the effortless processing on large active area of several \(cm^2\), which is difficult to achieve with solid-state devices. However, compared to silicon photodiodes, sensitivity and dynamic behavior remain a major challenge with organic sensors. Here, we show that charge trapping phenomena deteriorate the bandwidth of organic photodiodes (OPDs) to a few Hz at low-light levels. We demonstrate that, despite the large OPD capacitances of similar to 10 nF \(cm^{-2}\), a frequency response in the kHz regime can be achieved at light levels as low as 20 nW \(cm^{-2}\) by appropriate interface engineering, which corresponds to a 1000-fold increase compared to state-of-the-art OPDs. Such device characteristics indicate that large active area OPDs are suitable for industrial sensing and even match medical requirements for single X-ray pulse detection in the millisecond range. KW - ultrafast photonics KW - materials for optics KW - electrical and electronic engineering KW - polymers Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-131507 VL - 3 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Measurement of hard double-parton interactions in W(→ℓν) + 2-jet events at \(\sqrt{s}=7\) TeV with the ATLAS detector JF - New Journal of Physics N2 - The production of W bosons in association with two jets in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of \(\sqrt{s}=7\),TeV has been analysed for the presence of double-parton interactions using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of \(36 pb^{−1}\), collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The fraction of events arising from double-parton interactions, \(f^D_{DP}\), has been measured through the pT balance between the two jets and amounts to \(f^D_{DP}\) = 0.08 ± 0.01 (stat.) ± 0.02 (sys.) for jets with transverse momentum \(p_T\) > 20 GeV and rapidity |y| < 2.8. This corresponds to a measurement of the effective area parameter for hard double-parton interactions of \(\sigma_{eff} = 15 ± 3 (stat.)^{+5}_{−3} (sys.)\) mb. KW - hard double-patron interactions Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-131531 VL - 15 IS - 033038 ER -